Introduction to T.

By
Dr. Muddasar Habib
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical
Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan.
Overview
• Background & Motivation
• Course Syllabus
• What will be covered and what will not be
• Examples
• Goals & Pre-requisites
• Evaluation
• Text Books / References
 Chemical Engineering

Transport Phenomena

Reaction Kinetics Momentum Mass

Heat
 Background :
Most of the momentum transfer equations are similar to
heat and mass transfers

Momentum transfer: Focus is on fluids

Heat and Mass Transfer: Also include solid

Heat Transfer: Radiation (no corresponding phenomena in

momentum and mass transfer)

Similarities in problems will be discussed as appropriate

 Motivation
Momentum Transfer: Fluid Mechanics
Understanding Lab Results
Design
Manufacturing (Production/ Maintenance)
Troubleshooting

To do these things, how much do I have to

know ????????
 Course Syllabus:
What will be covered? And to what extent?
Fundamentals (ideal cases)
Some applications (more realistic, but not very)
Most real-life issues, ==> kinetics &
heat/mass/momentum transfer together
Analytical solutions not possible in many cases
What will not be covered?
Compressible , supersonic flows
Only limited exposure to non-newtonian fluids
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
...and so on
 Course Syllabus:
Statics:
To refresh the basics
Dynamics:
Mass Balance
Momentum Balance (Linear & Angular)
Energy Balance
Frictional losses
Boundary layer theory
Flow past/through
• Process: Industrial operations generally consist of a
sequence of physical and chemical transformations and the
sequence of steps in this transformation is known as a process.
Process development is the term generally used by the engineers
to describe the search for optimum equipment design and
conditions for the process.

• Unit Operations: The similarity of the physical

changes occurring in widely different industries led to the study of
many steps common to industries and these common steps
became known as unit operations e.g. Fluid flow, heat transfer,
distillation, absorption, adsorption, humidification, drying etc. The
unit operations came to be regarded as special case with a
combined study of heat transfer, mass transfer, fluid flow and
momentum transfer which in turn became known collectively as
the study of transport processes and/or transport phenomena.
• Classification of Unit Operation:
• Fluid Flow: Deals with the principles that determine the flow or
transportation of any fluid from one point to another.
• Heat Transfer: Deals with the Principles that govern the accumulation
and transfer of heat and energy from one point to another.
• Mass Transfer: Evaporation, Drying, Distillation, Adsorption,
Absorption, Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Liquid solid Leaching,
Crystallization.
• Mechanical Physical Separations: Involve separation of solid, liquid and
gases by mechanical means such as filtration, settling and size
separation etc.
• Many of the above unit operations have certain fundamental and basic
principles and/or mechanisms in common e.g. the mechanism of
diffusion let mass transfer occurs in drying, distillation, and
crystallization. Heat transfer occurs in drying, distillation, evaporation
and so on. Keeping in mind of the above unit operations, the following
classification is often made for the transport process and/or
phenomena.
• Classification of Transport Processes:
• Momentum Transfer: This is concerned
with the transfer of momentum, which
occurs in moving media, such as in fluid
flow, sedimentation and mixing.
• Heat Transfer: occurs in drying,
evaporation, distillation etc.
• Mass Transfer: Mass being transferred from
one phase to another whose basic
mechanism is the same whether the phase
is gas liquid or solid. Examples include
distillation, absorption, leaching etc.
Transport Examples

• Pumps, Turbines
• Heat Exchangers, Distillation column
• Fluidized or Fixed bed reactors
• CVD reactors (micro electronics)
• Artificial blood vessels (Bio)
 Examples S + O2 → SO2
Catalyst
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
•Production of Sulfuric Acid
• used in fertilizers, car batteries etc
H 2O + SO3 → H 2 SO4
 Examples
• Monsanto Process

• Pump air (N2+O2) and burn Sulfur

• Provide large area of catalyst
• “Scrub” with water
• Store the sulfuric acid

• For a given production (ton per day),

• What is the pump capacity needed?
• Design and operation of reactor
• How to measure the flow rate?
• What if something goes wrong? How to detect it and how to
respond? (Detection of leak through chemical sensor, pressure
sensor etc.)
 Goals:
Understanding and approaching problems which involve Momentum
Transfer
==> Pumps, flow through pipes
==> Separation (filtration, adsorption etc)

Final Exam=50%
Mid Term = 25%
Quizzes=15%
Assignment=10%
 Text Books / References
•Class Notes / Slides

• Transport Phenomena
by Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot, McGraw Hill

•Other sources referenced will be mentioned in the class

 T.P
• It includes three closely related topics: Fluid Dynamics, Heat
and Mass Transfer.
• Fluid dynamics involves the transport of momentum,
• Heat transfer deals with the transport of energy, and
• Mass transfer is concerned with the transport of mass of
various chemical species.
• These three transport phenomena should, at the
introductory level, be studied together for the following
reasons:
• They frequently occur simultaneously in industrial,
biological, agricultural, and meteorological problems; in fact,
the occurrence of any one transport process by itself is the
exception rather than the rule.
 Contt..
• The basic equations that describe the three transport
phenomena are closely related.
• The similarity of the equations under simple conditions is
the basis for solving problems "by analogy."
• The mathematical tools needed for describing these
phenomena are very similar.
• The molecular mechanisms underlying the various transport
phenomena are very closely related.
• All materials are made up of molecules, and the same
molecular motions and interactions are responsible for
viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion.
Levels of studying Transport
Phenomena

Table 1
• From Table-1 you should get an idea of three transport
modes, mass, momentum and energy at three transport
levels.
• You should also see the similarities and differences
between the items in the three main columns.
• The three transport levels are interchangeable i.e one
can go from microscopic to macroscopic level and vice
versa.
• In addition to some simple Newtonian Fluid models,
complex Non-Newtonian models of describing polymeric
fluids and thick suspensions can also be done in
transport phenomena (however this out of scope at your
level of introductory study)
Macroscopic Level of Analysis
• At the macroscopic level we write down a set of equations
called the "macroscopic balances," which describe how the
mass, momentum, energy, and angular momentum in the
system change because of the introduction and removal of
these entities via the entering and leaving streams, and
because of various other inputs to the system from the
surroundings.
• No attempt is made to understand all the details of the
system. In studying an engineering or biological system it is a
good idea to start with this macroscopic description in order
to make a global assessment of the problem, in some
instances it is only this overall view that is needed.
Microscopic Level of Analysis
• At the microscopic level we examine what is happening to the
fluid mixture in a small region within the equipment.
• We write down a set of equations called the "equations of
change," which describe how the mass, momentum, energy,
and angular momentum change within this small region.
• The aim here is to get information about velocity,
temperature, pressure, and concentration profiles within the
system.
• This more detailed information may be required for the
understanding of some processes.
Molecular Level of Analysis
• At the molecular level we seek a fundamental understanding
of the mechanisms of mass, momentum, energy, and angular
momentum transport in terms of molecular structure and
intermolecular forces.
• Generally this is the subject of the theoretical physicist or
physical chemist, but occasionally engineers and applied
scientists have to get involved at this level. This is particularly
true if the processes being studied involve complex molecules,
extreme ranges of temperature and pressure, or chemically
reacting systems.
Length Scales
• It should be evident that these three levels of description
involve different "length scales":
• for example, in a typical industrial problem, at the
macroscopic level the dimensions of the flow systems may be
of the order of centimetres or meters;
• the microscopic level involves what is happening in the micron
to the centimetre range; and
• molecular-level problems involve ranges of about 1 to 1000
nanometres.
General Conservative Laws
Contt….
Contt….
Example
Ex. Contt..
Conservation Law: An Example
• Consider two colliding molecules
• Assume for simplicity that the two molecules do not interact
chemically and that each molecule is homo-nuclear that is, that its
atomic nuclei are identical.
• The molecules are in a low-density gas, so that we need not
consider interactions with other molecules in the neighbourhood.
• In Fig. 0.3-1 we see the collision between the two homo-nuclear
diatomic molecules, A and B, and in Fig. 0.3-2 we see the notation
for specifying the locations of the two atoms of one molecule by
means of position vectors drawn from an arbitrary origin.
• Actually the description of events at the atomic and molecular
level should be made by using quantum mechanics. However,
except for the lightest molecules (H2 and He) at temperatures
lower than 50 K, the kinetic theory of gases can be developed
quite satisfactorily by use of classical mechanics.
Assignment no 1

•Apply the Conservation

Law to get equation 03-5
and 03-6 in the above
example.
The use of differential themes
• Differential equations are powerful tools for modeling data.
• There are new methods for estimating differential equations
directly from data.
• Some examples are offered, drawn from chemical engineering and
medicine.
Differential Equations as Models

• DIFE’S make explicit the relation between one or

more derivatives and the function itself.
• An example is the harmonic motion equation:
Why Differential Equations?
• The behavior of a derivative is often of more
interest than the function itself, especially over
short and medium time periods.
• What often counts is how rapidly a system
responds rather than its level of response.
• Velocity and acceleration can reflect energy
exchange within a system.
• Recall equations like f = ma and e = mc2.
Differential equations and time scales

• DIFE’s are important where there are events at different time

scales.
• The order of the equation plus one corresponds to the number of
time scales.
• A first-order equation can model events on two time scales: long-
term, modeled by x(t), and short-term, modeled by Dx(t).
Differentials
Diff. Contt…
Diff. Contt…
Contt….
Thank You