Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
______________________
A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education
Isabela State University
Cauayan, Isabela
_____________________
___________________
FRANKLIN C. ACOBA
RODMAN C. BALDOZ
CHRISTIAN I. SOLITO
June 2019
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person by way of
bodily contact. In most cases, children are the victims of physical abuse, but adults can also be
Physical abuse is caused by many influences, which differ in how they affect the individuals
involved together, they form a multilevel contributory environmental context. Each level of
influence is embedded or “nested” in a broader level, and each has a potential to affect all others.
Reports and news from radios and televisions reveal that parents are most likely to commit
Sometimes it is a form and idealistic expectations often abused by parents because of words and
actions and sometimes it is simply and miserably the only way a parent knows to treat their
Mash and Wolfe, found that a number of causes of physical abuse against children the most
common is disturbances may cause maltreating parents to misperceive or mislabel their child's
behavior.
Physical abuse is often difficult to identify not only because of the ethics involved in
doing so but because of the intra-familial issues that may be present; different cultural
acceptances, religion and loyalties to parents and siblings often prevent the open declaration of
the levels of abuse that actually exist. Child maltreatment in all its forms is a global phenomenon
of considerable extent, touching the lives of millions of children. [CITATION Sto14 \l 1033 ]
Youth dually exposed to abuse and domestic violence were less attached to parents in
adolescence than those who were not exposed, for those who were abused only and those who
were exposed only to domestic violence, the relationship between exposure types and youth
outcomes did not differ by level of attachment to parents. However, stronger bonds of attachment
to parents in adolescence did appear to predict a lower risk of antisocial behavior independent of
exposure status. Preventing child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence could
lessen the risk of antisocial behavior during adolescence, as could strengthening parent—child
Other aspects that can contribute to child abuse include parents’ immaturity, lack of
parenting skills, poor childhood experiences and social isolation, as well as common crisis
There is little hesitation that child abuse and childhood experience of loss, when no
effective chance is provided for the child to make sense of these experiences, constitutes
unsettled trauma which is likely to obvious itself in some way at a later date.
This study aims to determine the prevalence of physical abuse among children in order to
come up with the appropriate approach parents dealing with children’s misbehavior.
Research Objectives
The general objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of physical abuse
In particular, it aims to identify the different forms of physical abused and how they are
children?
2. What are the manners which physical abuse is being committed?
3. What are the identified causes or reasons of physical abuse?
This study will focus to the prevalence of physical abuse among children at barangay Cutog
Barangay Official - in this study being the primer law enforcer in the barangay level this study
Community – in this study community are gain an information to know the responsible, and the
Future researcher – this study would serve as reference those who would conduct further study
Future Parents - in this study said them to being more responsible parents particularly in
Law Enforcers- this study would serve as a reference to law enforcers in strengthening the
Parents – in this study parents are gain benefits in the conduct of this study through obtaining
knowledge how to deal with their children’s misbehavior aside from physical treatment.
This research study is conducted in order to determine the prevalence of physical abuse
among children in Barangay Cutog, Grande Reina Mercedes Isabela. It is delimited to the
residents of the said barangay who have children under their custody.
Conceptual Framework
This study will indicate the prevalence of physical abuse among children of Barangay
Physical Abuse
Trauma, Bodily Harm
Physical Sufferings, Injuries
Causes of Physical Abuse
Data Gathering
and Analysis
Addressing
Physical
Abuse
The paradigm of the study provides for the input which is the physical abuse experienced
by the respondents in the form of trauma, bodily harm, physical sufferings, injuries and also the
causes of physical abuse. It will be processed by data gathering and analyzed to yield results and
conclusions which the study expects to address physical abuse in the community.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were used operationally and conceptually to give better
comfort of the person and that is more than merely transient or trifling in nature.
wide area.
Physical abuse- it refers to an intentional act causing injury, trauma and other causes.
Trauma- it refers to a type of damage to the mind that occurs as a result of a distressing
event.
CHAPTER II
similarities with this study and were reviewed because there are valuable conclusions which are
Related Studies
Foreign
Adult women with a history of childhood sexual abuse show greater evidence of sexual
and are more likely than non-abused women to be re-victimized. Anxiety, fear, and suicidal ideas
and behavior have also been associated with a history of childhood sexual abuse but force and
threat of force may be a necessary concomitant. As yet, there is insufficient evidence to confirm
a relation between a history of childhood sexual abuse and a postsexual abuse syndrome and
multiple or borderline personality disorder. Male victims of child sexual abuse show disturbed
adult sexual functioning. The relation between age of onset of abuse and outcome is still
equivocal. Greater long-term harm is associated with abuse involving a father or stepfather and
abuse involving penetration. Longer duration is associated with greater impact, and the use of
force or threat of force is associated with greater harm.[ CITATION Bei12 \l 1033 ]
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a causal agent in many negative adulthood outcomes,
including the risk for life-threatening behaviors such as suicide ideation and suicide attempts.
Traumatic events such as CSA may pose risk in the healthy development of cognitive and
emotional functioning during childhood. In fact, high impulsivity, a risk factor for suicidal
Our findings confirm the discrepancy between the expectations of parents and the general
practitioner, and the reality of the findings in specialized centers. Approximately 90% of child
victims of abuse do not show evidence of physical damage. These were found in less than 10%
of abused children. Physical signs of abuse often are difficult to recognize and should not be the
Victims of Child Sexual Abuse were more at risk of offending than random controls, but
so were their siblings. Only female victims were more likely to offend than their own siblings.
The increased risk for offending was not specifically found for sexual offenses, instead it was
found for various types of offenses. The found difference between female victims and siblings
held true for abuse perpetrated by someone outside the family. We therefore conclude that family
and environmental factors are the most important to explain offending among male Child Sexual
Abuse victims, while these factors alone are not enough to explain the effect of Child Sexual
Emotional abuse, physical abuse, and exposure to intimate partner violence were the most
common forms of maltreatment that co-occurred with childhood sexual abuse among males. A
history of childhood sexual abuse only, and childhood sexual abuse co-occurring with other types
of child maltreatment, resulted in higher odds for many mental disorders and suicide attempts
compared to a history of child maltreatment without childhood sexual abuse. Child maltreatment
is associated with increased odds of mental disorders among males. Larger effects were noted for
many mental disorders and suicide attempts for males who experienced childhood sexual abuse
with or without other child maltreatment types compared to those who did not experience
childhood sexual abuse. These results are important for understanding the significant long-term
The research identified three opportunities for prevention, which involved acting on
behalf of children and young people to: reform their sexuality education; redress their
victimization experiences; and help their management of pornography. These opportunities could
inform the design of initiatives to enhance the prevention agenda.[ CITATION McK17 \l 1033 ]
Local
What constitute parental abuse with interviews of 30 high school students, 30 parents,
and 28 counselors. Despite increased reported cases of emotional abuses and child maltreatments
in the Philippines, few empirical studies have explored the exact nature of parental verbal abuses
in this country. There were nine categories of parental verbal abuses namely: (a) Put downs and
shaming, (b) Rejection, (c) Blaming, (d) Fault Exaggerating, (e) Threat, (f) Invoking harm, (g)
Regrets, (h) Unfair comparison, and (i) Negative prediction. [ CITATION Loh10 \l 1033 ]
The greater incidence of child abuse occurred most commonly in female children
between the ages 12 – 18 years old, in families with low socio-economic level and to parents
whose highest educational attainment were high school level. These abuses lasted for 1 – 5 years
before being reported to the proper authorities for intervention. Most perpetrators of the abuses
were the male neighbors followed by the female neighbors and the cohabiting husband; adults
whom the parent/s entrust the care of their children. The study revealed that the most common
form of abuse was physical abuse in the form of hitting, followed by child-rape, spousal abuse in
the presence of the child and verbal assault, respectively. The study concluded that child abuse
damages the child not only physically but also psychologically. The parents’ low socio-economic
status contributed to the stress and trauma of the child.[ CITATION Lap12 \l 1033 ]
The extent and characteristics of child sexual abuse in the Philippines has been identified
in the literature. Ramiro et al. (2010) found in a general population sample, during the first 18
years of life, that 6 per cent of women, and 4.5 per cent of men, have experienced sexual abuse.
In a study of hospital case files of child victims of sexual abuse, the average age of victims was
approximately 10 years, and were 97.3 per cent female. [ CITATION Ram10 \l 1033 ]
according to their mothers. Corporal punishment involves slapping, spanking, hitting, shaking or
beating, and finds the Philippines comparatively high on these measures. [ CITATION Lan10 \l
1033 ]
The tendency of Filipino parents to punish sons more harshly than their daughters could
be explained in relation to how boys and girls are regarded in society. Boys are expected to be
tough and brave. By administering harsher discipline, parents may believe they are molding their
sons to be strong and to prepare them to be future pillars of society. [ CITATION San10 \l 1033 ]
Related Literature
Foreign
The management of child abuse can be complicated, and often require a multidisciplinary
approach, encompass professionals who will identifying the cause of the abuse or neglect,
treatment of the immediate problems and referral of the child to the relevant child protection
authority for action. Counseling services for the child and the caregivers should form part of the
management regime. In the present case, the objectives were met and the patient got full benefits
There is extensive evidence that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can have deleterious
consequences for adult psychological and physical functioning. The extent to which CSA
hampers victims in the fulfillment of adult roles such as marriage, employment, and parenting is
less clear. In this review, we investigate the effects of CSA on adult roles in the domain
It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence
and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual or potential harm to the child’s
power. Exposure to intimate partner violence is also sometimes included as a form of child
The two main forms of violent discipline are corporal punishment and psychological
violence. According to UNICEF, physical discipline, also known as 'corporal punishment' refers
to any punishment in which physical force is used to cause any degree of pain or discomfort. It
includes, for example, pinching, spanking, hitting children with a hand, or forcing them to ingest
something. Violent psychological discipline involves "the use of verbal aggression, threats,
from all forms of violence while in the care of their parents or other caregivers, as set forth in the
United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child. [ CITATION Ort18 \l 1033 ]
abusing their children. This mainly affects large proportions of families who are poor, deprived
Local
Are Filipinos children still safe at home? A new study says many of them are not.
According to a new study of the Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) and the United
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), most children experience violence where they should feel
safest – in their own homes. The National Baseline Study on Violence against Children launched
on Tuesday, December 6, said that 60% of physical violence suffered by children, and 38% of
psychological violence, happen in their homes. The study was conducted among the 3,866 study
respondents, aged 13 to 24, from 17 regions in the Philippines. Physical violence (66.3%) and
psychological violence (62.8%) are the most common forms of child abuse. Another finding is
that 8 in 10 children experienced a form of abuse. "Eighty percent of the 3,866 respondents aged
13 to 24 years had experienced some form of violence in their lifetime, whether in the home,
school, workplace, community or during dating," the study said. [ CITATION Pat16 \l 1033 ]
Eight in 10 children and young people in the Philippines have experienced some form of
violence in their lifetime that usually begins at home. This is one of the findings of the Council
for the Welfare of Children (CWC) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in their
“National Baseline Study on Violence against Children (VAC),” the first ever national study on
violence against children in the Philippines. The study showed that in the Philippines, “thousands
of children are robbed of their childhood and suffer lifelong developmental challenges as a result
of violence.” “Impacts include mental and physical health disorders, anxiety, depression and
health-risk behaviors including smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse and engagement in high risk
sexual activity,” the study stated. A total of 3,866 children and youth aged 13 to 24 from 172
barangays in 17 regions were randomly selected to participate in the study. A total of 1,979 of
them were males while 1,887 were females, with 2,303 of them belonging to the 13 to 18 age
group. Majority were from the economic middle class while 55.6 percent came from rural areas
Physical injuries, rape, and acts of lasciviousness are among the top three abuses
committed against children in Central Visayas during the period of 2015-2017, said the
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) in Region 7. [CITATION New18 \l
1033 ]
Despite the high prevalence of experiences of violence among both boys and girls,
disclosures are low at 10% overall. Most disclosed to their friends and to some extent, mothers.
They rarely disclosed the violence they experienced to professionals but when they did, teachers
were the most common persons they disclosed to and sought help from. Teachers may be the
ones that children often approach because based on the community stakeholders’ study, schools
conduct seminars on child rights and children spend most of their time in school. However, this
study revealed, that a number of teachers do not have appreciation and understanding of
children’s rights. According to respondents, when children become aware of their rights, “Lalong
tumitigas ang ulo” (they become unrulier) and some children (and parents) would even “threaten
the teachers of being reported to the Department of Social Work and Development (DSWD).”
Statistics from the Women and Child Protection Units also show that teachers report the least
More children in the Philippines are becoming victims of abuse, violence and
exploitation. In addition, the country lacks a national child protection monitoring and reporting
system to determine the exact number of children in need of special protection, such as victims
of abuse, violence and exploitation. Children affected by armed conflict is also a concern. It is
estimated that 30,000–50,000 children in the Philippines are displaced every year as a result of
armed conflict. Basic services in most conflict-affected communities are often either absent or
severely deficient. This situation has driven some children to become involved with armed
The researchers used this formula in computing for the weighted mean.
To test the prevalence of physical abused, the weighted mean was interpreted using the
scale below: