History 101

Textbook: Making America: A History of the

United States, 5 th edition
Berkin, Miller, Cherney, Gormly
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Chapter 8

CHAPTER RECAP / INTRODUCTION

(BASED ON TEXTBOOK CHAPTER INTRODUCTION, BUT ELABORATED)
George Washington stepped down as president, John Adams replaced him. Under
Adams, US became involved in undelcalred war with france. Domestic unrest prevailed.
Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, tried to undermine electoral process. Game
Hamilton’s rival, Thomas Jefferson, forum from which to assault party in power.
Federalists tried to rig election but defeated and turned out of office.

Jefferson was next president, ushered in new era of American politics. Instituted a series
of reforms that led to expansion and global trade. Aggressive foreign policy to restor int’l
trade, radical tax cuts and government spending cuts.

Hamilton – classical republicans – protect people from themselves. Aristocratically led

republicanism in England provided model.

Jefferson – Jeffersonians, liberal republicans, people could care for themselves. Popularly
led republicanism in revolutionary France was ideal model.

Hamilton tried to rig voting by having electoral college members who were Pinkney only
cast one vote, for Pinkney, so that Hamilton would not receive enough votes, but
Hamilton supporters learned plot and withheld votes for Pinkney to balance it, and due to
dispute within Federalist party, some disgruntled Federalists voted for Jefferson instead,
along with Republicans, and beat out Pinkney to become VP to Hamilton. This resulted
in split admin.

XYZ referred to the three French business men go betweens that were trying to assist in
peace negotions between America and France. Created Navy, built warships, established
army of 30,000 men, privateered French ships, ran sea battles – was never declared war
and was so named the Quasi-War.

… INTRO/RECAP IS INCOMPLETE AND ENDS HERE – DOESN’T CONTINUE TO COVER ENTIRE

CHAPTER)
GLOSSARY
(PULLED FROM TEXTBOOK WEBSITE, SHOULD MATCH BOOK EXACTLY)

Aaron Burr New York lawyer and 1796 vice-presidential candidate; he became
Jefferson’s vice president in 1801 after the House of Representatives broke a deadlock in
the Electoral College

acculturation changes in the culture of a group or an individual as a result of contact

with a different culture

African Methodist Episcopal Church African-American branch of Methodism

established in Philadelphia in 1816 and in New York in 1821

Albert Gallatin Jefferson’s Treasury secretary; favored limited government and reduced
the federal debt by cutting spending

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 acts designed to prevent immigrants from participating in
politics and to silence the anti-Federalist press

anti-expansionist opposed to the policy of expanding a country by acquiring new

territory

appropriation public funds authorized for a specific purpose

balance of payments difference between a nation’s total payments to foreign countries

and its total receipts from abroad

Calvinists Protestant followers of John Calvin, whose theology emphasizes the absolute
power of God, human sinfulness, and people’s inability to effect salvation

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Federalist politician and brother of Thomas Pinckney; he

was sent on a diplomatic mission to Paris in 1796 during a period of unfriendly relations
between France and the United States

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord French foreign minister appointed by the

revolutionary government in 1797; he later aided Napoleon Bonaparte’s overthrow of
that government and served as his foreign minister

conciliatory striving to overcome distrust or to regain good will

constitutional according to the Constitution

cooper person who makes or repairs wooden barrels

evangelicalism Protestant movements that stress the importance of personal conversion

and salvation by faith
excise tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity or on the use of a
service within a country

François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture black revolutionary who liberated the

island of Santo Domingo, only to see it reinvaded by the French in 1802

Fries’s Rebellion 1799 tax revolt by Pennsylvania citizens that was suppressed by
federal forces; leader John Fries was condemned to death for treason, but received a
presidential pardon

Henry Ware liberal Congregationalist who was elected senior theologian at Harvard
College in 1805, making Unitarianism the dominant religious view at the previously
Calvinist stronghold

impeach to formally charge a public official with criminal conduct in office

James Forten African-American entrepreneur with a successful sailmaking business in

Philadelphia who provided leadership for black business enterprises and advocated both
racial integration and equal rights during the Jeffersonian era

John Marshall Virginia lawyer and politician who became chief justice of the Supreme
Court; his legal decisions helped shape the role of the Supreme Court in American
government

judicial review power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws
passed by Congress and by the states

Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalist Congress passed this law to increase the number of
federal courts and judicial positions; President Adams rushed to fill these positions with
Federalists before his term ended

lame duck officeholder who has failed to win, or is ineligible for, re-election but whose
term in office has not yet ended

Louisiana Purchase 1803 purchase from France for $15 million; extended from
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

Mandan Indians Sioux-speaking Native American group that lived in permanent

villages and practiced agriculture in the Red River Valley in present-day North Dakota;
they hosted the Lewis and Clark expedition during the winter of 1804

manifesto written statement publicly declaring the views of its author

Marbury v. Madison 1801 Supreme Court decision declaring part of the Judiciary Act
of 1789 unconstitutional, establishing an important precedent in favor of judicial review
Meriwether Lewis Jefferson aide who was sent to the Louisiana Territory in 1803; he
later served as its governor

Napoleon Bonaparte general who took control of the French government at the end of
France’s revolutionary period; eventually proclaimed himself emperor of France and
conquered much of the continent of Europe

Natchez Trace road connecting Natchez, Mississippi, with Nashville, Tennessee; it was
commercially and strategically important in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

naturalized granted full citizenship (after having been born in a foreign country)

opposition party political party opposed to the party or government in power

Piegan Indians branch of the Blackfoot Indians who resided in areas of what is now
Montana during the late 18th and early 19th centuries

precedent event or decision that may be used as an example in similar cases

Quasi-War diplomatic crisis triggered by the XYZ affair; fighting occurred between the
US and France, but neither side formally declared war

rationalism theory that the exercise of reasons, rather than the acceptance of authority or
spiritual revelation, is the only valid basis for belief and the best source of spiritual truth

Sacajawea Shoshone woman who served as guide and interpreter on the Lewis and Clark
expedition

Santo Domingo Caribbean island shared by modern nations of Haiti and Santo Domingo;
Christopher Columbus originally named it Hispaniola

sedition conduct or language inciting rebellion against the authority of the state

spendthrift person who spends money recklessly or wastefully

states’ rights political position in favor of limiting federal power to allow the greatest
possible self-government by the individual states

statesman political leader who acts out of concern for the public good and not out of
self-interest

supply and demand the two factors that determine price in an economy based on private
property; supply is how much of a commodity is available and demand is how many
people want it
Thomas Pinckney South Carolina politician and diplomat who was an unsuccessful
Federalist candidate for president in 1796

Trinity Christian belief that God consists of three divine persons: Father, Son, and Holy
Spirit

Twelfth Amendment 1804 constitutional amendment that provides for separate balloting
in the Electoral College for president and vice president

Unitarianism religion that denies the Trinity, teaching that God exists in only one
person; it also stresses individual freedom of belief and the free use of reason in religion

urbanization growth of cities; includes the shifting of the population from rural to urban
areas

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 statements that asserted the right of states to
overrule the federal government; issued in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

William Clark soldier and explorer who joined Meriwether Lewis as co-leader on the
expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase; responsible for mapmaking

XYZ affair diplomatic incident in which American envoys to France were told that the
US would have to loan France money and bribe government officials as a precondition
for negotiation

KEY POINTS:
Conflict in the Adams Administration
The Split Election of 1796
XYZ: The Power of Patriotism
The Home Front in the Quasi-War
Settlement with France

The Revolution of 1800

The Lesser of Republican Evils
Federalist Defenses and a Loyal
Opposition
Jefferson’s Vision for America
It Matters Today: Classical versus Liberal Republicanism

Republicanism in Action
Assault on Federalist Defenses
Implementing a New Economy
Threats to Jefferson’s Vision
Pushing Westward
Challenge and Uncertainty in Jefferson’s America
The Heritage of Partisan Politics
Westward Expansion and Social Stress
The Religious Response to Social Change
The Problem of Race in Jefferson’s Republic

Chapter 9

GLOSSARY
(PULLED FROM TEXTBOOK WEBSITE, SHOULD MATCH BOOK EXACTLY)

Andrew Jackson general who defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 and the
British at New Orleans in 1815; he later became the 7th president of the US

annuity allowance or income paid annually

Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1814 battle in which Tennessee militia massacred Creek
Indians in Alabama, ending Red Stick resistance to white westward expansion

Battle of New Orlenas War of 1812 battle in which American troops commanded by
Andrew Jackson destroyed the British force attempting to seize New Orleans

Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 battle near Prophetstown; American forces led by William
Henry Harrison defeated the followers of the Shawnee Prophet and destroyed the town

Berlin Decree Napoleon’s order declaring the British Isles under blockade and
authorizing the confiscation of British goods from any ship found carrying them

broadside the simultaneous discharge of all the guns on one side of a warship

concession something given up during diplomatic negotiations

cotton boll pod of the cotton plant; it contains the plant’s seeds surrounded by the fluffy
fiber that is spun into yarn

discretionary powers powers to be used at one’s own judgment; in government, powers

given to an administrative official to be used without outside consultation or oversight

Eli Whitney American inventor and manufacturer; his perfecting the cotton gin
revolutionized the cotton industry

Embargo of 1808 government-ordered trade ban announced by Jefferson in 1807 in

order to pressure Britain and France to accept neutral trading rights; it went into effect in
1808 and closed down all US foreign trade

Embargo of 1813 absolute embargo on all American trade and British troops

Essex Junto group of Federalists in Essex County, Massachusetts, who at first advocated
constitutional changes that would favor New England politically and later called for New
England and New York to secede from the US

flagship ship that carries the fleet commander and bears the commander’s flag

Francis Scott Key author of “The Star-Spangled Banner” which chronicles the British
bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1814; became the national anthem in 1931

frigate very fast warship, rigged with square sails and carrying from 30 to 50 cannon on
two gun decks

gubernatorial of or relating to a governor

impressment procedure permitted under British maritime law that authorized

commanders of warships to force English civilian sailors into military service

James Monroe Republican politician from Virginia who served in diplomatic posts
under Washington, Adams, and Jefferson; he later became the 5th president of the US

Jean Laffite leader of a band of pirates in southeast Louisiana; he offered to fight for the
Americans at New Orleans in return for the pardon of his men

John C. Calhoun South Carolina Congressman who was a leader of the War Hawks and
the author of the official declaration of war in 1812

John Randolph Virginian republican politician who was a cousin of Thomas Jefferson;
he believed in limited government and objected to several of Jefferson’s policies

long-staple cotton variety of cotton with long and loosely packed pods of fiber that is
easy to comb out and process

Macon’s Bill No. 2 1810 law that offered exclusive trading rights to France or Britain,
whichever recognized American neutral rights first

mechanize to substitute machinery for human labor

merchant marine nation’s commercial ships

Milan Decree Napoleon’s order authorizing the capture of any neutral vessels sailing
from British ports or submitting to British searches
mortar portable, muzzle-loading cannon that fires large projectiles at high trajectories
over a short range; traditionally used by mobile troops against fixed fortifications

Non-Intercourse Act law passed by Congress in 1809 reopening trade with all nations
except France and Britain and authorizing the president to reopen trade with them if they
lifted restrictions on American shipping

Old Ironsides nickname of the USS Constitution, the 44-gun American frigate whose
victory over the Guerrière bolstered sagging national morale during the War of 1812

Old Northwest area of the US referred to at the time as the Northwest territory, it would
eventually be broken into the states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin

Oliver Hazard Perry American naval officer who led the fleet that defeated the British
in the Battle of Put-in-Bay during the War of 1812

party caucus meeting of members of a political party to decide on questions of policy or

leadership or to register preferences for candidates running for office

patent a government grant that gives the creator of an invention the sole right to produce,
use, or sell that invention for a set period of time

re-exports products shipped from one nation to another by way of a third; during
wartime neutral nations can be used as third parties to carry goods to combatants

secede to withdraw formally for membership in a political union

short-staple cotton variety of cotton with short and tightly packed pods of fiber in which
the plant’s seeds are tangled

subpoena writ, or order, requiring an individual to appear in court to give testimony

Tecumseh Shawnee leader and brother of the Prophet; he established an Indian

confederacy along the frontier that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion

Tertium Quid Republican faction formed by John Randolph to protect against

Jefferson’s plan for acquiring Florida from Spain

The Prophet Shawnee religious visionary who called for a return to Indian traditions and
founded the community of Prophetstown on Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana

Treaty of Ghent 1814 treaty ending the War of 1812; it restored peace but was silent on
the issues over which the US and Britain had gone to war
vicissitudes sudden or unexpected changes encountered during the course of life

War Hawks members of Congress elected in 1810 from the West and South who
campaigned for war with Britain in the hopes of stimulating the economy and annexing
new territory

Yazoo affair corrupt deal in which the Georgia legislature sold a huge tract of public
land to speculators for a low price but later overturned the sale; the basis for the Supreme
Court case of Fletcher v. Peck, which in 1810 supported Jefferson’s position favoring
compensation and helped established the sanctity of civil contracts over state legislation