A PROJECT ON

NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT

GENESIS, AIMS and OBJECTIVES

SUBMITTED TO

Mr. BK MAHAKUL

FACULTY –INTERNATIONAL RELATION

SUBMITTED BY: PRASHANT KERKETTA

SEMESTER-V

ROLL NO. 119

(B.A. L.L.B.)

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR (C.G.)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table Of Contents…………………………………………...………………………...…..2

Acknowledgements…………………………………………...……….…………………..3

Research Methodology ………………..……………………..…….……………………..4

Certificate Of Declaration Regarding Originality Of Research Work…………………….5

Introduction ………………………………………...…………………………………….6

Origin and History……………………………………..………………………………….7

Organisational Structure and Membership………………………………………………10

India and Non Aligned Movement…………………………………..……………………11

Role of Non Aligned Movement…………………………….……..…………………….13

Aims and Objectives ………………………………………………………………………15.

Bibliography/Webliography……………………………………………………………….16

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to the Almighty God who gave me the strength to accomplish the project with
sheer hard work and honesty.

May I observe the protocol to show my deep gratitude to the venerated Faculty-
incharge Mr.BK MAHAUL , for his kind gesture in allotting me such a wonderful and
elucidating research topic. SIR your sincere and honest approach have always inspired me
and pulled me back on track whenever I went astray.

It would be very unjust to forget the friends, while expressing thanks to one and all.
Honestly speaking I feel pride to have friends.

Last, but by no means the least, I would like to thank all the members of HNLU
family in general and my blooming and charismatic friends in particular for their
wholehearted co-operation throughout the odyssey.

PRASHANT
KERKETTA

( semester V )

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This project is based upon descriptive method of analysis. This project has been done
after a thorough research based upon intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the project.

Sources of Data:

The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project-

1. Articles.
2. Books
3. Journals
4. Websites

Method of Writing:

The method of writing followed in the course of this research project is primarily
analytical and based on secondary source of data.

Objectives:

I. To understand the concept of class and class struggle and its various dimensions.
II. To critically analyse the theory of class struggle.

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 CERTIFICATE OF DECLARATION REGARDING ORIGINALITY OF RESEARCH
WORK

I do hereby declare that the entire subject matter of the project is original by nature
and no means of plagiarism has been taken. Any help taken from sources has been properly
cited and is added into the bibliography.

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 INTRODUCTION

The Non-Aligned Movement was formed during the Cold War, largely on the initiative of
then-Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito, as an organization of States that did not seek to
formally align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union, but sought to
remain independent or neutral. The basic concept for the group originated in 1955 during
discussions that took place at the Asia-Africa Bandung Conference held in Indonesia.
Subsequently, a preparatory meeting for the First NAM Summit Conference was held in
Cairo, Egypt from 5-12 June 1961. At this meeting, participants discussed the goals of a
policy of nonalignment, which were adopted as criteria for membership. These were as
follows:

 The country should have adopted an independent policy based on the coexistence of
States with different political and social systems and on non-alignment or should be
showing a trend in favor of such a policy;

 The country concerned should be consistently supporting the Movements for national
independence;

 The country should not be a member of a multilateral military alliance concluded in

the context of Great Power conflicts;

 If a country has a bilateral military agreement with a Great Power, or is a member

of a regional defense pact, the agreement or pact should not be one deliberately
concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts;

 If it has conceded military bases to a Foreign Power the concession should not have
been made in the context of Great Power conflicts.

The First NAM Summit Conference took place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in September 1961.

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 HISTORY and ORIGIN

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was created and founded during the collapse of
the colonial system and the independence struggles of the peoples of Africa, Asia, Latin
America and other regions of the world and at the height of the Cold War. During the early
days of the Movement, its actions were a key factor in the decolonization process, which led
later to the attainment of freedom and independence by many countries and peoples and to
the founding of tens of new sovereign States. Throughout its history, the Movement of Non-
Aligned Countries has played a fundamental role in the preservation of world peace and
security.

The Non-Aligned Movement finds its roots back to the era when world was facing
multidimensional changes in structure and policies, including the collapse of the colonial
system and the independence movements occurring in many regions, including Africa, Asia
and Latin America. Apart from all other factors, the Cold War was also at its peak at that
time. During the early days, its moves were a prime factor in the process of decolonization,
which preceded the attainment of many independent sovereign states by peoples living in
different corners of the world. Thus, NAM started its operations when the world’s map was
in a stage of reshaping and editing to the point as it appears now. The Movement of Non-
Aligned Countries has played a key role in safeguarding the peace, prosperity and security of
this world.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with,
or against, any major power block. The Non-Aligned Movement adopts practices of
cooperation, especially those which are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all member
states. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United
Nations. Thus, the Non-Aligned Movement has emerged as the voice for issues faced
by developing nationsand regions.

The Non-Aligned Movement is a Movement of 120 members, 17 observer countries and 10

observer organizations representing the interests and priorities of developing countries.1 The
Movement originated afterAsia-Africa Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955. The

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members congregated upon the invitation of the Prime Ministers of Pakistan, India, Indonesia
and Burma. Leaders from 29 countries attended the meeting

It is important to mention that

these 29 countries were formerly colonies of other powerful nations before they achieved
independence. Following this, a preparatory meeting for the First NAM Summit Conference
was held in Cairo, in June 1961. Finally, in September 1961, the very first conference of
Non- Aligned states was held in Belgrade.

Historians, consider the Bandung Asian-African Conference in Indonesia as the most

immediate antecedent to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement. The principles that
govern relations among large and small nations were proclaimed at that Conference and were
later adopted as the main goals and objectives of the policy of non-alignment.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is the largest political grouping of countries in

multilateral fora. The Asian-African Conference of 1955 held in Bandung was the catalyst for
the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement. The actual formation of the group did not
happen until six years later in Belgrade, where the Non-Aligned Movement was formally
established by the leaders of 25 developing countries. The early impetus for the establishment
of NAM came from the initiative of five charismatic and dynamic leaders representing
different regions of the world; namely: President Tito of Yugoslavia, Prime Minister Nehru
of India, President Nasser of Egypt, President Nkrumah of Ghana, and President Sukarno of
Indonesia. During its inception, the group had 25 members; today, NAM constitutes the
majority of countries in the world with a membership of 120 countries and 17 observers.

The Non-Aligned movement was never established as a formal organization, but became the
name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-
Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" itself was coined by V. K.
Krishna Menon in 1953 remarks at the United Nations. Jawaharlal Nehru used the phrase in a
1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be
used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles
would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Five founding members of NAM:-

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 Jawaharlal Nehru of India

 Tito of Yugoslavia

 Sukarno of Indonesia

 Nasser of Egypt

 Nkrumah of Ghana

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 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND MEMEBERSHIP

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure
and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure. Some organizational
basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology. The Summit
Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision
making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit
of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.

Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs
of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed
practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:

 Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter
of the United Nations.
 Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
 Recognition of the movements for national independence.
 Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
 Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
 Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity
with the Charter of the United Nations.
 Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial
integrity or political independence of any country.
 Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter
of the United Nations.
 Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
 Respect for justice and international obligations.

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 INDIA AND NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT

India played an important role in the multilateral movements of colonies and newly
independent countries that developed into the Non-Aligned Movement.

After independence, India’s relations with the United States diminished substantially

 India rejected U.S. capitilism, and created a series of five year plans, with a very
small private sector
 As a result of the economic disputes between India and the U.S., India refused to join
the U.S. alliance in the Cold War
 Because India did not fully support the Soviet Union either, India became an
organizer of the Bangung Conference
 Indian leader, Jawaharlal Nehru went to the Bandung Conference with five objectives:
o Peace and Disarmament
o Self-Determination
o Economic Equality
o Cultural Equality
o Multilaterism through strong support of the UN

Nonalignment had its origins in India's colonial experience and the nonviolent Indian
independence struggle which left India determined to be the master of its fate in an
international system dominated politically by Cold War alliances and economically by
Western capitalism and Soviet communism. The principles of nonalignment, as articulated by
Nehru and his successors, were preservation of India's freedom of action internationally
through refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance, particularly those led by theUnited
States or the Soviet Union; nonviolence and international cooperation as a means of settling
international disputes. Nonalignment was a consistent feature of Indian foreign policy by the
late 1940s and enjoyed strong, almost unquestioning support among the Indian elite.

The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by V K Menon in his speech at UN in 1953 which
was later used by Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru during his speech in 1954 in
Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide
for Sino-Indian relations c alled Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later
serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. Jawaharlal Nehru was the architect of the
Non-Alignment Movement.

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The five principles were:

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty

2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence

Jawaharlal Nehru's concept of nonalignment brought India considerable international prestige

among newly independent states that shared India's concerns about the military confrontation
between the superpowers and the influence of the former colonial powers. New Delhi used
nonalignment to establish a significant role for itself as a leader of the newly independent
world in such multilateral organizations as the United Nations (UN) and the Nonaligned
Movement. The signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation between India
and the Soviet Union in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller
neighbors in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as a nonaligned nation and led
some observers to note that in practice, nonalignment applied only to India's relations with
countries outside South Asia.

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 Role of Non Alignment Movement

The 1950's were a period of tension because of many problems such as the Berlin Blockade,
the Indo-China (Vietnam) War, the Congo Civil War and the build up of nuclear arms stock-
piles in many regions. The next decade saw the possibility of a real nuclear war, as cold war
intensified. Besides, many countries still remained under European subjugation. It was
against this background that the Belgrade Summit (1961) and the Cairo Summit (1964) were
held to discuss world affairs and bring moral pressure upon the concerned nations to see light.
The non-aligned nations appealed to all powers, big and small, to give up the policy of
confrontation. Since then the voice of the non-aligned nations has been heard with due
respect by countries of the world. At the Algiers Summit in 1973 greater concern was
expressed about economic problems than other problems. The next two Summits at Colombo
(1976) and Havana (1979) witnessed the same concern about the widening gulf between the
rich and the poor nations. The nuclear powers in the meanwhile had built up formidable
nuclear weaponry, besides chemical weapons. The presence of Western and American force
in West Germany and those of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe was causing concern
everywhere.

At the Delhi Summit (1983) therefore, the focus of discussion was 'Disarmament'. Other
topics which figured in the discussions included apartheid in South Africa, the Iran-Iraq
conflict and the Palestinian problem. Apartheid and racial discrimination were condemned in
unequivocal terms at the eighth summit held at Harare in 1986. The anti-apartheid views of
the members were not without effect. Mr. Nelson Mandela, imprisoned for over 25 years, was
freed in October 1989. He has been actively working against apartheid in South Africa and
has had the full support of NAM nations. The increasing pressure put by the non-aligned
nations in the United Nations bodies and on the world community in general, ultimately bore
fruit.

Apartheid was completely abolished in South Africa with the election of Nelson Mandela as
the President on 10th May, 1594. Important decisions were taken at the ninth summit held at
Belgrade in Sept. 1989. Over one hundred nations pledged once again to co-operate whole-
heartedly with one another in order to find a just solution to world problems and to build up a
just economic order. This is to be done through dialogues and discussions on the key
economic issues so as to ensure mutual co-operation among the NAM nations on the one side
and among these nations and the developed countries on the other.

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The summit also pledged to continue its fight against apartheid and colonialism still
persisting in many countries as well as to work for upholding human rights everywhere. Faith
was expressed in the U.N. and full support was promised to it in its endeavor to prevent and
eliminate war and bring about economic progress. NAM has been playing an important role
in diffusing crises around the world. NAM made all possible efforts in making the US and
Iraq understand the futility of the Gulf war-I that began in January, 1991. A 22 page Accra
declaration issued after the 103 NAM Foreign Ministers session in September, 1991.

The next summit, held at Jakarta in September 1992 was attended by 95 out of 108 members.
The 1995 summit; held at Cartagena, in Columbia more or less, endorsed the Jakarta
resolutions. The twelfth summit of NAM, held at Durban, South Africa in 1998, mostly
endorsed the resolutions of the Jakarta Declaration, but with greater emphasis on the demand
for a proper place for the developing countries in the world politics and economy. It
expressed its deep concern over nuclear proliferation, especially in view of the nuclear tests
carried out by India and Pakistan, and called for an International conference on disarmament
in 1999 with the aim of complete elimination of nuclear weapons.

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 Aims and Objectives of the Movement

Goals/purpose of the movement:-

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is made up of 118 developing countries and aims to
represent the political, economic and cultural interests of the developing world.

The NAM traces its origins to a meeting in 1955 of 29 Asian and African countries at which
heads of state discussed common concerns, including colonialism and the influence of the
West.

The five principles were:

* Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty

* Mutual non-aggression

* Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs

* Equality and mutual benefit

* Peaceful co-existence

A meeting in 1961 set up the criteria for NAM membership. It ruled that member countries
could not be involved in alliances or defence pacts with the main world powers. In this way
the NAM sought to prevent its members from becoming pawns in Cold War power games
and distanced itself from the Western and Soviet power blocs.

The first summit of NAM heads of state took place in the Yugoslav capital Belgrade in 1961
at the instigation of Yugoslav President Tito. Twenty-five countries were represented and the
threat of war between the US and the Soviet Union dominated the summit.

The NAM says it aims to protect the right of nations to "independent judgement" and to
counter imperialism. The movement is also committed to restructuring the world economic
order.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the NAM's preoccupations with global politics and
the Cold War have given way to concerns about globalisation, trade and investment, debt,
Aids and international crime.

15
NAM has sought to "create an independent path in world politics that would not result in
member States becoming pawns in the struggles between the major powers." It identifies the
right of independent judgment, the struggle against imperialism and neo-colonialism, and the
use of moderation in relations with all big powers as the three basic elements that have
influenced its approach. At present, an addition goal is facilitating a restructuring of the
international economic order.

The basic objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement were laid down at the first conference
itself. Some of these objectives were later elaborated and made more specific. The most
important objectives included ending of imperialism and colonialism, promotion of
international peace and security and disarmament, creation of a New International Economic
Order, ending of racism and racial discrimination, and ending of information imperialism.

During the past forty-seven years, the membership of the Non- Aligned Movement has
increased to 118. South Africa had become the 109th member in 1994. Almost all of them are
members of the United Nations and thus constitute about sixty per cent of the total
membership of the United Nations. All countries of Africa are members of the Non-Aligned
Movement.

The Charter of the Organisation of African Unity has as one of its principles Affirmation of a
policy of non-alignment with regard to all blocs’. Fourteen summit conferences of the Non-
Aligned Movement have been held: Belgrade (1961), Cairo (1964), Lusaka (1970), Algiers
(1973), Colombo (1976), Havana (1979), Delhi (1983), Harare (1986), Belgrade (1989) and
Jakarta (1992). Cartagena de India’s – Columbia (1995), Durban (1998) Kuala Lumpur
(2003) and Havana (2006).

At the Fourth Summit conference held at Algiers, it was decided to establish a Coordinating
Bureau which was later charged with the task of coordinating their joint activities aimed at
the implementation of the programmes adopted at the summit conferences, at ministerial
conferences, at meetings of groups of non-aligned countries in the United Nations and at
other meetings of the non-aligned countries.

There were doubts about the relevance and future of the Non- Aligned Movement after the
end of the Cold War. These doubts were set at rest at the Tenth Summit held at Jakarta in
1992. This was the first summit which was held in the new world situation.

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The Tenth Summit, as the Jakarta Message adopted by the heads of state or governments of
the Non-Aligned Movement stated, was held at “a time of profound change and rapid
transition, a time of great promise as well as grave challenge, a time of opportunity amidst
pervasive uncertainty”.

It stressed that the improvements in the international political climate had vindicated the
validity and relevance of non- alignment. Pointing out that the world was “still far from being
a peaceful, just and secure place”, it stated:

Simmering disputes, violent conflicts, aggression and foreign occupation, interference in the
internal affairs of States, policies of hegemony and domination, ethnic strife, religious
intolerance, new forms of racism and narrowly conceived nationalism are major and
dangerous obstacles to harmonious coexistence among States and peoples and have even led
to the disintegration of States and societies.

The message reiterated the commitment of the Non-Aligned Movement “to the shaping of a
new international order, free from war, poverty, intolerance and injustice, a world based on
the principles of peaceful coexistence and genuine interdependence, a world which takes into
account the diversity of social systems and cultures”.

The period after the Jakarta summit was one of far reaching changes in the world situation
which gave rise to questions regarding the relevance of the movement. There was
acceleration in the process of globalisation and the spread of free market economies that
accompanied it. The problem of terrorism was also becoming an important issue in many
regions.

There was also the manifestation of the consequences of the world which was believed to
have become ‘unipolarity’, such as ‘unilateralism’ and the proclamation of the right by the
sole superpower and its allies to interfere in the affairs of other countries and the effect
‘regime change’.

The Kuala Lumpur Summit (2003) laid emphasis on the revitalisation of the Non-Aligned
Movement. The Havana Summit (2006) in its declaration reaffirmed it “commitments to the
ideals, principles and purposes upon which the movement was founded”.

17
“On a political level”, it said, “there is a need to promote the good of creating a multicolour
world order, based on respect for the application of the principles of International Law and
the UN Charter and the reinforcement of multilateralism.”

It further stated, “Now more than ever it is essential that our nations remain united and
steadfast and are increasingly active in order to successfully confront unilateralism and
interventionism.” The Declaration asserted the principles by which the nations associated
with the movement will be guided.

Some of these principles were,

1. “No State of group of States has the right to intervene either directly of indirectly,
whatever the motives, in the internal affairs of any other State.”

2. “Rejection of attempts at regime change.”

3. “Rejection and opposition to terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by
whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious
threats to international peace and security.

In this context, terrorism should not be equated with the legitimate struggle of people under
colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation for self-determination and national
liberation.”

The membership of the Non-Aligned Movement comprises almost all the developing
countries of the world and notwithstanding differences on some specific issues, there are
many issues, including the fulfilment of the right to development that bind them together and
make for the continuing relevance of the movement.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY/WEBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.historydiscussion.net/wars/non-aligned-movement-during-the-cold-war-
period/822
 http://english.irib.ir/analysis/articles2/item/97440-objectives-of-non-aligned-
movement
 http://cns.miis.edu/nam/about.html

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