Atrium Smoke Movement Ex

Atrium Smoke Movement
2016.1
Atrium
Smoke Movement in Atrium Buildings

In this example you will simulate smoke movement in an atrium with and without extraction fans. Some
new concepts in this example include:
 More complex geometry.

 Using multiple meshes.
 Defining a fan activation control that uses input from multiple smoke detectors.
 Using extraction fans created with HVAC components.
Figure 1: Velocity contours with fans.
This tutorial demonstrates how to:
 Create the atrium geometry.

 Use multiple meshes with open boundaries.
 Define a Heat Release Rate fire.
 Create smoke detectors and a control.
 Define HVAC fans and vents that are activated by the control.
Our simulation will replicate the model described by Chew and Liew, 2000. The geometry of the problem
is shown in Figure 2.
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There are two openings of 5 m by 5 m at the first level for air inlet, and eight powered
extraction fans with discharge capacity of 20 m3/s, each located at the smoke
reservoir. Each level has a 10 m by 60 m floor plate on both sides with the central
opening forming the atrium and the smoke reservoir. The numerical experiment NA is
a 5-storey atrium of 30 m high and NB is an 11-storey atrium of 60 m high.
The fire source was modelled by defining heat flux at one designated location of the
fire outbreak. Mobile stores were located in the atrium. The fire size was assumed to
be 5 MW
Figure 2: Geometry of atrium NA (image from Chew and Liew, 2000)
We will make the following assumptions:
 The floor height is 6 m.

 The interior floor plates are INERT (fixed temperature).
 The exterior walls and floor are concrete 0.3 m thick.
 The roof is insulated (adiabatic).
Throughout this example, the instructions will use the menu dialogs to input the data. This is done to
provide a consistent description. However, PyroSim provides both drawing tools and shortcut toolbars
that can speed many of these tasks. The user is encouraged to experiment with these alternate
approaches to model creation.
The FDS input file listing is provided at the end of this document. You can import this directly into
PyroSim.
Atrium
First Model – No Smoke Extraction Fans

Select SI Units
To select SI units:
1. On the View menu, click Units and select SI to display values using the metric system.
Name and Save the Model

It is a good idea to save your model at the start. This will make it possible for you to save it at any time in
the future and return to continue your work.
1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. Choose a location to save the model. Because FDS simulations generate many files and a large
amount of data, it is a good idea to use a new folder for each simulation. For this example, we
will create an Atrium folder and name the file atrium_no_fans.psm.
3. Click OK to save the model.
Concrete Material
To create the concrete walls and floor, we first create a concrete material. This defines the conductivity
and other thermal properties of the concrete.
1. On the Model menu, click Edit Materials.

2. Click Add From Library.
3. From the list of materials in the Library, click CONCRETE and then click the left arrow (<--) to
move concrete into the Current Model. Click Close to close the library.
4. Click OK to close the Edit Materials dialog.
Concrete Surface
The concrete surface will be used when we make the walls and floor. We will use a Layered surface so
that thermal conduction into the surface will be included in the calculation. We will use a 0.3 m thick
slab of concrete and has a back face boundary condition to ambient air (this is the default). To define
the surface:
1. On the Model menu, click Edit Surfaces.

2. Under the surface list on the left side of the dialog, click New.
3. In the Surface Name box type Concrete. In the Surface Type list, click Layered. Click OK.
4. In the Material Layers tab, click on the first row and then click Edit.
5. In the Mass Fraction box type 1 and in the Material list, click CONCRETE. Click OK.
6. In the Thickness column, type .3.
7. Click OK to close the Edit Surfaces dialog.
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Create the Model Geometry

In building this model, we will include all exterior walls and simulate flow out of the building ends and
above the building. We do this both because it makes the final visualization more realistic and because
the ground and open space above the building can affect the flow.
In parts of the model we will use a solution grid of 0.5 m, therefore the geometry is described at that
level of resolution. This prevents thin walls or floors from snapping down to the mesh in regions where
we use a finer (0.25 m) mesh.
Floor
First add the floor. The floor will be a vent with a concrete surface. As discussed in previous example, a
vent in FDS has a general meaning of a boundary condition on a surface. In this case, the boundary
condition is the floor.
1. On the Model menu, click New Vent.

2. In the ID box, type Floor.
3. In the Surface list, click Concrete.
4. Click the Geometry tab.
5. In the Min X box, type 0 and in the Max X box, type 30.
6. In the Min Y box, type -2 and in the Max Y box, type 62.
7. Click OK to create the vent.
8. On the View menu, click Reset View to All Objects (or press CTRL+R).
Floor Plates
Next create the floor plates. These will be dimensioned to meet the walls at the interior surfaces. The
floor plates will use the default INERT surface, which means its temperature is fixed at the initial
ambient condition (this is not an adiabatic surface).
1. On the Model menu, click New Obstruction.

2. In the ID box, type Floor Plate.
5. In the Min Y box, type 0 and in the Max Y box, type 60.
6. In the Min Z box, type 6 and in the Max Z box, type 6.5.
7. Click OK to create the obstruction.
8. On the View menu, click Reset View to All Objects or press CNTRL R.
Now we will copy this floor plate vertically.
1. Right-click on the Floor Plate and click Copy/Move.

2. For Mode, select Copy and in the Number of Copies box, type 3.
3. In the Offset Z box, type 6.
4. Click OK to copy.
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Now we will copy the four floor plates horizontally.
1. Holding the CNTRL key, click to select all four floor plates.
2. Right-click on the selection and click Copy/Move.
4. In the Offset X box, type 20.
Exterior Walls
Now add the exterior walls. These will be obstructions with concrete surfaces. First the front wall.

2. In the ID box, type End Wall.
5. In the Min Y box, type 59.5 and in the Max Y box, type 60.
6. In the Min Z box, type 0 and in the Max Z box, type 30.
7. Click the Surfaces tab.
8. In the Single list, click Concrete.
Now the front smoke reservoir at the top of the wall.

2. In the ID box, type End Reservoir.
5. In the Min Y box, type 59.5 and in the Max Y box, type 60.
Now the end door. Note that the boundaries of the hole extend past the wall to ensure the hole is
properly cut in the FDS mesh.
1. On the Model menu, click New Hole.

2. In the ID box, type End Door.
4. In the Min X box, type 12.5 and in the Max X box, type 17.5.
5. In the Min Y box, type 59 and in the Max Y box, type 60.5.
6. In the Min Z box, type -0.1 and in the Max Z box, type 5 (the small negative Z ensures that the
hole will be properly cut in the FDS mesh boundary).
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7. Click OK to create the hole.
Copy the front wall, reservoir, and door to the back.
1. Press the CTRL key and click to select the End Wall, End Reservoir, and End Door.
2. Right-click and click Copy/Move.
4. In the Offset Y box, type -59.5.
At this point, your model should look like Figure 3.
Figure 3: Model after adding floor, floor plates, and front and back walls.
Now the right side wall.

2. In the ID box, type Side Wall.
4. In the Min X box, type 29.5 and in the Max X box, type 30.
Copy the right side wall.
1. Right-click on the Right Side wall and click Copy/Move.

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3. In the Offset X box, type -29.5.
Roof
We will use copy and edit functions to create the roof.
1. Press the CTRL key and click to select the two upper Floor Plates, Figure 4.
2. Right-click on a selected floor plate and click Copy/Move.
4. In the Offset Z box, type 5.5.
Figure 4: Two upper floor plates selected
Edit the two roof panels.
1. Press the CTRL key and select the two newly copied obstructions, right-click and click Properties.
2. In the ID box, type Roof.
4. In the Single list, click ADIABATIC.
5. Click OK to change the properties.
Now add the roof panels that cover the smoke reservoir. Make three new obstructions with the
dimensions shown in Table 1 and with adiabatic surfaces.
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Table 1: Geometry of smoke reservoir panels
Name Min X Max X Min Y Max Y Min Z Max Z

Reservoir 1 10.0 10.5 0.0 60.0 29.5 36.0
Reservoir 2 19.5 20.0 0.0 60.0 29.5 36.0
Reservoir 3 10.0 20.0 0.0 60.0 35.5 36.0
Press the CTRL key and select the +X Side Wall and Reservoir 2 wall, then right-click and select Hide
Objects. At this point, your model should look like Figure 5.
Figure 5: After walls and roof have been added. In this figure, the right wall and right reservoir have
been hidden.
Define Fire
Reaction
We will first change the reaction to Propylene. This fire will produce less smoke than the default
Polyurethane reaction.
1. On the Model menu, click Edit Reactions.

2. Under the reaction list on the left of the dialog, click Add From Library.
3. In the Library list, click PROPYLENE and then click the left arrow (<--) to move reaction into the
Current Model. Click OK to set PROPYLENE as the active reaction. Click Close to close the library.
4. Click OK to close the Edit Reactions dialog.
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Burner Surface
The burner surface will define heat release rate to the simulation. We want a total heat release rate of 5
MW, which will be distributed over a 9 m2 area. To define the surface:
1. On the Model menu, click Edit Surfaces.

2. Under the surface list on the left of the dialog, click New.
3. In the Surface Name box type Burner. In the Surface Type list, click Burner. Click OK.
4. In the Heat Release Rate Per Area box type 555.6 (5000 kW HRR divided by 9 m2).
5. Click OK to close the Edit Surfaces dialog.
The fire will be defined on the top surface of a 3x3x0.5 m obstruction located under the lower floor
plate.

2. In the ID box, type Burner.
5. In the Min Y box, type 28.5 and in the Max Y box, type 31.5.
6. In the Min Z box, type 0 and in the Max Z box, type .5.
8. Select Multiple and in the Surface list for the Max Z face, click Burner (Figure 6).
Figure 6: Defining the top surface as a burner

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Computational Mesh
For this fire, D* is 1.825 m. We will use a grid size of 0.25 at the fire location (~D*/7) and 0.50 m away
from the fire. The easiest way to do this is to define two meshes that cover the entire model and then
split the mesh around the fire. To create the mesh in the main building:
1. On the Model menu, click Edit Meshes

2. Click New and then click OK to create the new mesh.
4. In the Min Y box, type -2 and in the Max Y box, type 62.
5. In the Min Z box, type 0 and in the Max Z box, type 30
6. In the X Cells box, type 60.
7. In the Y Cells box, type 128.
8. In the Z Cells box, type 60.
9. Click Apply to save changes to that mesh.
Now we add the mesh that will represent the smoke reservoir and the exterior of the building above the
reservoir. That will allow us to visualize the smoke leaving the building.
1. In the Edit Meshes dialog, click New and then click OK to create the new mesh.
2. Click OK to create the new mesh.
5. In the Min Z box, type 30 and in the Max Z box, type 50
9. Click OK to save changes and close the Edit Meshes dialog.
We now have two meshes that could be used to solve the problem. The mesh that represents the
building has 460 800 cells and the mesh that represents the smoke reservoir has 96 000. We will split
the building mesh for two reasons: to more evenly distribute calculations between processors and to
refine the mesh at the fire.
To split the mesh we will use the Mesh Split tool:
1. Select Mesh01, the large room mesh, and then select the Split Mesh tool, Figure 7.
2. Drag the cursor along the lower edge of the mesh until it displays 27.0 m, then click, Figure 8.
3. Continue dragging the cursor along the lower edge of the mesh until it displays 33.0 m, then
click.
4. Now, right-click and select Finish. The original mesh is now split into three meshes.
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Figure 7: Select the Split Mesh tool
Figure 8: By moving cursor along edge, set the split mesh location, then click.
The new middle mesh now includes the fire. To refine this mesh:
1. In the tree, select Mesh01-b (the middle mesh), right-click and then select Properties.
5. Click OK.
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Add Open Vents on the Mesh Boundaries

The default FDS assumption is that mesh boundaries are closed and with INERT surfaces. We will add
OPEN vents to the mesh boundaries on the front, back, and top of the model.
Front of Atrium
To add OPEN vents to the front boundary.
1. In the Tree View, right-click Mesh01-c (the front mesh) and click Open Mesh Boundaries, Figure
9. This will add seven OPEN vents to the model.
2. Edit the XMAX and XMIN vents and on the Geometry tab, in the MIN Y box type 60.
3. Delete the two OPEN vents over the roof.
4. Delete the ZMIN vent.
There should now be four OPEN vents on the front of the building, Figure 10.
Back of Atrium
Repeat these steps to add OPEN vents to the back of the atrium (MESH01-a). Edit the XMAX and XMIN
vents and on the Geometry tab, in the MAX Y box type 0. There should be four open vents at the back of
the building.
Figure 9: Open mesh boundaries

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Figure 10: Open vents on front of atrium
Top of Smoke Reservoir

To add OPEN vents to the top of the smoke reservoir.
1. In the Tree View, right-click Mesh02 (the smoke reservoir mesh) and click Open Mesh
Boundaries. This will add six OPEN vents to the model.
2. Edit the side (XMAX and XMIN), back (YMIN), and front (YMAX) vents and on the Geometry tab,
in the MIN Z box type 36.
As shown in Figure 11, there should now be open vents on the front, back, and top of the model.
Figure 11: Final OPEN vents on mesh boundaries

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Add Detectors
Detectors are used to detect the fire and can then be used as part of a control that initiates an action
such as activating extraction fans. To define the detectors:
1. On the Devices menu, click New Smoke Detector.

2. In the Name box, type Smoke Detector. We will use the default Cleary Ionization detector.
3. In the Location boxes, type the X, Y, and Z coordinates as 25, 10, and 5.5. The detectors must
not be on a surface, but free-standing in the air.
4. Click OK to close the New Smoke Detector dialog.
5. Now right-click the Smoke Detector and click Copy/Move.
6. Make 4 copies, each offset by 10 m in the Y direction.
Slice Planes
Slice planes are used to display 2D contours in the Smokeview display of the results. In this analysis, we
will save temperature and velocity data for future plotting. To define the slice planes:
1. On the Output menu, click Slices.

2. Fill the table by entering the values in Table 2. You can click on the row number to select entire
rows to copy and paste, speeding the entry.
3. Click OK to close the Animated Planar Slices dialog.
Click the Show Slices tool to enable/disable display of the slices.
Table 2. Slice plane data
XYZ Plane Plane Value (m) Gas Phase Quantity Use Vector?
X 15 Velocity YES
X 15 Temperature NO
X 15 Visibility NO
Y 30 Velocity YES
Y 30 Temperature NO
Y 30 Visibility NO
Specify Simulation Properties

1. On the FDS menu, click Simulation Parameters.
2. In the End Time box, type 100.
3. Click OK.
Run the Simulation

2. On the FDS menu, click Run FDS Parallel. Note that we can use parallel processing because we
defined four meshes.
3. The FDS Simulation dialog will appear and display the progress of the simulation. The full
analysis took about 8 hours on an i7 CPU.
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4. During the analysis, it is a good idea to periodically run Smokeview just to ensure that the model
input was correct.
5. When the simulation is complete, Smokeview will launch automatically and display a 3D image
of the model.
View Smoke and HRRPUA

We use Smokeview to view the smoke and heat release rate per unit volume.
1. In the Smokeview window, right-click to activate the menu.

2. In the menu, click Load/Unload > 3D Smoke > Soot Mass Fraction – All meshes.
3. In the menu, click Load/Unload > 3D Smoke > HRRPUV – All meshes
The resulting distributions of smoke are shown at 100 and 300 s (the longer time was run for additional
interest).
Figure 12: Smoke in the atrium at 100 s.

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Figure 13: Smoke in atrium at 300 s.
View Slice Data

We can use slice data to view output on planes.

2. In the menu, click Load/Unload > Multi-Vector Slices > Velocity > X=15.0.
At around 100.0 s, a flow pattern has been established with hot air flowing out the top of the vents and
cold air flowing in the bottom of the vents, Figure 14.
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Figure 14: Velocity slice display. Note outflow at top of door and inflow at bottom of door.
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Second Model – With Smoke Extraction Fans

There are two approaches we could take in defining the smoke extraction fans. The simplest would be to
create what PyroSim calls Exhaust vents and position them on the bottom surface at the top of the
smoke reservoir. Then, the user can just specify the flow rate and connect the activation of the fans to
the detectors, using controls. This is simple, but the smoke will just disappear from the model.
It is much more visually interesting if we use HVAC fans that will display the smoke being extracted from
the building. The following instructions describe HVAC fans. We must define a vent on the top and
bottom of the smoke reservoir obstruction. Then, we will connect the two vents with two ducts in
series: the first duct will have a fan and the second duct a damper. The damper is used to set flow
through the duct to zero and will open when connected to the detectors through the controls.
Save the Model

1. On the File menu, click Save As. Give the name as “atrium_with_fans”.
2. Click Save to save the model.
Add Vents
To add the 2x2 m vents:

2. In the ID box, type Extraction Bottom.
3. In the Surface list, click HVAC.
5. In the Plane list, click Z and in the box, type 35.49 (the small offset avoids flashing when rotating
and the vent will snap to the grid during the solution).
8. Click OK then click OK again to accept the HVAC warning and create the vent.
We repeat for the vent on the top surface of the obstruction:

2. In the ID box, type Extraction Top.
3. In the Surface list, click HVAC.
5. In the Plane list, click Z and in the box, type 36.01 (the small offset avoids flashing when rotating
and the vent will snap to the grid during the solution).
8. Click OK then click OK again to accept the HVAC warning and create the vent.
HVAC Fan
This creates a fan that we can use in the HVAC ducts.
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1. On the Model menu, click Edit HVAC

2. Click New and in the Type list, click Fan. In the Name box, type Smoke Fan.
3. Select Quadratic and in the Maximum Flow Rate box, type 16. In the Maximum Pressure box,
type 1E4.
4. Click OK to close the Edit HVAC dialog.
HVAC Nodes and Ducts

Ducts connect the two vents. Ducts need two end nodes. One of the nodes will be a vent, but we need a
node between the vents so that we can create two ducts in series. One duct will contain the fan and the
other duct will contain the damper.
First create the middle HVAC node:
1. On the Model menu, click New HVAC Node.

2. In the ID box, type Middle.
3. Click the Geometry tab and in the Location boxes, type the X, Y, and Z coordinates as 13, 6, and
35.75.
4. Click OK.
Add the bottom and top HVAC nodes that correspond to the HVAC vents:
1. In the tree view, right-click the Extraction Bottom vent.

2. Click Add HVAC Nodes. This will make a new HVAC node named Node01.
3. In the tree view, right-click on Node01.
4. Click Rename.
5. Type in the name Extraction Bottom, and hit the Enter key.
Repeat for the Extraction Top vent:
1. In the tree view, right-click the Extraction Top vent.

2. Click Add HVAC Nodes.
3. In the tree view, right-click on Node02.
4. Click Rename.
5. Type in the name Extraction Top, and hit the Enter key.
Now create the HVAC damper duct:
1. On the Model menu, click New HVAC Duct.

2. In the ID box, type Damper Duct.
3. In the Node 1 list, click Extraction Bottom.
4. In the Node 2 list, click Middle.
5. Select Non-circular and in the Area box, type 4, in the Perimeter box, type 8.
5. Click the Flow Model tab.
6. In the Flow Device list, click Damper.
7. In the Activation list, click New.
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8. In the Name box, type Fire Detector Control and click OK to create the control.
9. For Input Type, select Detector.
10. For Action to Perform, select Create/Activate. (Note: Sending a positive (TRUE) signal to a
damper opens the damper.)
11. In the text description, click <nothing> and select all five smoke detectors, then click OK.
12. Click OK again to close the New Control dialog.
13. Click OK again to close the HVAC Duct Properties dialog.
Now create the HVAC fan duct. This duct is in series with the damper. When the damper opens, flow
driven by the fan will begin.
1. On the Model menu, click New HVAC Duct.

2. In the ID box, type Fan Duct.
3. In the Node 1 list, click Middle.
4. In the Node 2 list, click Extraction Top.
6. Select Non-circular and in the Area box, type 4, in the Perimeter box, type 8.
5. Click the Flow Model tab.
6. In the Flow Device list, click Fan (not Basic Fan).
7. In the Fan list, click Smoke Fan. This selects the HVAC fan we created earlier. The fan will be
<Always On> with flow controlled by the damper.
8. Click OK to close the HVAC Duct Properties dialog.
Now we will copy these smoke extraction vents to make a row.
1. Holding the CTRL key, click on the Extraction Bottom vent, the Extraction Top vent, the Middle
HVAC node, the Extraction Bottom HVAC node, the Extraction Top HVAC node, the Damper
Duct, and the Fan Duct.
2. Right-click the selected objects and click Copy/Move.
4. In the Offset Y box, type 15.
Now we will copy the four extraction vents to a new row.
1. All the copied objects will be selected (alternately, select all copies of the vents, nodes, and
ducts we just created).
2. Right-click on the selection and click Copy/Move...
4. In the Offset X box, type 4.
At this point, your model should look like Figure 15, with vents and fans located in the top of the roof.
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Figure 15: Model after HVAC ducts and fans are added (labels have been toggled off, the Mesh
Boundary Vents have been hidden, and the Reservoir 3 obstruction has been hidden)
Save the Model

2. Click Save to save the model.
Run the Simulation

1. On the FDS menu, click Run FDS Parallel. Again, we use parallel processing for the four meshes.
2. The FDS Simulation dialog will appear and display the progress of the simulation. The full
analysis took about 8 hours on an i7 CPU.
3. During the analysis, it is a good idea to periodically run Smokeview just to ensure that the model
input was correct.
4. When the simulation is complete, Smokeview will launch automatically and display a 3D image
of the model.
View Smoke and HRRPUA

We use Smokeview to view the smoke and heat release rate per unit volume.

2. In the menu, click Load/Unload > 3D Smoke > Soot Mass Fraction – All meshes.
3. In the menu, click Load/Unload > 3D Smoke > HRRPUV – All meshes
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Figure 16: Dense smoke in the atrium with smoke extraction fans at 300 s.
Figure 17: Smoke in atrium with extraction fans at 500 s. The fire extinguished at 300 s.
View Slice Data

We can use slice data to view output on planes.
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2. In the menu, click Load/Unload > Multi-Vector Slices > Velocity > X=15.0.
At 150.0 s, a flow pattern has been established with hot air flowing out the top of the vents and cold air
flowing in the bottom of the vents, Figure 18.
Figure 18: Velocity slice display showing fans extracting air at 150 s.
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References
FDS-SMV Official Website. Fire Dynamics Simulator and Smokeview. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA :
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
McGrattan, Kevin, et al. 2015. Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide (Sixth Edition).
Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, October 2015. NIST Special Publication 1018-1.
McGrattan, Kevin, et al. 2015. Fire Dynamics Simulator User's Guide (Sixth Edition). Gaithersburg,
Maryland, USA, October 2015. NIST Special Publication 1019.
FDS Input File

Following is a listing of the FDS input file. You can either save this as a text file and import into PyroSim,
or you can:
1. Open PyroSim and on the File menu, click New.

2. Select and copy the entire listing below. Paste this into a text editor like NotePad or TextPad.
Now you will need to edit the input file since some of the lines are long and have been wrapped
to the next line. You will need to edit these lines so that they are on one line ending with a /.
3. Copy the edited text.
4. On the PyroSim Edit menu, click Paste. You will receive a warning that Simulation Parameters
already exists in the model, click Yes to All to replace all existing data with the FDS file data.
5. Click the Reset tool.
6. Save and run.
Paste is great, but please work through the example.
atrium_with_fans.fds
Generated by PyroSim - Version 2015.4.1117
Nov 19, 2015 1:33:44 PM
&HEAD CHID='atrium_with_fans'/
&TIME T_END=500.0/
&DUMP RENDER_FILE='atrium_with_fans.ge1', COLUMN_DUMP_LIMIT=.TRUE.,
DT_RESTART=300.0/
&MESH ID='Mesh01-a', IJK=60,58,60, XB=0.0,30.0,-2.0,27.0,0.0,30.0/

&MESH ID='Mesh01-b', IJK=120,24,120, XB=0.0,30.0,27.0,33.0,0.0,30.0/
&MESH ID='Mesh01-c', IJK=60,58,60, XB=0.0,30.0,33.0,62.0,0.0,30.0/
&MESH ID='Mesh02', IJK=20,120,40, XB=10.0,20.0,0.0,60.0,30.0,50.0/
&REAC ID='PROPYLENE',
FYI='FM SNL FDS5 Validation',
FUEL='REAC_FUEL',
FORMULA='C3H6',
SOOT_YIELD=0.02/
&PROP ID='Cleary Ionization I1',

QUANTITY='CHAMBER OBSCURATION',
ALPHA_E=2.5,
BETA_E=-0.7,
ALPHA_C=0.8,
BETA_C=-0.9/
&DEVC ID='Smoke Detector', PROP_ID='Cleary Ionization I1', XYZ=25.0,10.0,5.5/
&DEVC ID='Smoke Detector01', PROP_ID='Cleary Ionization I1', XYZ=25.0,20.0,5.5/
&CTRL ID='Fire Detector Control', FUNCTION_TYPE='ALL', LATCH=.TRUE.,
INPUT_ID='or'/
&CTRL ID='or', FUNCTION_TYPE='ANY', LATCH=.FALSE., INPUT_ID='Smoke
Detector','Smoke Detector01','Smoke Detector02','Smoke Detector03','Smoke
Detector04'/
&MATL ID='CONCRETE',
FYI='NBSIR 88-3752 - ATF NIST Multi-Floor Validation',
SPECIFIC_HEAT=1.04,
CONDUCTIVITY=1.8,
DENSITY=2280.0/
&SURF ID='Concrete',
RGB=146.0,202.0,166.0,
BACKING='VOID',
MATL_ID(1,1)='CONCRETE',
MATL_MASS_FRACTION(1,1)=1.0,
THICKNESS(1)=0.3/
&SURF ID='ADIABATIC',
COLOR='GRAY 80',
ADIABATIC=.TRUE./
&SURF ID='Burner',
COLOR='RED',
HRRPUA=555.6,
RAMP_Q='Burner_RAMP_Q'/
&RAMP ID='Burner_RAMP_Q', T=0.0, F=0.0/
&OBST XB=0.0,10.0,0.0,60.0,6.0,6.5, SURF_ID='INERT'/ Floor Plate

&OBST XB=0.0,30.0,59.5,60.0,0.0,30.0, SURF_ID='Concrete'/ End Wall
&OBST XB=10.0,20.0,59.5,60.0,30.0,36.0, SURF_ID='Concrete'/ End Reservoir
&OBST XB=0.0,30.0,0.0,0.5,0.0,30.0, SURF_ID='Concrete'/ End Wall
&OBST XB=10.0,20.0,0.0,0.5,30.0,36.0, SURF_ID='Concrete'/ End Reservoir
&OBST XB=29.5,30.0,0.0,60.0,0.0,30.0, COLOR='INVISIBLE', SURF_ID='Concrete'/
Side Wall
&OBST XB=0.0,0.5,0.0,60.0,0.0,30.0, SURF_ID='Concrete'/ Side Wall
&OBST XB=20.0,30.0,0.0,60.0,29.5,30.0, SURF_ID='ADIABATIC'/ Roof
&OBST XB=0.0,10.0,0.0,60.0,29.5,30.0, SURF_ID='ADIABATIC'/ Roof
&OBST XB=10.0,10.5,0.0,60.0,29.5,36.0, SURF_ID='ADIABATIC'/ Reservoir 1
&OBST XB=19.5,20.0,0.0,60.0,29.5,36.0, COLOR='INVISIBLE', SURF_ID='ADIABATIC'/
Reservoir 2
&OBST XB=10.0,20.0,0.0,60.0,35.5,36.0, SURF_ID='ADIABATIC'/ Reservoir 3
&OBST XB=20.0,23.0,28.5,31.5,0.0,0.5, SURF_IDS='Burner','INERT','INERT'/ Burner
&HOLE XB=12.5,17.5,59.0,60.5,-0.1,5.0/ End Door

&HOLE XB=12.5,17.5,-0.5,1.0,-0.1,5.0/ End Door
&VENT SURF_ID='OPEN', XB=30.0,30.0,60.0,62.0,0.0,30.0, COLOR='INVISIBLE'/ Mesh

Vent: Mesh01-c [XMAX]
Vent: Mesh01-c [XMIN]
Vent: Mesh01-c [YMAX]
Vent: Mesh01-c [ZMAX]
Vent: Mesh02 [XMAX]
Vent: Mesh02 [XMIN]
Vent: Mesh02 [YMAX]
Vent: Mesh02 [YMIN]
Vent: Mesh02 [ZMAX]
&VENT SURF_ID='OPEN', XB=30.0,30.0,-2.0,0.0,0.0,30.0, COLOR='INVISIBLE'/ Mesh
Vent: Mesh01-a [XMAX]
Vent: Mesh01-a [XMIN]
&VENT SURF_ID='OPEN', XB=0.0,30.0,-2.0,-2.0,0.0,30.0, COLOR='INVISIBLE'/ Mesh
Vent: Mesh01-a [YMIN]
Vent: Mesh01-a [ZMAX]
&VENT SURF_ID='Concrete', XB=0.0,30.0,-2.0,62.0,0.0,0.0/ Floor
&VENT ID='Extraction Bottom', SURF_ID='HVAC', XB=12.0,14.0,5.0,7.0,35.49,35.49/
&VENT ID='Extraction Top', SURF_ID='HVAC', XB=12.0,14.0,5.0,7.0,36.01,36.01/
&VENT ID='Extraction Bottom01', SURF_ID='HVAC',
XB=12.0,14.0,20.0,22.0,35.49,35.49/
&VENT ID='Extraction Top01', SURF_ID='HVAC',
XB=12.0,14.0,20.0,22.0,36.01,36.01/
XB=12.0,14.0,35.0,37.0,35.49,35.49/
XB=12.0,14.0,35.0,37.0,36.01,36.01/
XB=12.0,14.0,50.0,52.0,35.49,35.49/
XB=12.0,14.0,50.0,52.0,36.01,36.01/
XB=16.0,18.0,5.0,7.0,35.49,35.49/
&VENT ID='Extraction Top04', SURF_ID='HVAC', XB=16.0,18.0,5.0,7.0,36.01,36.01/
XB=16.0,18.0,20.0,22.0,35.49,35.49/
XB=16.0,18.0,20.0,22.0,36.01,36.01/
XB=16.0,18.0,35.0,37.0,35.49,35.49/
XB=16.0,18.0,35.0,37.0,36.01,36.01/
XB=16.0,18.0,50.0,52.0,35.49,35.49/
XB=16.0,18.0,50.0,52.0,36.01,36.01/
&HVAC ID='Middle', TYPE_ID='NODE', DUCT_ID='Damper Duct','Fan Duct',

XYZ=13.0,6.0,35.75/
&HVAC ID='Extraction Bottom', TYPE_ID='NODE', DUCT_ID='Damper Duct',
VENT_ID='Extraction Bottom'/
&HVAC ID='Extraction Top', TYPE_ID='NODE', DUCT_ID='Fan Duct',
VENT_ID='Extraction Top'/
&HVAC ID='Damper Duct', TYPE_ID='DUCT', AREA=4.0, PERIMETER=8.0, DAMPER=.TRUE.,
NODE_ID='Extraction Bottom','Middle', ROUGHNESS=0.001, LENGTH=0.26,
CTRL_ID='Fire Detector Control'/
&HVAC ID='Fan Duct', TYPE_ID='DUCT', AREA=4.0, PERIMETER=8.0, FAN_ID='Smoke
Fan', NODE_ID='Middle','Extraction Top', ROUGHNESS=0.001, LENGTH=0.26/
&HVAC ID='Middle01', TYPE_ID='NODE', DUCT_ID='Damper Duct01','Fan Duct01',
XYZ=13.0,21.0,35.75/
&HVAC ID='Extraction Bottom01', TYPE_ID='NODE', DUCT_ID='Damper Duct01',
VENT_ID='Extraction Bottom01'/
&HVAC ID='Extraction Top01', TYPE_ID='NODE', DUCT_ID='Fan Duct01',
VENT_ID='Extraction Top01'/
&HVAC ID='Damper Duct01', TYPE_ID='DUCT', AREA=4.0, PERIMETER=8.0,
DAMPER=.TRUE., NODE_ID='Extraction Bottom01','Middle01', ROUGHNESS=0.001,
LENGTH=0.26, CTRL_ID='Fire Detector Control'/
&HVAC ID='Fan Duct01', TYPE_ID='DUCT', AREA=4.0, PERIMETER=8.0, FAN_ID='Smoke
Fan', NODE_ID='Middle01','Extraction Top01', ROUGHNESS=0.001, LENGTH=0.26/
XYZ=13.0,36.0,35.75/
XYZ=13.0,51.0,35.75/
XYZ=17.0,6.0,35.75/
XYZ=17.0,21.0,35.75/
XYZ=17.0,36.0,35.75/
XYZ=17.0,51.0,35.75/
&HVAC ID='Smoke Fan', TYPE_ID='FAN', MAX_FLOW=16.0, MAX_PRESSURE=1.0E4/
&SLCF QUANTITY='VELOCITY', VECTOR=.TRUE., PBX=15.0/

&SLCF QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', PBX=15.0/
&SLCF QUANTITY='VISIBILITY', PBX=15.0/
&SLCF QUANTITY='VELOCITY', VECTOR=.TRUE., PBY=30.0/
&SLCF QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', PBY=30.0/
&SLCF QUANTITY='VISIBILITY', PBY=30.0/
&TAIL /

Atrium Smoke Movement Ex

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Atrium Smoke Movement

Smoke Movement in Atrium Buildings

 More complex geometry.

Figure 1: Velocity contours with fans.

This tutorial demonstrates how to:

 Create the atrium geometry.

Figure 2: Geometry of atrium NA (image from Chew and Liew, 2000)

We will make the following assumptions:

 The floor height is 6 m.

First Model – No Smoke Extraction Fans

Name and Save the Model

1. On the File menu, click Save.

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Materials.

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Surfaces.

Create the Model Geometry

1. On the Model menu, click New Vent.

1. On the Model menu, click New Obstruction.

Now we will copy this floor plate vertically.

1. Right-click on the Floor Plate and click Copy/Move.

Now we will copy the four floor plates horizontally.

1. On the Model menu, click New Obstruction.

Now the front smoke reservoir at the top of the wall.

1. On the Model menu, click New Obstruction.

1. On the Model menu, click New Hole.

7. Click OK to create the hole.

Copy the front wall, reservoir, and door to the back.

At this point, your model should look like Figure 3.

Now the right side wall.

1. On the Model menu, click New Obstruction.

Copy the right side wall.

1. Right-click on the Right Side wall and click Copy/Move.

Figure 4: Two upper floor plates selected

Edit the two roof panels.

Table 1: Geometry of smoke reservoir panels

Name Min X Max X Min Y Max Y Min Z Max Z

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Reactions.

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Surfaces.

1. On the Model menu, click New Obstruction.

Figure 6: Defining the top surface as a burner

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Meshes

To split the mesh we will use the Mesh Split tool:

Figure 7: Select the Split Mesh tool

Add Open Vents on the Mesh Boundaries

Figure 9: Open mesh boundaries

Figure 10: Open vents on front of atrium

Top of Smoke Reservoir

Figure 11: Final OPEN vents on mesh boundaries

1. On the Devices menu, click New Smoke Detector.

1. On the Output menu, click Slices.

Click the Show Slices tool to enable/disable display of the slices.

Table 2. Slice plane data

Specify Simulation Properties

Run the Simulation

View Smoke and HRRPUA

1. In the Smokeview window, right-click to activate the menu.

Figure 12: Smoke in the atrium at 100 s.

Figure 13: Smoke in atrium at 300 s.

View Slice Data

1. In the Smokeview window, right-click to activate the menu.

Second Model – With Smoke Extraction Fans

Save the Model

1. On the Model menu, click New Vent.

We repeat for the vent on the top surface of the obstruction:

1. On the Model menu, click New Vent.