Civl 409 Combined Lectures PDF

MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Civil 409 – Lecture 2:
Infrastructure Planning Components
CHRIS JOHNSTON
Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton

Mifflin Company, Boston, 1976
OUTLINE
1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

2.  Metro Vancouver’s Core Infrastructure
3.  Land Use Planning
4.  GIS Databases
5.  Population Estimates
6.  Population Equivalents
2
THE FIRST WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS
•  3000 BCE: Our Earliest archaeological records date back about 5000 years to the City
of Nippur, Sumeria (Iraq). Water was drawn by wells and cisterns and waste was
conveyed through and extensive system of arched stone drains.
•  2000 BCE: Earliest record of water treatment is in Egypt. Boil, sunlight, charcoal filter,
then cool
•  1440 BCE: First system for clarifying liquids is also in Egypt using a siphon to separate
water from settled solids
•  98 CE: First Engineering Report on water supply, conveyance, and treatment was in
Rome by Julius Frontinus
•  Not much happened from the Roman time to the middle of the 1850s!
•  1842 CE: First modern day sewer collection system was in Hamburg Germany
•  London and Paris then followed after major outbreaks of Cholera in London from 1848
to 1854 and a connection was made between water supply and sanitation.
(Source: Water Supply and Pollution Control. W. Viessman et al, 8th Edition 2009)
3
EARLY WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS
4
LANDMARK BENEFITS OF MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
“some” (mostly engineers) feel that the greatest increase in the life expectancy from
1860 to the 1920s was due to the widespread adoption of modern day sanitary
sewer systems! In this period, life expectancy rose roughly 30 years”.
5
METRO VANCOUVER’S WATER SUPPLY AND FEEDER SYSTEM
Seymour
Water
Treatment
Plant
6
SEYMOUR WATER FILTRATION PLANT
7
METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
8
METRO VANCOUVER’S WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (1/5)
(ANNACIS ISLAND SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT)
9
MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS
10
MANY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAYS
(Same area showing utilities below Ground)
11
UTILITIES THAT CAN BE FOUND IN ROAD R/W AND
EASEMENTS
•  Watermains
•  Oil and gas pipelines
•  Gravity sewer mains
•  Major water feeder mains
•  Storm sewers
•  Sewer forcemains
•  Electrical ducts
•  Transportation tunnels
•  Signal cables
•  Rain Gardens
•  Street lighting electrical ducts
•  Vaults
•  Gas mains
•  Sewer / Water / Drainage
•  Cable TV lines
service connections
•  Telephone cables
•  Others
•  Fiber optic cables
•  District heating mains
•  Abandoned utilities
•  Oil and gas pipelines
12
TYPICAL ROAD CROSS-SECTION WITH UTILITY RESERVATION
13
OUTLINE

2.  Metro Vancouver’s Infrastructure
4.  GIS Databases
14
EVERY PIECE OF PROPERTY HAS A ZONING
The Zoning tell the owner what they can or can’t do on that property. It also provides
Engineers, Planners, potential buyers, 3rd parties, etc. what can happen on the property
in the future.
15
TYPES OF LAND USE PLANNING HORIZONS
Build-out /
Official Saturation /
Existing Approved
Community Urban
Land Use Zoning
Plan Containment
10 – 100 years?
5 – 20 years?
5- 30 years?
Population
Now
Time
16
TYPES OF LAND USES
ICI = Industrial, Commercial, Institutional
17
EXISTING LAND USE – VERNON, BC
18
EXAMPLE OF ZONING LAND USE
19
EXAMPLE OF OFFICIAL COMMUNITY PLAN (OCP) LAND USE
20
EXAMPLE OF HOW CHANGES TO LAND USE ARE CHANGED
21
EXAMPLE HOW ZONING IS THEN APPLIED TO INFRASTRUCTURE
22
THE LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT PROCESS
23
OUTLINE

4.  GIS Databases
24
CITY OF SURREY’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
25
CITY OF VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
26
DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER’S ON-LINE GIS DATABASE
27
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29
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THE GIS “INTERSECTION” PROCESS
31
GIS SUMMARY
•  Most major cities have some level of a GIS database

•  A GIS database is a more organized way to plan
municipal infrastructure (water, sewer, stormwater,
traffic/roads)
•  Populations, equivalents, employment, students, and
process requirements can all be loaded into a lot
based layer for various design development scenarios
•  Most commercial, infrastructure computer models now
use GIS layers as basic input information for analysis
32
EXAMPLE OF LOCAL GIS URL’S
•  City of Vancouver
http://vanmapp.vancouver.ca/pubvanmap_net/default.aspx
•  City of Surrey (COSMOS)
http://cosmos.surrey.ca/external/
•  District of North Vancouver (GEOWEB)
http://geoweb.dnv.org/properties/
33
OUTLINE

4.  GIS Databases
34
METRO VANCOUVER POPULATION PROJECTIONS
35
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
36
POPULATION PROJECTION METHODS (EXAMPLES)
POPULATION PROJECTIONS:
•  Complex, no exact determination

•  Based on a number of factors including:
•  Immigration, jobs, industry, economy, demographics
•  Most methods are based on an extension of past trends!
METHODS AVAILABLE:
•  Arithmetic growth rate: Assumed to follow some logical math relationship in which
population growth is a function of time
•  Uniform percentage growth rate: based on past short term or longer term trends
•  Curvilinear method (eye-ball extrapolation!)
•  Logistical method: if saturation population known or urban containment boundary has
been reached and land use constrains future growth.
•  Comparison method: a comparison with similar, larger communities
•  Ratio Method: population growth rate is assumed to be related to that of the larger
region
37
PROJECTING SATURATION POPULATION LEVEL - SECHELT
38
CENSUS CANADA POPULATION COUNTS
Every 5 years, a Canada-wide census is undertaken. This information provides detailed

information on the number of people living in a particular area. The areas are small
enough to provide sufficient accuracy for municipal engineering planning, but large enough
to ensure privacy of individual properties.
39
USING “CENSUS” GIS INFORMATION
40
INTERSECT CENSUS LAYER WITH LOT (PARCEL) LAYER TO
DETERMINE EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PEOPLE / LOT Census Canada
Population
Layer
Intersect
with Parcel
Layer to
determine
people / lot
41
OUTLINE

4.  GIS Databases
42
CENSUS POPULATIONS AND POPULATION EQUIVALENTS
Home Major Industrial

Work / School
Processes
Census Employment Usually not

Population Data / included as a
ICI Densities / population
Student equivalent.
Enrolments Dealt with
Population Separately.
Equivalents (PEs) 43
LINKING LAND USE TO POPULATION DENSITY AND EQUIVALENTS
44
(MAGNIFIED VERSION PART 1)
45
46
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Method 1: New Residential Development
and ICI zonings: The density for RM15
times its lot area, will provide the maximum
allowable residential population for that lot
(see zoning tables).
Method 2: Existing Development: The

census population for the surrounding “block”
can be pro-rated by area into this lot to
provide the estimated current residential
population.
Example Method 1: The density for C-8

times its lot area, will provide the maximum
allowable population equivalent for that lot.
Lot Area: 55,080 sq. m (5.5 Ha)

ICI Density: 60 PE / Ha
Population Equivalent: 5.5 x 60 = 330 PE
47
SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING PLANNING SCENARIOS
•  Engineering planners and modelers develop infrastructure models based on land use
scenarios:
•  Existing Land Use with existing census populations and equivalents

•  Zoning Land Use
•  Official Community Planning Land Use
•  Build-out, Urban Containment, or Saturation Land Use.
•  Population Projections are then used to estimate when some of these scenarios are
likely to be reached (e.g. In what year). Keeping in mind it can be a chicken and egg
procedure if land use constrains growth.
•  Additional “date-based” scenarios may be developed based on a combination of the

growth projections and projected land use scenarios (e.g. The “Surrey 2041” plan)
48
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Introduction to Municipal Water Systems
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Personal Water Use Survey

2.  Overview of Water System Design Criteria
3.  Some Basic Hydraulics
4.  Design Standards / Regulatory
5.  Planning Overview – sample problem
6.  Rules of thumb
2
YOUR MINI WATER USE ASSIGNMENT
3
MY WATER USE ASSIGNMENT
4
CLASS SURVEY
What category do you fall into?
5
OUTLINE

6
OUTLINE
Key Documents for the Water Infrastructure Part of the

Course:
7
DEFINITIONS
8
EXAMPLE OF A MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM –
WHITE ROCK
9
10
SOME BASICS
P = Pressure
Column H = Head (= Pressure)
HGL = Hydraulic Grade Line
HGL of a body of water is the surface
1m
W.C. = Water Column
Indicates elevation of a free water surface m = meters
(May refer to meters of elevation or water column)
Water
P = 1 m W.C. = ~1.4223 psi = ~9.81 kPa

(at standard temperature and atmospheric pressure)
0m
Elevation
(0 m elev. is commonly ‘the datum’, although datum can be non-zero)
11
DESIGN CRITERIA - PRESSURES
Normal demands:
28 - 35 m WC (40 – 50 psi min.)
105 m WC max (150 psi)
Fire demands:
14-21 m WC residual (20 to 30 psi)
14 m WC zone constraint
12
DELIVERY OF REQUIRED WATER FLOWRATES (DEMAND)
13
ESTIMATING WATER DEMANDS
“Friday Lecture”
“Wednesday’s Lecture”
14
DEMAND TERMINOLOGY
•  BD: Winter Base Demand

•  ADD: Average Day Demand
•  MDD: Maximum Day Demand
•  SD24: MDD-BD (Peak Seasonal Demand)
•  PHD: Peak Hour Demand
15
Typical Design Criteria* in B.C.
Low Median High

ADD 450 600 1000
MDD 900 1360 3000
PHD 1700 2270 5000
*All values in L/ca/day

1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500
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MDD DESIGN CRITERIA (L/ca/day)
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DAILY DIURNAL PATTERN
18
MDD DIURNAL PATTERN
19
DESIGN CRITERIA – HYDRANT FIRE PROTECTION
Required Fireflows – FUS or Municipal

•  60 L/s SFR
•  300 L/s Industrial
Required duration
•  1.5 SFR to 3 hours Industrial
Hydrant Spacing
•  150 m typ. SFR, 75 m or less higher density evaluated on MDD
20
DESIGN CRITERIA – SPRINKLER FIRE PROTECTION
•  Fireflows – NFPA
•  2.6 L/s (2 sprinkler heads) SFR – 13D
•  Up to 60 L/s – to NFPA 13
•  Required duration
•  Typ. Not an issue
•  Required pressure, depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d;

40 psi good.
•  Evaluated on PHD
21
EXAMPLE OF FIREFLOW ANALYSIS RESULTS
22
MINIMUM VELOCITIES
23
DESIGN CRITERIA – WATER QUALITY
Chlorine residual – 0.2 mg/L typ.

Age <7 days is good
Decay highly variable based on Temp. / water quality
24
DESIGN CRITERIA – REDUNDANCY
•  Looping
•  Valve clusters at intersections, hydrants, mid-block spacing
•  Length of cul-de-sacs
•  Standby power at booster pump stations
•  Spare pump at p.s.’s
•  Reservoir storage
25
DESIGN CRITERIA – RELIABILITY
•  Corrosion – material selection, ancillary protection, evaluation of

soils
•  Seismic performance – joint failure, pipe failure, service failures
•  Asset Management
•  Depth of cover
•  Sewer separation
•  See redundancy
26
MORE BASICS
HGL (dynamic)
87 m
HGL (static)
Total Dynamic Static Pressure (P)

Head (Ht) (87–35=) 52 m W.C. Storage Reservoir
Static Head (Hs) 90 m (74 psi)
(87–13=) 74 m W.C. Static Pressure (P)
(87–10=) 77 m W.C.
(109 psi) 35 m Pipeline
Pump Station
13 m House
10 m
River / Lake 0m
(Datum)
HGL (m) = Datum (m) + Elevation (m) + Pressure (m W.C.)

Pressure (m W.C.) = HGL (m) – Elevation (m) (Where Datum = 0 m)
27
SOME EQUATIONS
(Darcy-Weisbach)
(Hazen-Williams)
28
PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES
Head Losses (HL) = Friction Losses + Minor Losses

150 m Total Dynamic Head (Ht) = Static Head (Hs) + Head Losses (HL)
HL = 16 m
Ht = 90 m
Hs = 74 m
30 m
0 Q
0 80 L/s 120 L/s
29
Simple System
HGL UNDER A SMALLER FLOW
HGL (dynamic)
87 m
Dyn. Pressure (P) Dyn. Pressure (P)

Total Dynamic (95–35=) 60 m W.C.
Head (Ht) (91–35=) 56 m W.C.
Static Head (Hs) (74+16=) 90 m
(87–13=) 74 m W.C.
35 m
13 m House
10 m
0m
(Datum)
HGL (m) = Elevation (m) + Pressure (m W.C.)

30
Simple System
HGL WITH A LARGER FLOW
HGL (dynamic)
87 m
Storage Reservoir
- AKA Tank
- Elevations
Model it!
- Geometry
Entrance / Exit
(minor losses)
Static Head (Hs)
(87–13=) 74 m W.C. Bends, Valves & Other Fittings
(minor losses)
35 m Pipeline (friction loss)
- Material, Diameter
Pump
- Elevation
- Pump Curve Demands
- AKA Junctions or Nodes
13 m House - Demand amount and pattern
10 m
River / Lake Bends (minor losses)
0m
- AKA Reservoir - AKA Junctions or Nodes
(Datum)
- Elevation - Elevation

31
EXAMPLE OF A WATER SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
32
EXAMPLE OF AREAS OF PRACTICE WITHIN THE WATER
PRACTICE
Water network modelling

Distribution system planning
Watermain design
Booster pump station design
Control valve station design
Reservoir design
Demand-side Mgmt. (i.e. water conservation)
Leak Detection and Water Auditing
Water metering (service & bulk)
Water quality and Treatment
Cost estimating
Construction mgmt.
Asset management.
Source analysis and hydrology
Energy efficiency
33
DESIGN STANDARDS
•  Municipal Design Standards (eg. City of Surrey, Squamish, Maple Ridge)

•  MMCD Design Guideline Manual
•  BC Rural Residential Design Standards
•  INAC Standards
•  AWWA Standards for Materials (i.e. pipes, valves, etc.)
•  AWWA Standards for Procedures (disinfection
•  Fire protection – hydrant: FUS
•  Fire protection – sprinkler design: NFPA 13, 13D, 13R
•  Hydraulic Institute (pumps)
•  CSA B64 – cross connection control
•  Water quality - Health Authorities (FVHA, IHA, VCHA, VIHA)
•  Waterworks Construction Permit
34
OUTLINE

35
Water System Planning Case
Study
Albion Area
District of Maple Ridge
RULES OF THUMB
Pressure Zoning –
•  50 to 60 m between zones is good
•  Top of zone 35m below TWL of tank
42
RULES OF THUMB
Reservoir Sizing – A+B+C
•  A: Fire Protection V=Q•t

•  B: Daily Balancing V = MDD x 6 hours
•  C: Emergency V = 25% of above
43
RULES OF THUMB
Watermain Sizing Distribution–

•  8” for most SFR
•  12” for most Industrial / Commercial
Watermain Sizing Transmission

•  1m/s on design MDD
44
RULES OF THUMB
Water Quality
•  Don’t oversize pipes
•  Rechlorinate for reservoirs
Redundancy
•  Max. unlooped length 150m
45
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Calculation of Fireflows, Irrigation Demands, and
Thrust Restraints
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Calculation of Fireflows

2.  Determination of Outside Water Use (Irrigation)
3.  Thrust Restraints
2
PROVIDING WATER FOR FIRE PROTECTION
As a municipal engineer (consultant or working for a city), your job is to ensure that you
have done a proper analysis on the water distribution system to identify what flow rate
can be supplied to any point in the city and for how long.
You also have to identify what is going to happen in the future and plan for it (i.e. review
fireflows under the various development scenarios).
If there is a deficiency, the fire department and long term planning staff must know
about it so they can plan accordingly.
You also have to anticipate what can go wrong. Power outages, mechanical failures,
maintenance, hot weather, cold weather, etc. are considered normal and not special
events. Redundancy, proper design, and specification of the right equipment are part
of what’s required.
3
GUIDING DOCUMENTS
The Fire Underwriters Survey

(FUS)
National Fire Protection

Association (NFPA)
4
HOW MUCH WATER DO YOU NEED TO FIGHT A FIRE IN THIS
SITUATION?
The FUS
calculations use
building area,
material type,
exposure
distance to
adjacent
structures, and
fire suppression
systems to
estimate how
much water a fire
department would
typically require
to fight a fire.
5
THE FIREFLOW FORMULA
6
CALCULATION PROCEDURE
7
HOW MUCH WATER DO YOU NEED TO FIGHT A FIRE IN THIS
SITUATION?
Q = 220 C √ A
C = 1.5 as this is a wood frame house

A = 56 sq. m main floor, 56 sq. m basement =
111 sq. m (assume basement is > 50% above
grade)
Q = 3,477 L/m rounded to nearest 1000 L/m =

3,000 L/m
Building separation: 4m either side

Therefore, a 20% x 2 exposure amount is
added
Q = 3,000 x 1.4 = 4,200 L/m = 70 L/s
8
SURREY FIREFLOW REQUIREMENTS
Many cities
provide
minimum fireflow
requirements
9
DETERMINE HYDRANT SPACING AND FIREFLOW STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS
10
EXAMPLE OF FIREFLOW ANALYSIS RESULTS
11
RESERVOIR SIZING
Reservoir Sizing – A+B+C
•  A: Fire Protection V=Q•t (FUS calculation and duration)

•  B: Daily Balancing V = MDD x 6 hours
•  C: Emergency V = 25% of above
12
DESIGN CRITERIA – SPRINKLER FIRE PROTECTION
•  Fireflows – NFPA
•  2.6 L/s (2 sprinkler heads) SFR – 13D
•  Up to 60 L/s – to NFPA 13
•  Required duration
•  Typ. Not an issue
•  Required pressure, depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d;

40 psi good.
•  Evaluated on PHD
13
APPLICATION OF FORMULA ACROSS LAND USES
Average fireflow calcualtions for “typical properties” within a particular land use are usually
performed to derive required fireflows. However, for larger structures, older areas, or
structures in dense areas manually calculations are sometimes performed.
14
CITY OF WHITE ROCK FIRE EXAMPLE A– MAY 15, 2016
•  Fire broke out at approximately 5am

on May 16th at 15219 Royal Ave. The
building was under construction.
•  The fire spread to a large
neighbouring condominium /
commercial complex and “Sea Hall”
complex.
•  At the peak of the fire, it is estimated
that the combined White Rock and
Surrey Fire Departments used up to
400 L/s with significant withdrawals
for more than 6 hours.
•  The “safe” fireflow provided by the
system was >225 L/s (20 psi residual)
for 2.6 hours.
•  The fire is reported to have been
deliberately set.
15
AFTER THE FIRE
This is a worst case scenario and goes beyond the FUS calculations as the fire
suppression systems, fire walls, and other measure are typically not in place while the
building is under construction. The strong wind that was blowing that day aggravated the
situation and spread the fire from the wooden building under construction to the existing
multi-family complex nearby.
Due to the duration of the

fire and flow rate required,
the storage reservoirs in
White Rock were depleted
and emergency backup Wind Direction
connections to the City of on May 15,
Surrey were opened. 2016
The City of White Rock

issued a boil water order
after the fire that was in
place for an extended Existing Multi- Building under
family complex construction
period of time. 16
MODELLING RESULTS
The fire location was at the

bottom of the zone and likely
could have provided some of
the best fire protection in the
city.
The system was capable of

providing 225 L/s which is >
the maximum FUS
calculation of 150 L/s
PROVIDED all fire
suppression and containment
systems were complete.
Fire They weren’t complete. The

Location building was under
construction.
17
COMPARISON TO SURREY FIREFLOW REQUIREMENTS
The fire department

estimates that they
used 400 L/s to fight
this fire.
This is due to the

fact that the first
building was under
construction, made
of wood, and did not
have any fire
suppression
systems / barriers in
place at that time
18
OUTLINE

19
Terminology
ADD = average day demand

MDD = maximum day demand
PHD = peak hour demand
BDD = base daily demand

SD = seasonal demand (outdoor usage)
Typ. Residential Design Criteria in
B.C.
•  Surveyed 13 municipalities
•  Higher values in smaller municipalities
•  Lower values in coastal communities
•  All population based (L/ca/day)
Flow = rate • pop
QMDD= qMDD • P
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MDD DESIGN CRITERIA (L/ca/day)
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Population-Based Criteria
PROBLEMS:
Criteria assumes that irrigation usage is
also proportional to population
Overestimation of Overestimation of
MDD in high-density future demands,
residential areas no credit for infill
Underestimation of
MDD in low-density
residential areas
Average Water Use in the GVRD
800
700
600
ADD L/ca/day
500
400
300
200 Gross per capita consumption

100 Net residential per capita consumption
0
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
*GVRD Regional Water Demand by Sector , 2001
Existing Criteria Summary
•  Population Based
•  Use of ADD not appropriate
•  MDD values range from 900 – 3000 L/ca/
day
•  Does not address irrigation adequately
Better Way
•  Calculate irrigation use based on irrigation

area available / lot
Split Population and Irrigation
Area Criteria
Demand = Indoor + Outdoor

QMDD = Qi + Qo
= (qi • P) + (qo • A)
qi - indoor water use rate (L/ca/day)
P - population
qo - outdoor water use rate (L/m2/day or mm/day)
A - area (m2 )
qi - Base Demand Rate
Sources:
•  Maple Ridge = 334 L/ca/day
•  Burnaby = 327 L/ca/day
•  GVRD* = 323 L/ca/day
•  Surrey = 273 L/ca/day (un-metered)
•  Indoor water use study = 267 L/ca/day
•  All exclude allowance for leakage (typ. 10%)
Surrey Design Criteria:
BDD = 300 L/ca/day

(includes allowance for leakage)
qo - Outdoor Irrigation Rate
Known city-wide values:
•  Maple Ridge SD = 2.1mm/day
•  Burnaby SD = 3.5 mm/day
•  Surrey SD = 3.4 mm/day (un-metered)
Design criteria value:
•  too variable for a single “textbook” value

•  can easily determine current value with
winter and summer source flow records and
GIS lot data
•  to forecast need a methodology
Irrigation Requirement IRt
•  available for many stations through B.C.
•  published rates by Irrigation Industry
Association of BC
•  Based on ET rates - Evapotranspiration
•  Modified for turf grass
Irrigation Requirement
•  Contributing Factors:
•  temperature
•  solar radiation
•  vapour pressure
•  humidity
•  wind speed
Irrigation Requirement (IRT)(mm/week)
Osoyoos
Castlegar
Kelowna
Vernon
Vancouver
Maple Ridge
Surrey
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency & Lot Coverage
•  Sprinkling frequency, S
–  GVRD allows 4 days/wk, Vernon 7 days/wk
•  Lot coverage, rc
–  Varies 10% to 65% depending on land use
–  typ. range for mixed density 40 - 50 %
Sprinkling Efficiency
•  Sprinkling Efficiency, ns
–  “good” value - 70% (IIABC)
–  Burnaby, Surrey, Maple Ridge range from 25 - 65%
–  design value 30 %
Method for Estimating Outdoor
Usage
Demand = Irrig. Rate • Area
Qo = qo • A
= (IRt / (S • ns)) • (rc • A)
IRt - irrigation requirement - turf (mm/week)

S - watering days per week (GVRD - 4)
rc - non-impervious area ratio (typ. 40 - 60%)
ns - sprinkling efficiency (%)
910
Lot Usage 920
•  Single Family Small Lot, Surrey

•  IRt = 9 mm/week © CITY
930OF VANCOUVER
Data quality not guaranteed
•  S = 4 days / week
•  ns = 30 %
•  rc = 40%
•  A = 600 m2 Old
•  3 people/lot Qmdd = 3,000 L/lot
•  Design Criteria: qi = 300 L/cap/d, New

mdd = 1000 L/cap/d Qo = 1,800 L/lot
Qi = qi *3 = 900 L/lot
•  Qmdd = 1000 L/cap *3 Qmdd = 2,700 L/lot
•  Qo = (9 / (4 * 0.3)) *(0.4 *600) =
1,800 L/lot
Lot Usage
•  Single Family Large Lot, Surrey 3186
•  IRt = 9 mm/week
•  S = 4 days / week © CITY OF VANCOUVER
•  ns = 30 %
•  rc = 65%
•  A = 1000 m2 Old
•  3 people/lot Qmdd = 3,000 L/lot
•  Design Criteria: qi = 300 L/cap/d, New

mdd = 1000 L/cap/d Qo = 4,875 L/lot
Qi = qi *3 = 900 L/lot
•  Qmdd = 1000 L/cap *3 Qmdd = 5,775 L/lot
•  Qo = (9 / (4 * 0.3)) *(0.65 *1000) =
4,875 L/lot
Lot Usage
•  Multi-family medium density,
Surrey -1
-1 EE PENDER
PENDER ST
ST -1
-1 EE PENDER
PENDER ST
ST
•  IRt = 9 mm/week © CITY OF VANCOUVER

•  S = 4 days / week
•  ns = 30 %
•  rc = 30% Old
•  A = 2500 m2 Qmdd = 48,600 L/lot
•  18 units, 2.7 cap/lot
New
•  Design Criteria: qi = 300 L/cap/d, Qo = 5,625 L/lot
mdd = 1000 L/cap/d Qi = qi *18*2.7 = 14,580 L/lot
Qmdd = 22,205 L/lot
•  Qmdd = 1000 L/cap *2.7*18
•  Qo = (9 / (4 * 0.3)) *(0.3 *2500) =
5,625 L/lot
Summary
•  Population-based design criteria not
appropriate for assigning MDD
•  Penalizes high-density development
•  May result in undersized facilities for large
lot areas
•  Area-weighting of outdoor use component
more accurate
•  However, City may still require the use
of one number (Example Surrey: 1000
L/day/capita)
OUTLINE

40
THE NEED FOR THRUST RESTRAINT
41
THRUST CALCULATIONS
Where:
AT = the thrust
area required
P = the maximum
operating
pressure
a* = the internal
pipe diameter
q all = the
bearing strength
of the soil
Missing:
Normally there is
a factor of safety
in the calculation
42
43
BEARING CAPACITY OF UNDISTURBED SOILS
City of Surrey
Criteria for the
bearing strength of
soil:
70 kPa = 1,500 lb/

sq.ft.
However, it is advisable that a designer should seek advice from a professional

geotechnical engineer and obtain bearing capacities representative of the actual soil
conditions.
44
EXAMPLE OF THRUST BLOCK REQUIREMENTS
Many Jurisdictions will be very

specific on what is required for
thrust restraint.
Example: City of Nanaimo
45
THIS IS NOT THE WAY YOU DO IT.
46
RESTRAINT PHILOSOPHIES
•  Fully Restrained
•  vs.
•  Locally Restrained
•  Fully Restrained (FR):

–  High-pressure oil & gas welded pipelines,
above-ground pipelines, submerged pipelines,
pump stations, some low-pressure buried
sewage forcemains and watermains
–  Rely on longitudinal pipe stress to carry thrust
loads.
–  More reliable, more expensive
•  Locally Restrained (LR):

–  Most bell & spigot PVC and DI pipelines incl.
most low-pressure buried sewage forcemains
and watermains
–  Transfer thrust loads to ground and rely on
soil bearing and/or soil friction capacity.
–  Less expensive but less reliable (soil
properties, construction of other utilities,
seismic performance)
RESTRAINT METHODS (for DI)
–  Concrete thrust blocks (LR)

–  Concrete gravity blocks (LR)
–  Tie-rods (LR)
–  Wedge action restraints (LR+ / FR)
–  Serrated split ring restraints (LR+ / FR)
–  Locking gasket (LR+ / FR)
–  Restrained Tyton joint pipe (FR)
–  Boltless restrained joint pipe (FR)
COMPARISON OF METHODS
•  Concrete thrust blocks:

•  Concrete thrust blocks:

+ economical
+ not vulnerable to corrosion
-  lack of seismic reliability
-  interference with other utilities
•  Concrete gravity blocks (for vertical

fittings):
-  generally larger, greater cost than thrust
blocks
-  increased potential interference with
neighbouring utilities
•  Tie-rods:
•  Tie-rods:
-  not a complete restraint system, connection to
pipe must be designed
-  corrosion vulnerability (esp. if not coreten)
+ versatile when used in conjunction with other
methods
•  Wedge action restraints (WAR):

•  Wedge action restraints (WAR):

+ economical esp. when MJ fittings are
specified
-  harnesses required for Tyton joints
+ can be used as part or all of fully restrained
system
+ controlled installation
-  soil investigation req’d
•  Serrated
split-ring
restraints
•  Serrated split-ring restraints:

+ supply cost very similar to wedge action
restraints
+ installation requirements similar also
+ installation simpler
-  for DI: potential for improper installation
•  Locking gasket:
+ supply cost similar to WAR
+ normal installation simple
-  use limited to Tyton rubber gaskets
-  disassembly
•  Restrained Tyton Joint Pipe:

+ can be used to fully restrain pipe
+ operational history
-  welding at field cuts
-  cost and delivery
•  Boltless Pipe:
•  Boltless Pipe:
+ option for fully restrained pipelines
+ installation advantages over WAR
harnesses
-  supply costs
-  delivery
-  special fittings
-  not practical for local restraint only
-  field cut pipe requires special sol’n
local excavation
Installation Cost
L – Low
failure due to
M – Medium
Vulnerability
Potential for
Potential for
vulnerability
Acceptance
Supply Cost
installation
H – High
Corrosion
improper
Industry
Seismic
LOCALLY RESTRAINED SYSTEMS
Concrete Thrust Blocks H M None H H L L
Concrete Gravity Blocks H M None M H L+ L
Rodding M M L-H M M M M
Wedge Action Restraints (WAR) M M L M–H M M- L
Locking Gasket M M ? M–H M M L
Boltless Pipe L-M M L- M–H M M+ L
Serrated split-ring restraints L H L M– H M M- L
FULLY RESTRAINED SYSTEMS
WAR only M L L L L H M+
Boltless pipe with WAR at fittings M L L L L H M
Boltless pipe and fittings M M L- L L H+ H
MJ/TJ pipe and fittings M- M L L L H+ NI
Locking Tyton gasket pipe and
fittings L M M L L NI NI
WATER USE & DEMAND
Michelle Revesz, P.Eng

City of Vancouver
Integrated Water Management Branch
JANUARY 11, 2019

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
To provide guidance on design criteria, current water use trends,

and to provide you with the tools to calculate indoor residential
demands for your assignment.
TOPICS
• Design Criteria
• Water Use Trends
• Indoor End Use Calculations
2
DEFINITIONS
ADD Average Day Demand
BD Base demand = indoor water use
ICI Industrial, Commercial, Institutional
L/c/d Liters per capita per day
MDD Maximum Day Demand
NRW Non-revenue water – water that is lost from the system through leakage
and or meter inaccuracies
PE Population Equivalents (used for ICI demands)
PHD Peak Hour Demand
SD Seasonal Demand
3
DESIGN CRITERIA
• Design criteria are established by either associations (e.g. MMCD, FUS)
and/or municipalities/regional districts to ensure an adequate level of
service and to protect human health.
• Water Design criteria cover items such as:

o Population per dwelling;
o Water Demands (Residential and ICI);
o Pressure requirements (Min & Max);
o Fire flows;
o Velocities; and
o Minimum Main sizes.
4
DESIGN CRITERIA
Example - Residential Demand Design Criteria
Sources:
(1) Master Municipal Construction Document – Design Guideline, 2005
5
DESIGN CRITERIA
Example – ICI Demand Design Criteria
Sources:
6
DESIGN CRITERIA
Examples - Residential Demand Design Criteria (L/c/d)
District of
City of City of City of
MMCD(1) North
Vancouver(3) Surrey(4) Kelowna(5)
Vancouver(2)
BDD
300
(L/c/d)
450
ADD (300 for
600 metered)
320 500 900
(L/c/d)
MDD
1200 1000 512 1000 1800
(L/c/d)
PHD
1800 2000 672 2000 4000
(L/c/d)
Sources:
(2) The District of North Vancouver DEVELOPMENT SERVICING BYLAW - BYLAW 8145
(3) City of Vancouver Engineering Design Manual, 2018
(4) Design Criteria Manual, July 11, 2016 7
(5) Design Standards, Bylaw 7900
DESIGN CRITERIA
What do design criteria affect?
• Infrastructure Size (pipes, pump stations, PRVs, reservoirs)
• Costs (Capital & O&M)
• Leakage/Water Loss
• Energy Consumption
• Water Quality
• Source Water Capacity
8
DESIGN CRITERIA VS. WATER USE
How do design criteria and actual water use compare?
9
LOWER MAINLAND - WATER USE
Metro Vancouver Water

Consumption Report
10
WATER SYSTEM AVERAGE ANNUAL
(METRO VANCOUVER)
11
WATER SYSTEM PER CAPITA
(METRO VANCOUVER)
PHD
MDD
ADD
12
(METRO VANCOUVER)
PHD
MDD
ADD
13
(METRO VANCOUVER)
PHD
MDD
ADD
14
(METRO VANCOUVER)
4000
PHD
MDD
ADD
15
WATER USE
• Is this trend happening everywhere?
• What do you think is driving the trend?
16
WATER USE
17
WATER USE
Source:
Water Research
Foundation,
Residential end uses
of water, 2016
18
WATER USE
Why is water use declining?
• High efficiency fixtures (toilets, faucets, showerheads)
• Education (e.g. turn off the faucet while you brush your teeth)
• Conservation Programs
• Demographics
19
WATER USE
High efficiency fixtures
• Toilets
22 L/flush
13.25 L/flush 1996 BC Plumbing Code
6 L/flush 2004 (some BC communities)

2008 BC building Code Requirement
4.8 L/flush (Residential) 2011 BC Building Code Requirement

6.0 L/flush (ICI)
Reduced residential water usage by 87 L/ca/day just due to toilets.
20
WATER USE
Conservation Programs
• Water use restrictions/sprinkling restrictions
• Rebate programs
• Water loss programs
• Irrigation Design and Requirements
21
WATER USE
Demographics
• Transient Populations
• Less people at each dwelling
• Specific to Location
Example:
Epcor French Creek

Single Family Residential BD = 170 L/ca/day
Strata Residential (patio homes) BD = 80 L/ca/day
Both demands were metered and were based on existing populations. But
approximately half of the strata residence left for the winter.
22
WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
How does reduced water use effect our water system design?
• Infrastructure could be oversized
• Construction timing (Build infrastructure before it is needed)
• Increased O & M costs (less energy efficient)
• Poorer water quality
23
WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
Water Use Demands
BD • used for understanding low flows
• pump station design
• water quality
ADD • used for benchmarking
• water supply (i.e. water licenses)
MDD • infrastructure design
PHD • water supply (Max withdrawal)

• infrastructure design
Fire Flow • infrastructure design
24
WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
Water Use Components
Seasonal
Demand Non-Revenue
Base Demand (irrigation) Water
(Indoor Usage) Average over ADD
(System
Year Leakage)
Seasonal
Demand on Non-Revenue
Base Demand Water
(Indoor Usage) MDD MDD
(irrigation) (System
Leakage)
25
WATER DEMANDS
NRW/Water Losses
Demand
Time
26
WATER DEMANDS
NRW/Water Losses + Base Demand
Demand
Time
27
WATER DEMANDS
NRW/Water Losses + Base Demand + Irrigation
Demand
Time
28
WATER DEMANDS
GREATER VANCOUVER WATER DISTRICT
2003 Peak Week Vs. Winter Week Demand
Totals for GVRD
Winter Week Demand Peak Week Demand
3000
2500
2000
Total Flow (ML/d)
1500
1000
500
NRW
0
24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
DAY and TIME
29
WATER DEMANDS
GREATER VANCOUVER WATER DISTRICT
2003 Peak Week Vs. Winter Week Demand
Totals for GVRD
Winter Week Demand Peak Week Demand
3000
2500
2000
Total Flow (ML/d)
1500 ADD
1000
500
NRW
0
24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
DAY and TIME
30
WATER DEMANDS
City of Vancouver Daily Average
450,000
400,000
350,000 2016
m3/day
2017
2018
300,000
250,000
200,000
Jan
Nov
Mar
Aug
Apr
Dec
May
Oct
Feb
Jun
Sep
Jul
Month
31
WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
Water Use Components
Seasonal
Demand Non-Revenue
Base Demand (irrigation) Water
(Indoor Usage) Average over ADD
(System
Year Leakage)
Seasonal
Demand on Non-Revenue
Base Demand Water
(Indoor Usage) MDD MDD
(irrigation) (System
Leakage)
32
WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
Calculating NRW/Water Losses
• Previously used 10% to 15% of total demand as NRW estimate
• Present day practice is to calculate losses based on infrastructure
Source: Design Guidelines for Rural Residential Community Water Systems, 2012
33
WATER DEMANDS – RESIDENTIAL
Base Demand– Fixture Calculation water efficient fixtures
Demand
End Use Fixture use Use /day Duration Notes
(L/ca/day)
Toilets1 4.8 L/flush 5 24.0
Clothes Efficient Washing

56.8 L/Load 0.3 17.0
Washer Machine
Showers 7.6 L/min 0.7 7.8 min 40.7 WaterSense
Faucets 5.7 L/min 20 15 s 28.5 WaterSense
House
29.9 L/c/d 29.9
Leaks
Note: this does
Other AWWA
not include
9.5 L/c/d 9.5
Indoor Use Residential End irrigation usage
Use report, 2016 and municipal
Baths 4.9 L/c/d 4.9
watermain
Dish
2.7 L/c/d 2.7 leakage
Washing
Total
157.2
Indoor Use
WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
Demand Calculations
Demands can be calculated/estimated based on:
• Historical water use
• Benchmark data
• Design Criteria (BC Rural Water Guidelines, other)
• Fixture calculations
35
WATER SYSTEM DESIGN
Demand Calculations
When calculating demands, also need to consider

• Socio-economic factors (i.e. higher income households generally
use more water)
• Climate (cold and hot)
• Age of developments
• Water Pricing
• New development Vs. Redevelopment
36
WATER DEMANDS
Analysis of Water Use in New Single Family Homes (3 people / home)
gphd = US gallons per home per day

223 L/c/d 176 L/c/d 140 L/c/d
1996 criteria 2008 criteria 2011criteria
Source: Analysis of Water Use in New Single Family Homes, Aquacraft for EPA, 2011
37
WATER DEMANDS
Residential Indoor Use Vs. Number of Residents
Source: Analysis of Water Use in New Single Family Homes, Aquacraft for EPA, 2011
38
WATER DEMANDS
ICI Demands
Can be calculated based on:
• PE
• Heated Floor Area
• Fixture counts
39
DESIGN CRITERIA
Example – ICI Demand Design Criteria
Sources:
40
WATER DEMANDS – HEATED FLOOR AREA
ICI
41
WATER DEMANDS
ICI - Fixture Count
End Use Fixture Use Use /day

Toilets 6 L/flush 2.6
Urinals 1.9 L/flush 1.25
Faucets 1.9 L/min 15 s/flush
Showers Dependant
Cooling Dependant
ICI water demands based on fixture count, have to be developed based on the
specific operation.
42
DESIGN CRITERIA
Fire Flows
• Generally the dependent criteria for sizing water mains
• Can be calculated a number of ways, which can vary
significantly
• Many Lower Mainland municipalities use:
• Water Supply for Public Fire Protection – A Guide to
Recommended Practice, published by Fire Underwriters
Survey; and
• Tables of typical fire flows
Source: City of Vancouver, Engineering Design Manual, First Edition, 2018

43
WATER DEMANDS
Can water demands be reduced even further?
44
WATER DEMANDS
(262 L/c/d)
(222 L/c/d)
(139 L/c/d)
45
WATER
How do you reduce water use even further?
• Water Reuse (Wastewater or Grey Water)
• Rainwater Harvesting
• Bylaw implementation (e.g. no irrigation, limit lot size)
46
47
HOW DOES IT WORK?

Rainwater
Collection
Water Use
at Fixtures
Underground
Cistern
Treatment & Pump

System
Image sourced from Pageau Morel
47
March 11, 2011
QUESTIONS
48
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Civil 409 – Lecture 8: Disinfection and Pipe Hydraulics
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Primary Disinfection

2.  Secondary Disinfection and Backflow Prevention
3.  Pipe Hydraulics
2
KEY TEXT FOR THIS LECTURE (SAVED ON CANVAS)
3
Disinfection 4
•  Objectives of Primary Disinfection

•  What is CT? (concentration X contact time)
•  How to achieve CT in a water system
•  How to upgrade existing systems to achieve CT (2 examples)
•  Using reservoirs for contact time
•  Summary
March 11, 2011

WATER QUALITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Focus of this
discussion
5
IMPORTANCE OF DISINFECTION
6
Objectives of Primary Disinfection 7
Why do we disinfect drinking water?

•  Public health
•  Removing (i.e. killing) or inactivating pathogens
•  Viruses, bacteria, parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
March 11, 2011

Taste and Odour of Chlorine
When does an individual detect Chlorine?
Free chlorine has a taste threshold concentration of 0.6 –

1.0 mg/l.
Free chlorine has an odour threshold concentration of 0.2
– 0.5 mg/l.
Free chlorine in swimming pools is typically 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L
However, odour and taste thresholds are HIGHLY

subjective and vary widely by individual
FROM THE BC “DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RURAL
RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS”
Important !
(hint)
9
What Can We Use for Primary 10
Disinfection?
Chlorine, UV light, Ozone

March 11, 2011
What is CT? 11
It does NOT stand for “Contact Time”

•  Concentration of chemical just as
important as Time (exposure)
•  Minimum concentration required to
harm pathogens
•  C x T (mg/L * min)
•  CT requirements vary based on
temperature, pH
•  “Log reduction” – 90%, 99%, 99.9%,
99.99%...
•  Health authorities “credit” log
reductions based on treatment.
March 11, 2011

CT Table, 4-log Inactivation of Viruses 12
Temperature Free Ozone Chlorine Chloramines

(°C) Chlorine (mg/L * min) Dioxide (mg/L * min)
(mg/L * min) (mg/L * min)
0.5 12 1.8 50.1 2883
5 8 1.2 33.4 1988
10 6 1.0 25.1 1491
15 4 0.6 16.7 994
20 3 0.5 12.5 746
25 2 0.3 8.4 497

Source: USEPA Stage 1 DBPR Guidance Manual
March 11, 2011

CT Table, 4-log Inactivation of Viruses 13

0.5 12 1.8 50.1 2883
5 8 1.2 33.4 1988
10 6 1.0 25.1 1491
15 4 0.6 16.7 994
20 3 0.5 12.5 746
25 2 0.3 8.4 497
March 11, 2011

CT Table, 3-log Inactivation of Giardia 14

0.5 552 2.9 63 3900
5 389 1.90 26 2200
10 292 1.43 23 1850
15 195 0.95 19 1500
20 146 0.72 15 1100
25 97 0.48 11 750
March 11, 2011

Free Chlorine 15
Why used so much in small systems?

•  Used extensively in large and small
systems
•  Liquid and pucks easy to obtain and
handle vs. gases
•  Provides secondary disinfection
•  UV good for inactivating parasites; UV
for virus inactivation new, expensive
March 11, 2011

Systems with Sufficient Contact Time 16
How do we achieve CT?

•  Before the first user
•  Preferable to have enough T to
keep C lower (taste,
disinfection by-products)
•  Design system for adequate
contact time (T)
March 11, 2011

A System Well Designed to Achieve CT 17
Example CT achieved
reservoir
Water Water
Source Treatment
dedicated line
chlorine Disinfection
sufficient
residual
sufficient
contact time
distribution
system
March 11, 2011

An Example CT Calculation 18
For the same system CT achieved?

reservoir
Surface Water Water
Source Treatment
Flow rate =
10 L/s
Residual: 0.5 mg/L

Water Temp = 0.5 C
500 m of
200 mm diameter pipe
distribution
system
March 11, 2011

An Example CT Calculation Continued 19
CT achieved
reservoir
Surface Water Water
Source Treatment
For 500 m
long pipe,
Contact Time
of 26 min
Residual: 0.5 mg/L
10 L/s flow and 200 mm

diameter means 0.32 m/s
CT = 0.5 mg/L * 26 min = 13 mg/L * min distribution

system
March 11, 2011

CT Table, 4-log Inactivation of Viruses
0.5 12 1.8 50.1 2883
5 8 1.2 33.4 1988
10 6 1.0
13 > 12 Therefore OK 25.1
for Viruses 1491
15 4 0.6 16.7 994
20 3 0.5 12.5 746
25 2 0.3 8.4 497
20
CT Table, 3-log Inactivation of Giardia
0.5 552 2.9 63 3900
5 389 1.90 26 2200
10 292 1.43 23 1850
15 195 0.95 19 1500
20 146 0.72 15 1100
25 97 0.48 11 750
13 < 552 Therefore NOT OK for Giardia

21
A Baffling Revelation 22
Water doesn`t stay in the reservoir as long as you think

Unbaffled, mixed reservoirs have an effective residence time of 10% of
their actual residence time for CT calculation purposes.
e.g. a reservoir with 60 minutes of retention time provides 6 minutes of

effective chlorine contact time
March 11, 2011

Retrofitting Systems for CT 23
How can you increase CT in an existing system?

•  Increase chlorine dose (C)
•  Add a contact pipe (T)
•  Make dedicated line to reservoir (T)
•  Add baffles to the reservoir (T)
March 11, 2011

System Retrofit Example #1 24
The scenario…
•  A water system at a mine site
uses two wells to provide
domestic and process water to
several buildings.
•  Domestic water use occurs in
one building.
•  The challenge: achieve 4-log
virus inactivation.
March 11, 2011

System Retrofit Example # 1 25
System Schematic
reservoir
Building where
domestic use
takes place
wells
distribution
system
March 11, 2011

We need to do something to achieve CT
chlorine Residual = 1
mg/L
reservoir
Building where
domestic use
takes place
wells
distribution
CT not met system
March 11, 2011

Option 1: Dedicated Line to Reservoir
CT achieved
chlorine
reservoir
Building where
domestic use
takes place
wells
distribution
system
March 11, 2011

Option 2: Add a Contact Pipe
CT achieved
chlorine
reservoir
contact pipe building where

domestic use
takes place
wells
distribution
system
March 11, 2011

Option 3: Point-of-Entry Treatment at Domestic Building
reservoir
chlorine
contact pipe
CT achieved
wells
distribution
Building where system
domestic use
takes place
March 11, 2011

System Retrofit Example #2 30
The scenario…
•  Small residential community
water system.
•  No treated water storage.
•  One chlorine contact tank
installed.
•  The challenge: achieve 4-
log virus inactivation.
March 11, 2011

System Schematic
raw water
storage
contact tank
surface water
source
distribution system
March 11, 2011
CT is not being achieved

raw water
storage
contact tank
chlorine
surface water
source
Residual = 1 mg/L
CT not met
distribution system
March 11, 2011
Option 1: Chlorine Contact Pipe

raw water
storage contact pipe
contact tank
chlorine
surface water
source
Residual = 1 mg/L
CT achieved
distribution system
March 11, 2011

Option 2: New Contact Tank, Baffles in Existing Tank

raw water
baffle
storage
existing new contact

chlorine contact tank tank
surface water
source
Residual = 1 mg/L
CT achieved
distribution system
March 11, 2011
Reservoirs 35
Conflicting priorities
•  Quantity
Fire
Storage
important
•  Stagnation
Emergency
Storage
•  Primary
•  For drinking
Balancing
Contact
function or Storage •  Freshness
Time
byproduct? important
• Avoid conflict
short-
circuiting March 11, 2011
Summary 36
(Hopefully) now we know…

•  Why we disinfect
•  What CT is
•  How to design or retrofit
water systems to achieve
CT
March 11, 2011

OUTLINE

37
SECONDARY DISINFECTION – DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Chlorine residual – 0.2 to 0.5 mg/L typ.

Age ? <7 days is good
Decay highly variable based on Temp. / water quality
Municipalities undertake comprehensive water sampling programs

on a daily / weekly / monthly basis to ensure water quality objectives
are met.
38
BACKFLOW PREVENTION – HIGH WATER USAGE
39
BACKFLOW PREVENTION – ACCIDENTAL OPERATIONS
40
BACKFLOW PREVENTION – DOUBLE CHECK VALVES
41
OUTLINE

42
Simple System
HGL WITH FLOWS
HGL (dynamic)
87 m
Storage Reservoir
- AKA Tank
- Elevations
Model it!
- Geometry
Entrance / Exit
(minor losses)
Static Head (Hs)
(87–13=) 74 m W.C. Bends, Valves & Other Fittings
(minor losses)
35 m Pipeline (friction loss)
- Material, Diameter
Pump
- Elevation
- Pump Curve Demands
13 m House - Demand amount and pattern
10 m
River / Lake Bends (minor losses)
0m
- AKA Reservoir - AKA Junctions or Nodes
(Datum)
- Elevation - Elevation

43
SOME EQUATIONS – FROM PREVIOUS PRESENTATION
(Energy Equation)
(Darcy-Weisbach)
(Hazen-Williams)
44
AND MANNING’S EQUATION FOR HEADLOSS
45
FRICTION LOSSES: HAZEN-WILLIAMS, MANNINGS
46
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS AND FRICTION: DARCY-WEISBACH
47
NOMOGRAPHS
48
THE “FAMOUS” MANNING’S WHEEL
49
MINOR LOSSES
HL = K ( V2 / 2g)
Or use “Equivalent Pipe Lengths” see

next slide
50
EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS
51
EXAMPLE – HEAD LOSS CALCULATION
Extra Question:
You should be able to solve this

question using the following
equations:
•  Hazen – Williams
•  Darcy – Weisbach
•  Chezy – Manning
How different is the answer?
Example Source: Water Supply and

Pollution Control, Warren Viessman Jr.
PE et al, page 139, Example 6.4 52
Simple System
HGL WITH FLOWS
HGL (dynamic)
Length = 12 miles
Dynamic Head 220 ft

120 + 53.3 = 173.3 ft W.C.
Storage Reservoir
(220 –100) 120 ft W.C.
Static Head
Pump must be able - AKA Tank

to deliver 173.3 ft - Elevations
Model it!
- Geometry
(plus fitting losses)
Entrance / Exit
(minor losses)
Bends, Valves & Other Fittings
(minor losses)
48 inch concrete pipeline

Friction 0.003
Pump
- Elevation
- Pump Curve
Flow Rate = 28 MGD
100 ft
Reservoir Bends (minor losses)

0m
(Datum)
- Elevation
53
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS AND FRICTION: DARCY-WEISBACH
54
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Water System Components Including Valves,
Pipelines, Pump Stations, and Reservoirs
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Pump Sizing Example

2.  Overview of Water System Components
3.  Examples from Photos
•  Trenches, Pipelines, Pump Stations, Thrust
Blocks, Pressure Reducing Stations, Pressure
Sustaining Valves, Reservoirs
4.  Trench and Site Safety
2
FROM WEDNESDAY’S PUMP LECTURE – PUMP SIZING
3
FROM GRUNDFOS PUMP SIZING WEB SITE – ENTER DESIGN
CRITERIA
4
ENTER DESIGN CRITERIA – SELECT PUMP WITH BEST
EFFICIENCY
5
ENTER DESIGN CRITERIA – REVIEW RESULTS
6
7
8
DEFINITIONS
9
EXAMPLE OF A WATER SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
10
WHISTLER’S EXISTING AND PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
11
WATER SYSTEM TOUR
12
http://watersupplysensui.blogspot.com
Pump
Station
Pressure
Reducing
Valve
Pressure Zone 13
Boundary
THE TYPICAL UTILITY TRENCH
This is a typical utility trench

for buried pipes.
Note the two different

backfill conditions:
Pipes under roadways and
pipes under non-travelled
surfaces
14
Pipe Zone Fill Placement
Fill Compaction
Pipe Bedding and Trench Dams
Pavement Restoration – MMCD Standard
Placement of Road Base Material
Road Base Compaction
Asphalt Repair
Rock Removal
Trench Crossing Existing Utilities
Concrete Thrust Blocks
Valve Types
•  Gate
•  Globe
•  Pinch
•  Diaphragm
•  Needle
•  Plug
•  Ball
•  Butterfly
•  Check
•  Relief
•  Control
•  And others…
Gate Valve
•  Purpose: Isolation (buried / non-

buried service)
•  Body: CI (std.) or DI
•  Very reliable when buried, so

commonly used for water
distribution and forcemains
Butterfly Valves
Principal Types:
•  Industrial wafer and lug

•  High performance industrial valve (Tri-
axial metal seated)
•  AWWA flanged, resilient seated to
AWWA C504
Looking into a
1200mm dia High
Performance
Butterfly Valve
Actuators - Hydraulic
•  Valve opened/closed by oil or water driven actuator

Pressure Reducing Valves
-  Convert high upstream pressure to low

downstream pressure by introducing a
head loss
-  Pilot senses downstream pressure

through a connection at valve outlet.
-  Under flowing conditions, pilot reacts to

small changes in pressure to control the
valve position by modulating the pressure
above the diaphragm.
-  Downstream pressure is maintained

steady at pilot set point
Pressure Reducing Valve
Pressure Reducing Station
31
Pressure Reducing Valve Stations
Pressure Sustaining Valves
-  Maintain high upstream pressure, or back pressure
-  Pilot senses upstream pressure through a connection to the valve

inlet.
-  Valve/pilot remain closed until the inlet pressure exceeds the pilot
setting
-  Pilot reacts to small changes in pressure under flowing conditions

to control the valve position by modulating pressure above the
diaphragm.
-  If upstream pressure falls below set point, valve will close or

modulate to ensure set point is maintained.
Pressure Sustaining Valves
Differential Pressure Valves
-  Maintains a minimum differential

pressure
-  Pilot operated with two sensing

connections
-  Valve and pilot remain closed until

difference between two pressures
exceeds pilot setting.
-  Under flowing conditions, pilot reacts to

small changes in pressure to control
valve position by modulating the
pressure above the diaphragm.
-  Pilot setting establishes differential

pressure that is held relatively steady
despite changes in system pressure/flow
Swing Check Valves
•  Outside lever and weight

provides position indicator and
closing speed adjustment
•  Hinge pin bearings and seals

can be a maintenance issue
Water Intakes and Wells
Installation
of Lake
Intake near
Hudson
Hope BC
Installation of Well in
Squamish BC
Installation of Lake Intake

near Vernon BC
37
Reservoirs
SFU
Water
Tower
Provides gravity
flow and storage
to university
To meet PHD.
Also supplies
water for fire
protection
(supplemented
with fire pumps)
38
Bolted Steel tanks
39
Concrete Water Reservoirs
40
Concrete Reservoirs
41
Concrete Reservoir Construction
Water Pump Stations
43
Water Pump Stations
Pumps, motors, piping, valves
44
Water Pump Stations – Control Panels
45
Water pump Stations
Fitting in to the
Neighbourhood
46
TRENCH AND SITE SAFETY
47
SAFETY
We’re going to go through some construction photos as part of the review of components.
First though, we need to review some trench safety items and confined spaces.
Trenches Confined Spaces
48
Excavation. Trenching and Backfilling
(extract from WorkSafe BC)
Unshored Trench
Stepped Excavation
Small Shoring Cage
Large Shoring Cage (Cambie St.)
Steel Plate and Plywood Shoring
Site Safety and Groundwater
•  https://youtu.be/kluzvEPuAug
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Water Design Criteria, Detailed Design
Drawings – Water, Standard Drawings, MMCD
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Surrey’s Design Criteria – Water

2.  Water Distribution Detailed Design Drawings
2
OUTLINE

3
SURREY’S DESIGN CRITERIA MANUAL – WATER, JANUARY 2016
Most cities have their

own Design Criteria
Manuals.
Designers must follow

these manuals to have
their designs approved
by city staff
4
OUTLINE

5
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS - WATER
6
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS - WATER
7
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS – PLAN VIEWS
8
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS – PLAN VIEWS
9
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS – PROFILE VIEWS
10
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS – PROFILE VIEWS
11
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS – WATER – STANDARD DETAILS
12
13
14
15
DETAILED DESIGN DRAWINGS – DRAWING NOTES
16
Alternatively – MMCD Standard Drawings
The next six slides are

based on MMCD
“Standard Drawings”
showing some basic
water system
components.
The MMCD document is

widely accepted in BC.
FIRE HYDRANT INSTALLATION DETAILS
18
BURIED GATE VALVES
19
WATER SERVICE CONNECTIONS – RESIDENTIAL VERSION 1
This is a standard drawing

showing a typical water
service connection prior to
a building being
constructed.
Once house construction is

complete, the service
would obviously extend to
building connection
20
WATER SERVICE CONNECTIONS – RESIDENTIAL VERSION 2
This is a standard drawing

showing a typical water
service connection prior to
a building being
constructed.
Once house construction is

complete, the service
would obviously extend to
building connection
21
WATER METER CHAMBERS
22
AIR VALVE INSTALLATION DETAILS
Watermain designers try

hard to avoid high points in
watermain designs where
trapped air can accumulate
and cause hydraulic
problems (restrictions).
Where high points must be

used, air valves or other air
release devices are used.
23
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Infrastructure Pumping Systems
ROBIN PARKER
Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton Mifflin

Company, Boston, 1976
GENERAL MESSAGE

AS A JUNIOR ENGINEER, WORK VERY HARD TO UNDERSTAND
THE DETAILS AND MINUTIA OF YOUR PROBLEMS.
FIGHT THE PRESSURE TO HAVE SUPPLIERS SOLVE YOUR

PROBLEMS FOR YOU.
2
PUMP TYPES
Pump (Impeller) Types

•  Axial
•  Centrifugal
•  Mixed
•  Many other
3
ANATOMY OF A PUMP
A.  Stuffing Box

B.  Packing
C.  Shaft
D.  Shaft Sleeve
E.  Vane
F.  Casing
G.  Eye of Impeller
H.  Impeller
I.  Casing wear ring
J.  Impeller
K.  Discharge nozzle
4
ANATOMY OF A PUMP
5
PUMP IMPELLERS
6
PACKING AND SEALS – MECHANICAL SEALS
7
PACKING AND SEALS - STUFFING BOX
8
DRAINAGE PUMPS
9
MINE SITE DEWATERING
10
SEWAGE PUMPS
11
RECIPROCATING POWER PUMP
12
END SUCTION PUMP
13
SPLIT CASE PUMPS
(VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL)
14
HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASE MULTISTAGE
15
SUBMERSIBLE WELL PUMP
•  Multistage Pump
•  Submerged Motor
•  No shaft
•  Good for deep wells
16
VERTICAL TURBINE WELL PUMP
•  Multistage centrifugal pump

•  Very efficient, long lasting
•  Shallow well application
•  High horsepower, where motor is too big to
fit in casing
17
18
19
20
PUMP CURVES - COMPONENTS
21
PUMP CURVES
Vary Speed Vary Trim
22
VARYING IMPELLER TRIM
23
PUMP CURVES – WORKED EXAMPLE
•  Total Dynamic Head (TDH) vs Flow (Q)
•  Components of a Curve
–  Speed
–  Impeller Diameter
–  Efficiency
–  Power
–  NPSH Required
•  Parallel Pumping
•  Series Pumping
24
PUMP CURVES – AFFINITY LAWS
Affinity laws
Q2 RPM 2 D2
= =
Q1 RPM 1 D1
2 2
H 2 ⎛ RPM 2 ⎞ ⎛ D2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
H1 ⎝ RPM1 ⎠ ⎝ D1 ⎠
3 3
P2 ⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎛ RPM 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
P1 ⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎝ RPM1 ⎠
25
SYSTEM CURVE
•  Graphical calculation of predicted pump performance
•  Used to estimate the operating range of pump flows
•  System parameters vary constantly, performance changes over time!
26
SYSTEM CURVE
Basic Components
•  Static components
o  Suction conditions
o  Discharge conditions
•  Dynamic components
o  Pipe friction
o  Fittings
o  Valves
27
SYSTEM CURVE
Basic Rules
•  Be precise
•  Be consistent
•  Be real
28
BE PRECISE
K vs Cv
Example: “Conventional plug valve” 400 dia. at 300 L/s
•  generic K = 0.23, hl = 0.076 m
•  Dezurik Cv = 7300, hl = 0.30 m
•  Valmatic Cv = 8050, hl = 0.25 m
Use actual lengths, diameters and fittings
29
BE REAL
•  Use actual headloss values for fittings
•  Use actual diameters for piping – important in small diameter, long lengths
•  Friction losses
•  Don’t estimate or use “allowances”
•  Do real calibrations whenever the opportunity arises
30
DETAILED HYDRAULICS – LINE SHAFT
Hydraulic Friction Loss Chart

Loss per 100 ft of open or enclosed line shaft standard pipe column
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still
appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
31
DETAILED HYDRAULICS – LINE SHAFT
32
DETAILED HYDRAULICS – DISCHARGE HEAD
33
SYSTEM CURVE TABLE
Stellat'en
WTP Detailed Design
System Curve
Small Station, High Head
Pumps Operating 2 (input on 'table' worksheet)

Flow Q= 5 L/s (input on 'table' worksheet)
Discharge HGL= 673 m
Suction HGL= 662 m
Flow in
Element I.D. Total Flow Element Length "C" "K" "CV" Velocity Delta H
mm L/s L/s m m/s m
SUBM. PUMP 90-1
Discharge elbow 90-1 50 5 2.5 0.37 1.27 0.03
100 PVC Pipe 50 5 2.5 30 140 1.27 1.12
Discharge elbow 82-1 50 5 2.5 0.37 1.27 0.03
100 dia PVC Pipe 50 5 2.5 10 140 1.27 0.37
Tee (Through) 106 5 5 1.28 0.57 0.02
100 dia PVC Pipe 106 5 5 50 140 0.57 0.17
90 degree elbow 106 5 5 0.37 0.57 0.01
100 PVC Pipe 106 5 5 50 140 0.57 0.17
Total Head Losses (m) 1.92

Static Head 11.00
Total Dynamic Head (m) 12.92 34
SYSTEM AND PUMP CURVES
35
PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES COMBINED
Worked Example
36
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES
37
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES
38
NPSHa CALCULATION
Client: Client
Project: Project
Project No: 0
NPSHa Calculation Reference

Pump Location and Description •  Net Positive Suction Head Available
Max Fluid Temperature:
Atmospheric Pressure @ Pump El.
T
Hbar
=
=
Deg C
m
[design criteria]
[see below] •  NPSHa > NPSHr + Margin (approx 3%)
Low Suction water El. = m geo
Centreline pump El.
Static Head (Pump El - Water El) Hs
=
=
m geo
0m
•  NPSHr by Manufacturer
Vapour Pressure Hvap = m [see below]
Head Losses from suction to pump Hloss = m [refer to pump calc]
Net Positive Suction Head: NPSHa = 0.0 m
0.0 ft
Reference Data
Vapour Pressures of Water
Temp (C) Vap Press Spec Wt Press
(Deg C) (kPa) (kN/m 3) (m H 20)
0 0.610 9.809 0.06
5 0.872 9.810 0.09
10 1.130 9.807 0.12
15 1.600 9.801 0.16
20 2.340 9.792 0.24
30 4.240 9.768 0.43
40 7.380 9.733 0.76
Barometric Pressures
Reference "Advanced water Distribution, Modelling, and Management" by Haested
Elevation Pressure
(m geo) (m H 20)
0 10.3
305 9.97
610 9.63
914 9.3
1220 8.93
1524 8.59
1829 8.26
2134 7.95
2440 7.65
39
WELL PUMP WATER LEVELS
•  Normal Static Water Elevation
•  Low Season Static Water
•  Interference from adjacent wells
•  Lowest Pump Elevation
•  Bottom of Pump Intake
•  Bottom of Screen

40
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES
•  Different Types
–  Electrical (frequency) (VFD)
–  Speed (engine driven)

41
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE – WORKED EXAMPLE
•  Example shows pump run time at Q1, H1
•  Avg Flow is Qavg, if pumps are run continuously for same total output
•  Havg is ¼ of H1 (affinity laws)
•  What happens to the power consumption?
42
RELIABILITY AND REDUNDANCY
•  What is reliability?
•  What factors would affect reliability?

–  Power supply and redundancy
–  Scheduled mechanical maintenance
–  Unscheduled maintenance
–  Operators Hours
43
RESOURCES
•  Peerless Pump – Very good engineering documents
http://www.peerlesspump.com/fire_pumps_prod_brochure.aspx
•  Grundfos – online tool for pump selection
https://product-selection.grundfos.com/sizing-by-application.html?
qcid=157455764
•  FlowServe – online tool for pump selection
https://product-selection.grundfos.com/sizing-by-application.html?
qcid=157455764
44
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Pump Sizing Example, Municipal Water Design
Criteria, Detailed Design Drawings - Water
CHRIS JOHNSTON

FROM GRUNDFOS PUMP SIZING WEB SITE –
ENTER DESIGN CRITERIA
46
ENTER DESIGN CRITERIA – SELECT PUMP WITH BEST
EFFICIENCY
47
48
49
50
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Sanitary Sewer Collection Systems
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Definitions and New Acronyms

2.  Design Criteria, Flows, and Overflows
4.  Design Standards
5.  Planning Overview – Sample Problem
2
SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Showing a
properly
connected
sewer
connection on
the right and a
poorly
connected
connection on
the left
3
EXAMPLE: DISTRICT OF NORTH VANCOUVER SANITARY
SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEM
Wastewater flow is collected by “Metro Vancouver” along the shoreline (trunk sewer not
shown) and conveyed to the Lions Gate Treatment Plant for primary treatment (2017). 4
SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS CONNECT TO MOST
BUILDINGS
The sanitary sewer collection system is mainly
comprised of collection system pipes, manholes,
trunk and interceptor sewers, pump stations,
hydraulic control structures, clean-outs, and
overflow structures.
Each building is connected to the collection

system using a “service connection”.
5
SANITARY SEWER SERVICE CONNECTIONS
6
GIS drawing on left. “Record Drawing” showing actual constructed location on right.
SANITARY SERVICE CONNECTION
7
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PORTIONS OF SERVICE CONNECTIONS
Red = public portion of service connection, yellow = private portion of service connection
8
TYPICAL DAILY FLOWS IN SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEM
9
DRY-WEATHER, DAILY SEWER FLOWS ARE QUITE PREDICTABLE
10
TYPICAL DIURNAL PATTERNS FOR DIFFERENT LAND USES
11
GLOSSARY OF SANITARY COLLECTION SYSTEM TERMS
12
DESIGN FLOW DEFINITIONS
13
CALCULATION OF SEWER LOADINGS
•  Very similar to WINTER (INDOOR) water loadings (most regions assume they are the
same)
•  Be careful to not use water loadings that include irrigation amounts. They are NOT
the same.
•  Population Equivalents (PEs) are used in the calculation of sewer loads too. Refer to
previous lectures.
•  British Columbia sewer loadings range from 165 L/PE/day (high efficiency fixtures, new
construction) to 455 L/PE/day (old standards). Most use between 300 to 350 L/PE/day
in their design criteria.
14
EXAMPLES OF WASTEWATER LOADINGS - GENERAL
15
OTHER HISTORICAL LOADINGS - DETAILED
16
SANITARY SEWER ACRONYMS FOR DRY WEATHER FLOWS
PSF = BSF x PF (also known as PDF in some

regions)
PDWF PDWF = PSF + GWI

(in some areas, PDWF is derived by ADWF x PF)
PSF
BSF = ADWF – GWI (also known as ADF in
Flow
some regions)
(BSF = PE s x unit loading)
ADWF
GWI = 0.85 x minimum night flow in dry periods.
4:00 AM +/-
(0.85 is an estimated number derived from audits

BSF
of water meter sewer flow information. It can

vary depending on jurisdiction, size of system,
GWI and number of upstream pumping stations).
Wednesday Thursday
PF = usually derived using “Harmon Peaking
Formula”
17
CALCULATION OF PEAKING FACTORS
Different types of
Peaking Factor
Formulas
The Harmon
Peaking Factor
Formula is the
most common.
Note whether PF
is multiplied to
ADWF or BSF !
18
HARMON PEAKING FACTOR VERSUS ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS
From measurements in sewer

collection systems
19
SANITARY SEWER FLOW RESPONSE TO RAINFALL
Blue line = measured flow, green line = ADWF template, red line = resultant RDI&I flow, blue
20
bars = hourly rainfall
I&I Definitions (will be discussed in detail in
Wednesday’s Lecture)
Groundwater
Infiltration Water
(GWI)
Infiltration
Rainfall - Induced
Infiltration (RII)
Rainfall-Dependent
Extraneous Water Inflow and
(I&I) Infiltration
(RDI&I)
Stormwater Inflow
(SWI)
Inflow
Dry Weather Inflow
(DWI)
SEWERS DETERIORATE OVER TIME AND ALLOW RAINWATER,
SNOWMELT, AND GROUNDWATER TO ENTER
22
I&I ENTERING A SANITARY SEWER
CCTV photo of I&I entering a sewer pipe
23
SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOWS
Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs) can be harmful to the environment and can also
result in health risks to humans and damage to property.
24
SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOWS IN METRO VANCOUVER - 2014
25
COMBINED SEWERS
Combined Sewer System: Only one pipe

and usually only one service connection to
the buildings
Separated Sewer System: Two separate

pipe systems with two separate service
connections.
26
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS (CSO) IN VANCOUVER
There are a lot!
These overflows are mainly

associated with rainfall events.
There is a long term program to

separate the sewers and reduce
these overflows, but it will take
decades to complete.
These overflows can cause the

beaches to be closed for swimming
in the summer time.
27
OUTLINE

28
MANNING’S FORMULA
Key formula for sewer

collection systems:
You’ll use it for the

following:
-  Pipe capacities
-  Minimum velocities
-  Maximum velocities
-  Depth of flow
-  Minimum slopes
Best to get more

comfortable with it and
derive d/D tables and a
solid spreadsheet!
29
MANNING’S “N” VALUES
30
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS OF CIRCULAR PIPES
31
PIPE NOMIGRAPHS BASED ON MANNING’S EQUATION
32
CALCULATION OF PARTIAL DEPTHS IN CIRCULAR PIPES
You will need to build a d/dm (d/D)

table in your spreadsheet, or work
out the equations for calculating
partial areas in circular pipes
33
OUTLINE

34
SURREY’S DESIGN CRITERIA MANUAL – SEWER, JANUARY 2016
Most cities have their

own Design Criteria
Manuals.
Designers must follow

these manuals to have
their designs approved
by city staff
35
TYPICAL DESIGN CRITERIA - DEPTHS
36
TYPICAL DESIGN CRITERIA - VELOCITIES
37
EXISTING SEWERS – ALLOWABLE DEPTHS
38
NEW SEWERS – ALLOWABLE DEPTHS
39
MINIMUM PIPE GRADES
40
OUTLINE

41
EXAMPLE FROM TEXT
42
EXAMPLE FROM TEXT – CALCULATION OF FLOWS
43
EXAMPLE FROM TEXT – SIZING PIPES AND CHECKING
HYDRAULICS
44
CITY OF SURREY CALCULATION SHEET
45
THE SCIENCE OF INFLOW &
INFILTRATION
JASON VINE, M.A.SC., P.ENG.
(RECENT PHOTO)
Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton Mifflin Company,

Boston, 1976
THE HOUSE AND THE TREE SLIDE
• Inflow
o Stormwater Inflow (SWI)
• Infiltration
o Groundwater Infiltration (GWI)
o Rainfall Induced Infiltration (RII)
▪ RIIFAST
▪ RIISLOW
• Rainfall-Dependent I&I
o RDI&I=RII+SWI
• Total I&I
o I&I=RDI&I+GWI
2
COMMON I&I CAUSES
I&I Source Common Causes
- Defective manhole cover

SWI
- Storm-sanitary cross-connection
- Defects at upper portion of manhole

RII (fast)
- Defective service connections
- Defects in sewer mainline (cracks, defective joints, etc.)

GWI + RII (slow) - Defects at lower portion at manhole
- Defects at service lateral-mainline interface
3
HOW TO MEASURE I&I – SANITARY FLOW MONITORS
4
5
HOW TO MEASURE RAIN – TIPPING BUCKETS
6
7
8
9
10
11
HOW TO CORRECTLY SPECIFY I&I
• Includes Return Period, Averaging Period, and Type
Examples:
o 5-Year, 24-Hour RDI&I
o 25-Year, Peak 1-Hour Total I&I
12
13
14
15
DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RDII RATE AND
SANITARY SEWER AGE (5 TO 10 YEAR AGE-OF-SEWER)
16
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Piping Systems
(Types of pipes and materials used in municipal infrastructure)
TED STEELE

OUTLINE
1. Resources, and References

2. Pipe Fundamentals
3. Types of Piping
1. A Little History
2. What’s Next
3. Presently used Municipal Piping and Applications
4. Considerations in the Design and Selection
of Piping
5. Couplings
2
THE PIPING PROJECT TEAM:
• Owners (Municipalities and Utilities)

• Consulting Engineers
• Standards and Education Organizations
(AWWA, WEF, ASTM, and the MMCD, and so on),
(locally the BCWWA)
• Pipe Manufacturer’s and their Associations
(DIPRA, UniBell, CSPI, ACPI …..)
• Local Pipe Supplier Representatives
• Contractors
3
REFERENCE STANDARDS AND MANUALS
AWWA (Water Mains and appurtenances)

WEF (Sewer Systems)
UniBell (PVC)
Plastic Pipe Institute (Polyethylene)
DIPRA (Ductile Iron)
CSPI (Corrugated Steel Pipe)
ASTM: Concrete Sewer Pipe
.
4
Commonly used AWWA Manuals
(Watermains):
– AWWA M11: Steel
Pipe
– AWWA M23: PVC
Pipe
– AWWA M41: Ductile
Iron Pipe
– AWWA M55:
Polyethylene Pipe
– AWWA M9: Concrete
Pressure Pipe
Handbooks from Manufacturer’s Assoc’s
CLIENT AND CONSULTANT REFERENCES:
• MMCD Specifications
(Master Municipal Construction Document)
• MMCD Design Guidelines
• Municipal Supplementary Specifications
(different for each one)
• Experience
7
MUNICIPAL PIPING APPLICATI0NS:
•Water Mains
•Sanitary Sewers
•Sanitary Sewage Forcemains
•Storm Sewers and Culverts
•Casing Pipes (not covered here)
8
PIPE PARTS I – BASIC PIPE
9
PIPE PARTS II – BELL & SPIGOT JOINT PIPE
10
DUCTILE IRON PIPE – PLAIN BELL AND SPIGOT
11
RESTRAINED BELL AND SPIGOT JOINTS
12
PIPE JOINTS – DUCTILE IRON LOCKING JOINT
13
WELDED JOINTS
• Butt Strap Welded Joint
• Butt Weld Joint
14
PIPE JOINTS - BUTT FUSION WELDING (HDPE)
15
FLANGED JOINTS
16
PIPE JOINTS - FLANGES
17
PIPE JOINTS –
BACKING FLANGES ON HDPE (HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)
18
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MUNICIPAL PIPING
• Lead pipe (Roman)

• Brick Lined Pipe – (Still Encountered)
• Wood Stave Pipe – (not so bad?)
• Leaded pipe joints
• Cast Iron Pipe
• No-Corrode Pipe
• Asbestos Cement Pipe
• Riveted Steel (labour cost, corrosion)
19
LEAD PIPE - ROMAN PIPE - BRICK
20
WOOD STAVE PIPE
21
FACTORS IN THE EVOLUTION OF PIPE MANUFACTURE
• Cost, life cycle cost, (and profit)

• Adaptation to larger capacity and higher pressures
• Uniformity of dimensions, materials, fittings, and
accessories
• Avoidance of hazardous and toxic materials (ie Lead,
Asbestos, Coal Tar Linings).
• Durability resistance to brittle fracture, rot
• Corrosion Resistance
• Development of New Materials
22
TYPES OF SEWER PIPING TYPICAL IN MUNICIPAL
APPLICATIONS (IN BC)
PVC
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Corrugated Steel
HDPE and Steel (force mains)
23
PVC SEWER PIPE
24
PVC SEWER PIPE - MANHOLE CONSTRUCTION
25
CONCRETE
SEWER PIPE
26
CSP SEWER PIPE (CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE)
27
CORRUGATED METAL PIPE – STORM SEWER
Hugger Band
Coupling
28
TYPES OF BURIED WATER PIPING TYPICAL IN
MUNICIPAL APPLICATIONS (BC)
Steel
Ductile Iron
PVC
HDPE
Pre-Stressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe
29
‘CURRENT’ PIPING EVOLUTION AND INNOVATION’
• New Materials (ie molecularly oriented PVC, High

Strength FRPs)
• Higher strength configurations (ribbed PVC pipe,
‘structural’ wall HDPE pipe)
• Trenchless Technology needs (ie Permalock casing
pipe, Hobas jacking pipe)
• Fiber reinforced concrete pipe (steel and synthetic)
• New coatings and liners for concrete and PVC pipe.
30
PIPE LOADS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• Rigid and Flexible Pipe Design

• Internal Fluid Pressure
• Bending, Deflection, and Buckling
• Vacuum
• Longitudinal Bending
• Floatation
31
• Internal Pressure
• Design stress for materials:
• Load factor or material safety factor
• Cyclic surge design (reduction) – (PVC)
• Design Internal Pressures
• Working Pressure/Surge Pressure
• Factored Pressure
32
33
• Design for External Fluid Pressure

• (Vacuum)
• External Hydrostatic Pressure
(groundwater)
• These loads must be combined with trench
and surcharge loads.
34
External Loads
• Trench Fill (light weight is an option)
• Road Base, Road Structure
• Foundation Loads from Nearby Structures
• Traffic Loading
• Future Loads
• These loads must be combined with trench
vacuum and hydro-static loads.
35
TRENCH DESIGN
36
BASIC TYPES OF BURIED PIPE CONSTRUCTION (2/4)
Trench Installation Embankment Fill

(good) (not good)
37
TRENCH FACTORS FOR EXTERNAL PIPE LOADING
• Pipe Structural Strength and Stiffness

• Width of the trench / Type of Trench
• Quality, density, and assumed water content
of backfill
• Trench Compaction effort and sub trench soil
conditions.
• Superimposed loads (ie traffic and structure
foundations)
38
TYPES OF TRENCHES - EMBANKMENT FILL
39
40
41
42
CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL - WATERMAINS
Vulnerable Piping:
• Metallic piping:
• Steel (long continuously welded lengths)
• Ductile Iron (less corrosive, shorter lengths)
• Copper & bronze
• Causes of Corrosion (buried utilities) –
• Corrosive Soils
• Corrosive Water
• Mixing of metallic materials – (galvanic series)
• Other utility cathodic protection systems
43
CORROSION CONTROL
Exterior:
• Materials Selection
• Coatings
• Tapes
• Isolation from soils (ie bagging)
• Cathodic Protection (impressed current & passive)
Interior:
• Linings (coatings, ie epoxy paints, cement mortar
lining)
• Water Treatment
44
CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL
‘Bagging’ of
Ductile Iron Pipe
45
CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL
Cathodic Protection of Steel Pipe &

Tape Wrap of Flanged Joint
Cathodic
Protection
Test Station
46
CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL – SEWERS AND
FORCEMAINS
Vulnerable Piping:
• Steel
• Ductile Iron
• Concrete
• Causes of Corrosion (buried utilities) –
• Same as water mains plus:
• Hydrogen sulphide attack
• Erosion (high velocities with entrained solids)
47
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE ATTACK
– CONCRETE SEWERS
48
PIPE FITTINGS
Water mains: Bends, tees, concentric and

eccentric reducers
Sewers: Bends, wyes, eccentric reducers

Manholes
Corrugated Steel
PVC
HDPE
49
PIPE FITTINGS
Ductile Iron
Tee
Reducer
Test Cap
Restrained Joint
T.C.I.W.
50
PIPE FITTINGS - FABRICATED HDPE, STUB ENDS, SO FLGS
51
PIPE COUPLINGS
Dresser style
Repair Clamp Type
Restrained Couplings
• To restrain pipe movement from
internal pressure
• To maintain pipeline integrity under
seismic loads
52
BOLTED SLEEVE COUPLINGS
53
RESTRAINED COUPLING
54
RESTRAINED CONNECTIONS: JOINTS – COUPLINGS, JOINTS,
FLANGES
BOLTED SLEEVE COUPING (RESTRAINED) / RESTRAINED JOINT / FLANGE
55
RESOURCES (KWL):
• Copy of presentation
• Typical Pipe Selection Outline
• List of References
56
CIVIL 409 – LECTURE 15: PIPING SYSTEMS
Questions?
(time permitting)
57
MISC PHOTOS
58
Casing Pipes?
(time permitting)
59
Longitudinal Bending and

Floatation?
(time permitting)
60
PARIS SEWERS
61
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Sanitary Sewer Collection Systems – Calculation Examples
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Sanitary Sewer Design Calculations

2.  Detailed Design Drawings – Sanitary Sewer
2
Generalized Steps to Designing a Sanitary Sewer System
•  Task 1: Obtain the lot layout, tie-in point, and ground surface contours of the area to be serviced by
a sanitary sewer.
•  Task 2: determine the minimum service elevation of each lot
•  Task 3: Develop a preliminary layout of a sanitary collection system that follows the natural ground
elevation. Add preliminary manholes at junction points. Add pipe and junction names or numbers.
•  Task 4: using the surface contour elevation, determine the surface elevation (Rim Elevation) of each
manhole/junction
•  Task 5: Using the contour drawing determine tributary areas to each junction/manhole. Add
additional pipes to suit to service low lying lots.
•  Task 6: Develop a “Loading Table” (Table 3 below) to calculate incoming flows to each junction. Start
at “Top of the Tree” and work down adding contributing pipe segments.
•  Task 7: Setup a “Hydraulic Table” (Table 4 below) to tabulate the pipe hydraulics (Tasks 6 and 7 can
also be combined into 1 table as shown in the City of Surrey’s Table 4.1.1 below)
•  Task 8: Set starting elevation of of first pipe to be able to service minimum service elevation of
connecting lots.
•  Task 9: Set elevation of downstream pipes to generally follow contour slope but check that other
minimum service elevations can be reached. Check that minimum/maximum depths and slopes are
met. Adjust alignments where necessary.
•  Task 10: Determine pipe slopes, velocities, and partial depths. Ensure that values meet design
criteria. Adjust network as required if modifications are necessary
3
Designing a Sewer System
Sewer Trunk – connect to here somewhere
4
EXAMPLE FROM TEXT – TASK 1 - 5
5
Example from text – Task 6: Loading Table
6
TASK 6: LOADING TABLE (METRIC)
7
DESIGN FLOW DEFINITIONS
8
EXAMPLES OF WASTEWATER LOADINGS - GENERAL
9
10
CALCULATION OF PEAKING FACTORS
Different types of
Peaking Factor
Formulas
The Harmon
Peaking Factor
Formula is the most
common. Note
whether PF is
multiplied to ADWF
or BSF !
11
Example – Task 6 to 10: sizing pipes and checking hydraulics
12
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS OF CIRCULAR PIPES
13
CALCULATION OF PARTIAL DEPTHS IN CIRCULAR PIPES
You will need to build a d/diameter

(d/D) table in your spreadsheet, or
work out the equations for calculating
partial areas in circular pipes
14
CITY OF SURREY CALCULATION SHEET
15
SERVICE LATERAL CONNECTIONS
4.3.5.2 Location, Depth and Grade

Service Connections shall be installed at a minimum slope of 2.0% between the crown of the
sewer main and the inspection chamber at property line, as shown on the Standard Drawings.
The invert of the Service Connection inspection chamber (IC) must be a minimum 1.2 m below
the finished ground elevation at the inspection chamber. For undeveloped lots, the depth shall
provide sufficient grade to a building structure which could be located at a front-yard setback of
7.5m.
For Service Connections to existing Trunk or interceptor sewers, the invert of the Service
Connection inspection chamber will be a minimum of 1.0m above the crown of the Trunk or
interceptor sewer. If the hydraulic elevation of any potential surcharge in the Trunk or
interceptor sewer is known, the invert of the inspection chamber on the Service Connection
must be at least 300mm above the surcharge elevation.

4.3.5.3 Tie-in
Tie-ins will be in accordance with the Standard Drawings. A Service Connection to a manhole
will have its invert at the crown elevation of the highest sewer in the manhole, and the
connection will discharge in the same direction as that of the sewer main.
16
Assignment number 2 – designing a sewer system
Downslope elevation of foundation slab is approx. 72.9m

Assume a 0.4m drop below the slab to begin the service lateral.
Elevation of street centreline (c/l) out front is approx. 74.75m
The distance from the downslope edge of the foundation slab to the c/l of the road is: 40m
Since the minimum slope of a service lateral is 2%, 0.2 x 40 m = 0.8m drop
The lateral ties into the crown of the sewer main. Assume the main is a 200 mm diameter pipe.
Therefore the invert of the sewer out front needs to be lower than: 72.9 – 0.4 – 0.8 – 0.2 = 71.5m
Sewer main would therefore be 74.75 – 71.5 m = 3.25m to the invert below the surface
17
SANITARY SERVICE CONNECTION
Sewer Wye
18
OUTLINE
1.  Sanitary Sewer Design Calculuations

2.  Detailed Design Drawings – Sanitary Sewers

19
20
PLAN VIEW
21
PROFILE VIEW
22
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Sanitary Sewer Collection Systems:
Manholes, Pipes, Pump Stations, Sewer Rehabilitation
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Sewer Pipes and Manholes

2.  Sewage Pumping Stations
3.  I&I Rates and Aging Sewers
4.  I&I Rehabilitation
2
Sewers in
the
Context
of Buried
Utilities
Gravity Flow
•  Sewer depths will be dictated by several
variables including basement elevations,
minimum depth of cover, and costs.
•  Other utilities can go over or under – sewer
grades are pretty closely fixed by the depth of
the services and the profile of the sewer
corridor.
Therefore – Sewers take
precedence over all other
services in determining utility
depths and corridors!!!
Health Considerations
Three key design goals:
•  Sewer integrity (as for I&I)
•  Locate sewers below water mains
•  Locate sewers at least 3 meters clear of
watermains
Health Considerations – Cont’d
Where this cannot be done:
•  Tape wrap joints on both pipes to a distance
of at least 3 meters in all directions
(minimum)
Field Guide to Sewer Piping (and
pipe selection)
•  Corrosion considerations
•  Strength considerations (deep bury)
•  Availability
•  Std. Practice
•  Cost: material and labor
Concrete Pipe and Fittings
Resources:
•  Ocean Concrete Pipe Products Catalogue (see
sections on hydraulics and loads in the back)
•  Langley Concrete Catalogue
•  ASTM Standards
Design Parameters
•  N= .013 (Manning)
•  Joint Deflection (see table in Ocean
catalogue).
Joint Types:
•  Bell & Spigot (to 1200 dia)
•  ‘Straight Wall’ (1350 to 3050 dia)
Fittings
•  Mitred fittings, fabricated
•  Fabricated tees and wyes
Concrete
Manholes
– Standard
Concrete
Manholes
– Standard
Concrete
Manholes
– Standard
Concrete
Manholes
– Standard
PVC Sewer Pipe and Fittings
Resources
•  PVC Pipe Handbook (Uni-Bell)
•  IPEX Catalogue & Supporting Information
Standards
•  CSA B182.2 (Sewer Pipe)
•  Strength is governed by DR ratio DR 35, DR28
available in smaller diameters.
•  Building sewer pipe is different.
Design Parameters
•  N= .013 (Manning)
•  N is governed by deposition, not by pipe
material.
Other Piping Systems
Brick and Brick Lined Cast-in-Place
Sewers
Forcemains and Siphons
•  Often designed using watermain materials for
pressure applications, ie:
–  HDPE
–  Steel
–  PVC C900
Summary of New Terms
•  Forcemains
•  Siphons
•  Manhole Rim
•  Manhole Chimney
•  Sewer Invert Elevation
•  Mitred Bends
•  Sewer Wyes
•  Crown of pipe
OUTLINE

26
TYPICAL SEWAGE PUMP STATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Criteria for pump chamber design will include the following:

a.  Material and construction: Fibreglass reinforced polyester (FRP) or high density polyethylene
(HDPE) with smooth interior, bottom shaped to avoid solids build-up, walls and bottom of
sufficient thickness or with exterior corrugations to withstand soil pressure, and base to
include flange for concrete collar to prevent flotation;
b.  Pump Sizing: Pump stations will be designed to convey the PWWF. Chamber volume between
pump on and off levels to be based on pump cycle times between 5 and 30 minutes, with
preference for normal operating depth ranging from 150mm to 200mm. A typical operating
volume for a single family residential unit is 200 L;
c.  Emergency Chamber Volume: Chamber volume for emergency storage (above normal pump
on level) will be based on minimum 6 hours storage at ADWF . Subject to approval by the
Engineer, emergency storage may be provided in a separate chamber, or standby power may
be provided in lieu of emergency storage; and,
d.  Pump Chamber: Pump chamber piping will be designed to accommodate easy pump removal
and replacement. Unless an approved equivalent system is provided, pump chambers
1050mm in diameter, or greater, and also those chambers with a depth of 1.8m, or greater,
will include a pump lift out coupling and slide rail system;
27

Evolution of Sewage Pump Station
Design in B.C.
•  1960s & 70s - the first widespread use of
sewage pumping stations in B.C.
Early Pump Station Configuration
Typical
Early Dry Pit
Pump Station
Design
Design in B.C.
•  1960s & 70s - the first widespread use of
•  1980s - expansion, regulation &
increased attention to operations
1980s - Changes in Station Design
•  Submersible Pumps & Packaged Stations
•  Alarm systems
•  Standby power
•  Initial recognition of safety and maintenance
issues for below grade stations
Submersible Pump Stations
Submersible
Sewage
Pump
Stations
Standby Power
1980s - More Changes
•  Above grade power, control, and
communications
•  Adaptation to higher heads, lower flows
•  Grinder pumps and Recessed Impeller designs
•  Consistent provision for wet well washdown
Design in B.C.
•  1960s & 70s - First Stations
•  1980’s - Expansion
•  1990s - Regulation
1990s - A Decade of ‘Regulation’
•  WCB & Safety Issues
•  Building Code & Community Issues

90s Workers Compensation &
Safety Issues
•  Hazardous Spaces, gas
monitoring
•  Confined Space entry
procedures and
equipment
•  Electrical Isolation of
Hazardous areas
•  Building Code changes
Odour Control - Ventilation Retro-fit
Large Access Hatches
Stairs to
Wet Well
Electrical Isolation
•  Not a new issue, more carefully applied
•  Identification of wet wells as Class 1, Div2
•  Physical isolation of wet wells
•  Introduction of Intrinsically Safe Barriers for all
wet well control circuits
Building Code
•  Seismic Design
–  restraint of piping and station equipment
–  restraint & flexibility of buried piping
–  design of structures for liquifaction and seismic
soil loading
– ‘survivability’
Building Code
•  Building Design for Community
–  noise and vibration
–  ventilation and odour control
–  appearance to suit community (design review
panels)
Design For Emergency Operation
•  Seismic Design
•  Emergency Pumping Connections
•  Widespread Use of Standby Power
Typical Station Upgrade
•  Standby Power
•  Ventilation and Odour Control
•  Above grade, architect designed building
Odour Control
System
Before
Architectural Upgrade
Who could resist having one of these in
their neighbourhood?
Surrey Example
North Bluff
Design in B.C.
•  influences on pump station design
•  1960’s & 70’s - the first widespread use of
•  1980’s - expansion
•  1990’s - regulation
•  2000’s – LWMPs, return period storms,
data management, SCADA, SSOs, sound,
vibration
Example of Data Management
System
HMI / Data
Source
SAMPLE LIFT STATION

Sewage Inflow and Pump Outflows
5 0
PT-701 - Reservoir Level

Hartley Bay WTP PT-603 - Wet Well Level
System Levels
7000
4 5
Reservoir Overflow Level (6800 mm)
6000
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

3 10
5000
Inflow (L/s)
4000
Minimum Reservoir Level for Fire Storage (4000 mm) 2 15
Level
(mm)
3000
Wet Well High Alarm (2450 mm)

1 20
2000
1000 0 25
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Feb 01 Feb 02 Feb 03 Feb 04 Feb 05 Feb 06 Feb 07 Feb 08
Wet Well Low Alarm (600 mm)
Date
0 1998 1998/03/31 09:57
M Tu W Th Fri Sa Su M Tu W Th Fri Sa Su M Tu W Th Fri Sa Su M Tu W Th Fri Sa Su M

on e ed u t n on e ed u t n on e ed u t n on e ed u t n on
Fe Fe Fe Fe Feb Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Feb Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Feb Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Feb Fe Fe M
b b0 b b0 0 b0 b b b b b 1 b b b b b b 1 b b b b b b 2 b b ar
0 1 2 03 4 5 6 07 08 09 10 11 2 13 14 15 1 6 1 7 18 9 2 0 2 1 22 23 24 25 6 27 28 0 1
Time
C:\email\prmfiles\syslevel.PRM 1999 1999/03/03 23:26
Pump Rooms
55
Pump
Rooms
56
Wet Well
Design
57
Good Neighbour Policy
•  Odour control – no
detectable odours
•  Acoustic mitigation –
no louder than
background noise
•  Aesthetically pleasing
58
Modern Day Pump Stations
59
OUTLINE

60
Age of Sewer Database
Sewer Age vs RDI&I Rate (0-100 years)
DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RDII RATE AND SANITARY SEWER AGE
5 to 100 Year Age-of-Sewer
350,000
0.0325x
y = 12,355e
2
R = 0.9013
300,000
Peak 1-hour 100-year RDI&I Rate (L/Ha/d)
PVC Pipe AC VC Pipe

Pipe
250,000
200,000
150,000
54 Independent Basins
in CRD and GVRD
100,000
50,000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Age (years)
Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. Catchment Value Expon. (Catchment Value) Figure 3
Sewer Age vs RDI&I Rate (0- 40 years)
S A N I T A R Y S EW ER A G E V ER S U S R A I N F A L L -D EP EN D EN T I & I R A T E
5 to 4 0 Ye a r A g e -o f-S e w e r
200,000
P eak 1-h o u r, 100-year RDI&I (L /Ha/d )
180,000
R e l a ti o n sh i p U si n g A l l D a ta
160,000 0.0325x
y = 12355e
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000 R e l a ti o n sh i p U si n g O n l y D a ta u p to 4 0 Ye a rs
y = 542x + 12,418
20,000 2
R = 0.4177
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
A g e (y e a rs)
F i g u re 4
Kerr Wood Leidal Assoc. Ltd. A re a s L e s s t h a n 4 0 -Y e a rs A re a s G re a t e r Th a n 4 0 -Y e a rs

Predicting I&I Rates and Trends

RDI&I Rate100 = 12,355 e (0.0325*(sewer age))

Where RDI&I Rate100 is in L/Ha/d representing the peak one hour flow
during a 100-year storm and sewer age is in years.
Note: the I&I Rate would be the RDI&I rate plus GWI
Estimated I&I Design Rates
OUTLINE

66
Sanitary Sewer Rehabilitation
•  ASSESS I&I
•  Summary of FIELD work
•  REHABilitation to address defects
•  MONITOR the response after rehab
•  Calculate the REDUCTION in I&I
I&I Reduction - InfraGuide
Flow Monitoring
Identify I&I Sources
Field Investigations:
–  CCTV inspection
–  MH inspection
–  Smoke & dye testing

Status of
Evaluation and
Rehabilitation
Efforts
CCTV: Sewer Condition Rating
Manhole Condition Assessment
Smoke & Dye
Testing
Identifies sources of inflow
(cross-connections,
connected roof leaders, pipe
defects where rainwater may
enter the system)
Field Investigations
CCTV
Smoke/Dye
Lateral Inspections
•  Inspected each lateral in all but manhole catchment
•  Identify whether live or not
•  Assess condition
•  Confirm material
•  Locate lateral on surface
CUES LAMP II
Field Investigation Results
Work Program
Work Program
Sewer System Rehabilitation
Typical Project:
Goal-based Approach
Tier I
Fix structural issues

identified by CCTV
Correct public side direct

connections identified by
smoke testing
Mainline and service

lateral interface grouting
- CIPP Liners and point repairs
- New Materials (HDPE)
Trenchless Technologies:
- Pipe Bursting
Manhole Sealingb
•  Xypex Coating for Lower Portions

•  Riser Seal
•  Replaced ‘Waffle’ Style Covers
CCTV
CCTV
I&I Reductions – Post Rehab Burnaby
Catchment Initial I&I Mainline Interface
u Forglen 49,700 43,100 23,400
u Royal-Oak 44,000 45,300 25,500
u Newcombe 33,800 incl. 27,500
u Brentwood 122,300 82,800 68,800
Metro Vancouver Design Rate 11,200 L/ha/day

Average Success 25-50% reduction

Rehab includes removal of inflow sources, point-repairs and lining for structural integrity;
grouting of mainline and service interfaces for I&I reduction (Tier I – “Template”).
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Sanitary Sewer Collection Systems – Odour
Control, FOG, Flushable Wipes, Pharmaceuticals and
PPCPs
l
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Controlling Sewer Odours

2.  Source Control Programs – “FOG”
3.  Source Control Programs – “Flushable Wipes”
4.  Source Control Programs - Pharmaceuticals
2
Odour Problems
•  Odours can be
found anywhere in a
wastewater system!
•  Operational
headache and
nuisance:
•  odour complaints from the
public.
•  potential safety issues to
O&M staff.
Odour Problems
•  Address odour issues and conduct air

management studies during planning and
design of a sanitary system.
Odours in Sanitary Systems
Odourous Compounds
•  H2S is typically, although not always, the

principal issue in municipal wastewater systems.
•  VOCs can be present in systems with

commercial and/or industrial connections.
Odourous compounds with or without H2S

generally exist within the collection system
headspace.
•  Combination of:
•  Organic waste materials and bacteria

+
•  Anaerobic conditions
(long hydraulic detention times)
•  Local pressurization of the air space above sewage

results in odourous air being released from a contained
space.
•  There are a number of physical mechanisms that result

in pressurization. The primary mechanism is air
movement in the sewer due to the effects of friction drag.
Air Movement in Sewers
•  The primary force for air movement
in gravity systems is the friction
between the sewer headspace air
and the moving wastewater below.
•  Resistance to air movement due to

friction between air and pipe wall
•  An idealized velocity gradient can

be developed based on these
simple boundary conditions
Air Movement in Sewers
•  Friction factor between water and air varies depending

on factors such as turbulence and rough water surfaces
(high friction factor).
•  Slower moving, quiescent water surfaces will generally

result in a lower friction factor.
•  The flow rate of air that is conveyed is proportional to the

air velocity in the headspace and the cross sectional
area of the headspace.
Dynamic Pressurization in Sewer Headspace
•  Occurs when there are abrupt changes in rate of air flow
in the sewer.
•  High flow rate of air from one section colliding with air in
a downstream section that has a lower air flow rate.
•  Change in air flow rates can be caused by changes in

pipe slope and/or restrictions in the sewer headspace.
Pressurization through Displacement
•  Usually a secondary contribution to pressurization

but subject to unique hydraulic characteristics of the
system.
•  Storm displacement
Developing Solutions
•  Conventional solution has been to seal manholes or

install passive carbon scrubbers.
•  This results in increased air pressurization of the overall

collection system and causes air to be expelled
elsewhere.
•  This is a reactive approach which can shift the problem

to another location rather than solving the problem.
System-Wide Assessment
In large collection systems, it is easy to focus on

areas where there are the most odour complaints
and look at a portion of the system only.
Understanding the ventilation dynamics in the

entire collection system is important to avoid
“migrating” the problem.
Ideal approach is to coordinate and complete an

investigation for the entire collection system.
Comprehensive Approach to Odour Control and Air
Management
Measure Odour
Gases Sources
•  Odour Control
Treatment
Technology
Identify Odour Understand
Air Flow
and/or System Model
Dynamics and •  Size and
Corrosion Geometry and Hydraulics
Displacement Location
Complaints Components
•  Geometry and
Configuration
Measure
Pressures
Odour and Air Management Study
0.300
Pressure (inches of
•  An effective odour control and air 0.200
management study includes:
Differential
0.100
H2O)
0.000
•  Monitoring program (H2S, VOCs, -0.100
differential air pressure).
-0.200
-0.300
•  Ventilation modeling (areas of
pressurization, air flow rates,
ventilation dynamics, release 20.0
H2S (ppm)
points).
10.0
•  Hydraulic modeling (displacement
effects).
0.0
Development Planning
• Size collection system for future flows – Both air and

sewage.
• Plan air release sites (set aside land for infrastructure

before development occurs).
• Plan infrastructure sites to minimize air release in densely

populated areas.
Solutions?
1.  Modify and/or design sewer geometry to minimize

turbulence and changes in air space pressure (best done at
the design stage, not during retrofits).
2. Design air extraction and odour treatment at strategic

locations within the system.
3. Provide chemical treatment at long forcemains and

siphons.
Summary
A comprehensive system-wide approach to odour

and corrosion control issues is necessary to
understand the sources, conveyance, and
localization of odour and corrosion issues.
• Address odour issues and conduct air

management studies during planning and
design of a sanitary system.
Metro Vancouver Example
Background Information 25
•  Image of aerial photo with interceptors
Odour
Problems
Odour
Problems
May 29, 2015

Sewer Ventilation Dynamics
(Modified from WERF, 2009)

26
Previous Differential Pressure Monitoring
27
Background
Proposed Odour Control Facility
•  An odour control facility was proposed at this location to
actively draw the air out of the system, treat it, and discharge
it to the atmosphere.
•  Ideally the sewer system will be maintained at a negative

pressure (i.e. vacuum), to prevent positive pressure events
form occurring
28
Sewer Ventilation Dynamics 29
(Modified from WERF, 2009)

May 29, 2015
Fan Test
•  Purpose: Determine the
feasibility of an odour control
facility within the area.

•  Fan with a 12,500 cfm
capacity

•  Odour and differential
pressure monitoring
throughout the test
30
Fan Testing Results - What We Want to See
0.300
0.200
0.100
Differential Pressure (inH2O)
9,000 cfm
0.000
-0.100
3,000 cfm
6,000 cfm
Fan Off
Fan Off
-0.200
-0.300
14:00 16:00
Stephens Scotia Glen 1750 RPM 1500 RPM 1200 RPM
900 RPM 750 RPM 600 RPM 300 RPM 150 RPM Fans Off
31
3,000 cfm
6,000 cfm
11,000 cfm
7,000 cfm
11,000 cfm
8,000 cfm
7,000 cfm
6,000 cfm
3,000 cfm
15,000 cfm
Fan Testing Results - What We Saw
Target
32
Desktop Investigation 33
sdf
May 29, 2015

The Results of the Fan Test
•  The fan testing showed that a negative pressure was
maintained within the area.
•  Higher speeds had little impact on the overall pressure of the

system.
•  Conclusion: An odour control and air management facility

alone won’t resolve the issues.
34
The Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1
•  The sewer separation program is allowing odours from the
interceptor’s to travel into the new storms sewer pipes and
being discharged through the various storm connections
(catch basins, rain water leaders etc.)
Hypothesis 2
•  The stormwater component was serving to dilute the
wastewater and increasing its velocity through the system,
thereby decreasing the amount of odour generation.
35
The Questions - Hypothesis
•  How is the odour escaping from the sewer system?
•  Through the separated storm sewer system.
•  Why is the odour presenting itself now (i.e. in the

last 10 years)?
•  As the sewer systems get separated and the
storm sewer sections get cut off, the sewage has
less and less places to vent from.
•  The sewage has higher BOD and low velocities.
•  Will it get worse?
•  Likely, especially in some areas, unless…
36
OUTLINE

37
FATS, OILS, AND GREASES (FOG)
Courtesy: http://www.wlgary.com/fats-oils-grease/ Courtesy: Gloucester Department of Public Utilities, VA
38
Courtesy: Gloucester Department of Public Utilities, VA
39
FOG REDUCES CAPACITIES AND CAN CAUSE SSOS AND FLOODING
(SSOs = Sanitary Sewer Overflows)
40
Food Service
Establishment
(FSE)
Courtesy: Gloucester Department

of Public Utilities, VA
41
42
43
OUTLINE

44
NEW ISSUES: FLUSHABLE WIPES THAT AREN’T FLUSHABLE!
As new consumer and

industrial products emerge,
new maintenance issues also
emerge.

The latest issue is “Flushable
Wipes” that claim to
disintegrate in the sewer
system. Most actual don’t and
cause significant O&M issues
for sewer utilities.
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
OUTLINE

55
PHARMACEUTICALS AND WASTEWATER
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
SUMMARY
•  Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) are an emerging concern

for sanitary sewer systems, wastewater treatment plants, and receiving waters
•  The impacts of these products on the environment, food supply, and humans is
not fully understood, but could be significant in some cases.
•  Like FOG and Flushable Wipes, PPCP will likely involve additional public
education, bylaws, regulations, enforcement, and in some cases legal action to
better control what is going into sewer systems.
64
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Stormwater Systems – Overview and SWM
Evolution
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  The Evolution of Stormwater Management

2.  The Basics of Stormwater Management
3.  Course Content – Drainage
3
THE EVOLUTION OF STORMWATER THINKING
•  1970’s Get rid of the water

•  1980’s Oops, detain the large storms
•  1990’s Oops, also detain the small storms
•  1990’s Oops, add water quality treatment to
the detention ponds

✖ Hmm … we’re still losing the fish and the
erosion is still happening (1997-2002).

•  OK…pay more attention to the hydrology
and add volumetric reduction at the source
and design our cities different.

4
THE FAMOUS SCARBOROUGH GOLF COURSE
Scarborough Golf Country Club Ltd v City of Scarborough et al.

(December, 1988). Case was appealed unsuccessfully, and the Supreme Court of
Canada dismissed any further appeals

•  “An increase in the volume, speed and duration of flow of water will cause the
stream to get wider, velocities to increase and banks to erode more rapidly and
more frequently than in the original stream.”

•  “… the drainage must be reasonable and must not increase the volume by
artificial means. The trial judge found that the drainage was not reasonable
and the evidence fully supported that finding, since it clearly indicated that the
capacity of the creek was exceeded by the city's actions.”

5
SCARBOROUGH (CONT.)
Impact of Court Case

Upstream impacts such as land development have downstream consequences.
Designing detention ponds for the attenuation of major storms is not enough.
The entire hydrologic cycle (i.e. all rainfall events) and the impact of all rainfall
events must be taken into account such that the increased erosive energy is
mitigated.

6
7
TIA DEFINITION
•  Total Impervious Area (TIA): The total area of all impenetrable surfaces (paved
surfaces, building roofs and areas sealed from the underlying soils) in a
watershed.
•  These surfaces force rainwater to runoff into the collection system without
infiltrating into the soil.

8
LET’S LOOK AT ALL OF THE RAINFALL EVENTS!
9
EXAMPLE OF EXCEEDANCE-DURATION-CURVES
COMPARES CHANGE IN FLOWS OVER VARIOUS DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS
Increasing Flow durations

beyond existing conditions can
cause erosion and
environmental issues
10
INCREASED EROSIVE FORCES
11
WASHINGTON STATE RESEARCH
“Structural and non-structural BMPs For Protecting Streams”, Richard Horner,

Christopher May, Eric Livingston, David Blaha, Mateo Scoggins, Julia Tims, and
John Maxted, Watershed Management Institute (2002)
“Effects of urbanization on small streams in the Puget Sound Lowland

Ecoregion”, May, C.W., R.R. Horner, J.R. Karr, B.W. Mar, and E.B. Welch. (1997)
These studies linked hydrology to the benthic community and significantly

questioned where the focus of stormwater management should be headed. For
example, they questioned the effectiveness of detention ponds and water quality
BMPs on sustaining benthic communities and salmon populations
12
THE TIA – B-IBI RELATIONSHIP!
Measured Relationships Between GVRD Watersheds

Imperviousness based in 06-1996, B-IBI collected 01-1999
50
%TIA
Linear (%TIA)
45
Expon. (%TIA)
40
35
B-IBI
y = -0. 4843x + 44.174

30 R2 = 0.9197
25
20 y = 46.37 8e -0. 0174x

R2 = 0 .9 462
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
%TIA
13
NATURAL CONDITIONS
14

Courtesy May, U of W
DEVELOPED CONDITIONS
15

Courtesy May, U of W
  ote: no runoff when
N
 land is undeveloped
16
IMPERVIOUS AREAS IMPACT AQUATIC HABITAT
17
IMPACT OF IMP. AREAS ON STREAM HEALTH
18
Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. 1996

PROTECTION OF SALMON BEARING CREEKS
19
WASHINGTON RESEARCH (CONT.)
Impact of Research

Not only is erosion from the full spectrum of all rainfall events important in
reducing downstream property damage, but the increased energy due to land
development is also significantly damaging fish habitat and wild salmon
populations.

20
MAJOR SWM TURNING POINTS - SUMMARY
2 Major Developments:
1.  Scarborough Law Suit (1989): Upstream changes in the watershed carry downstream
consequences not only during major storm events, but during all rainfall events. You must
understand the impact of these changes as it relates to the erosive energy being generated.
2.  Washington State Research (1997): The changes in watershed impervious cover has a direct
impact on the benthic community in downstream watercourses and streams. With as little
as 10 - 15% TIA, significant impacts can be measured. Land development without source
controls will degrade fish habitat.

21
A SHIFT TO INCORPORATING “SOURCE CONTROLS”
22
RAIN GARDENS
23
ROADS – OLD DESIGN STANDARD
24
ROADS – NEW DESIGN STANDARD
Silver Ridge,
Maple Ridge
25
DISCONNECTED ROOF LEADERS
26
ROOF TOPS – TRADITIONAL DESIGN
27
ROOFTOPS – GREEN ROOFS
28
BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION
The thirst for raised curbs continues to provide a barrier for source
controls on roadways
29
BARRIERS TO SOURCE CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION (2013)
Although the Lower Mainland now has numerous source control examples,
source controls are still not in the mainstream.
Barriers Include:

•  Raised curbs with gutters and catch basins: we just can’t seem to let these
things go. They still have their place, but they’re in a minority of applications.
•  Rain garden maintenance: we seem to have busted through the cost issue
except when it comes to who pays for the annual maintenance of rain gardens.
•  Reduced regulatory over-sight: Provincial and Federal regulators no longer

demand “Stormwater Criteria Guidelines” to be met. This takes the pressure
off of developers and municipalities to implement source controls other than
in the most convenient locations or when there is a potential liability issue.

30
BARRIERS TO SOURCE CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION (2013)
Barriers (cont.)

•  Stormwater re-use regulation: provincial and federal regulation and building /
plumbing codes prohibit the use of stormwater for re-use.
•  Wide scale understanding of design criteria: when source controls are

actually implemented, there still seems to be too many failures either by
design or lack of understanding of drainage criteria. Bad examples hurt moving
the implementation forward.
•  Confusing and mixed messages from municipal regulators: Many

municipalities actually do want source controls to be implemented, but have
been reluctant to create municipal bylaws. Although the bylaws would
streamline the approval process, they also create nervousness with politicians.
Unfortunately, the process in-between is confusing to the development
community and creates delay and frustration.
•  Green roofs and leaky condos

31
OUTLINE

32
OBJECTIVES OF RAINWATER MANAGEMENT
•  Route urban runoff safely from upland areas through lowland areas to a
receiving water
•  Alleviate flooding and flooding concerns
•  Protect Riparian and Aquatic Habitat
•  Resolve existing/potential water quality problems
33
PLAN COMPONENTS
•  Hydrotechnical (Q5, Q10, Q100, Q200) :

Protection of Private and Public Property (risk analysis during major
stormevents)
•  Environmental (Qall year, Q6-month, Q2, Q5):

Protection of Aquatic Habitat and Receiving waters (impact of frequently
occurring rainfall events)
34
DESIGN CRITERIA – MANAGING RISK
•  Minor Storms (Q5, Q10,)

–  usually 5 to 10 year return period
–  applied to design of storm sewer system (ie. piped system)
•  Major storms (Q100, Q200, Qmpf )

–  usually 100 to 200 year return period
–  applied to design of major overland flow routes and facilities (ie.
culverts, major trunk sewers, bridges, creeks, and rivers)
35
WHITE ROCK – JUNE 8, 1999
36
KEY HYDROTECHNICAL ANALYSIS TASKS
•  Rainfall
•  Runoff
•  Routing
•  Risk
•  Mitigation
37
SUGGESTED DESIGN CRITERIA
Flow Volume Flow Rate Water Quality

Flood Conveyance
Reduction Control Treatment
Capture
frequently Slow runoff Reduce TSS & Provide Safe
occurring Reduce peak flows contaminants Passage
rainfall
•  72% of 2-year,
•  6-month •  90% Average •  5/10 year
24-hour event
•  2-year Annual Runoff •  100 year
(this is the
•  5-year •  200 year
estimated 6- •  80% of TSS
•  (10/100 year) •  Climate Change
month storm)
•  Sediment •  Piping systems

•  Source Controls •  Detention Storage
Ponds / •  Overland Flood
(Rain Gardens) •  Source Controls
Wetlands Routes
38
RISK AND LEVEL OF SERVICE
•  0 to 6 month return period rainfall event: capture, infiltrate, evaporate,

harvest, and re-use (source controls, purple piping systems).
•  6 month to 5 year return period: safely route to receiving waters at natural

rates and volumes (swales, piping systems, detention ponds).
•  5/10 year to 100 year return periods: route safely above ground to receiving
waters (overland flow routes, major drainage system components, and
detention ponds)
•  Extreme events: property damage is expected, but a plan should be in place

for the protection of human lives. Factors of safety are used, and “climate
resiliency” of designs is now becoming expected.
•  Maximum Probable Flood: not used in stormwater, but used for dam design
39
TYPICAL TASKS
1.  Flow Volume Reduction and Water Quality Treatment: Make

recommendations on how to develop site such that environmental criteria is
followed (Flow Volume Reduction and Water Quality Treatment)(Usually
involves rain gardens, rock pits, infiltration swales and other source controls)
2.  Flood Conveyance – Minor Systems: Route minor urban runoff safely from site
through existing areas (usually up to the 5 to 10 year storm events)
3.  Flow Rate Control: Mitigate post-development flow rates prior to creek
discharge to ensure that flows don’t exceed existing conditions (usually means
developing a detention pond with outlet control scheme)
4.  Flood Conveyance: Major Systems: Route major urban runoff safely above
ground through existing areas (usually 100-year storm using roads and
dedicated easements)

40
SOURCE CONTROLS
Design infiltration features into the development that meet the Flow Volume
Reduction target (i.e. rainfall capture target)(example: White Rock: 72% of 2-year,
24-hour duration rainfall = 29 mm rainfall)

41
ROUTING FLOWS – MINOR EVENTS
•  Need to develop flows using the Rational Formula or hydrologic computer

model
•  Need to route 5-year or 10-year flows into drainage/piping system and check
capacities
•  Need to develop design storm hydrographs and determine the storage

required to shape post development flow to pre-development conditions
42
MAJOR STORM EVENTS
Need to determine the route that every drop of water is taking and ensure that all
flows up to the 100-year return period are safely moved to the receiving waters.
In some cases, a major trunk sewer may be required. Also, additional storage may
be needed to match pre-development conditions

43
OUTLINE

44
DRAINAGE COMPONENT: COURSE CONTENT
•  Overview of Stormwater Management

•  IDF Curves, Design Storms, Return Periods
•  Stormwater Design Criteria
•  Stormwater Conveyance Systems: minor and major drainage paths
•  Stormwater Source Controls, Best Management Practices
•  Detention and Retention
•  Stormwater Harvesting and Purple Pipes
•  Impact of Climate Change on Urban Runoff
•  EPA SWMM5 Computer Model Tutorial
•  Stormwater Drawings, Standards, and Facilities
45
Civil 409 - Drawings, Specs, and Contracts 1
Design Drawings & Contract Documents

February 2019
Outline:
1. Design Drawings
• Essential Components
• Plan & Profile
• Details
2. Specifications
• Standard
• Supplemental
3. Contract Documents
• Contract
• Tender/Contract Documents
DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND CONTRACTS

February 2019
Drawings, Specs & Contracts

=
Communications
How to get ideas from inside

your head conveyed into reality
Design Drawings
February 2019
Drawing Components
February 2019
Design vs Reality
February 2019
Design vs Reality
February 2019
Drawing Components
February 2019
Location
Basic Information:
Owner
Project
Engineer
Revision
Drawing Components
February 2019
Drawing Components
Survey Control
February 2019
Drawing Components
Existing information such as: topo, buried utilities and
features relevant to constructing the works February 2019
Drawing Components
Proposed information
February 2019
Symbols and Legends

February 2019
Scales
Drawing
Components February 2019
Dimensioning:
Proposed
Existing
Property Line
Drawing
Components February 2019
Notes:
• Specs, MMCD
• Existing Utilities
• Traffic
• ESC
• Special
Drawing Components
February 2019
Drawing Components
Revisions February 2019
Drawing Components – Plan and Profile

February 2019
Standard Detail Drawing 2 – Standard Manhole
Standard Details Drawings - MH

February 2019
Standard Detail Drawing 1 – Catch Basin
Standard Details Drawings - CB

February 2019
Design Drawings – Hand Drawn

February 2019
How do you get it built?

• Contract = offer + acceptance (& consideration & lawful)
• What, where, who, when, how, cost
• Example:
Questions by owner: Will you build this
(provide drawing) by end of this month for
$100,000?
Answer by contractor: Yes = contract
Contract
February 2019
Tender Documents
• What – describe the work
• Who – define the owner, contractor,
engineer/contract administrator
• Price – list quantities, rates, prices, measures of
payment
• When – define schedule, milestones
• How – specifications, traffic management,
access, hours of work, etc.
Tender Documents
February 2019
Tender Documents – MMCD example

• Invitation to Tenderers
• Instructions to Tenderers – Part I
• Instructions to Tenderers – Part II
• Form of Tender
• General Conditions
• Schedules and Diagrams
• Standard Specifications
• Standard Detail Drawings
• Unique documents prepared for the specific project.
Tender Documents
February 2019
Common Formats
• Master Municipal
Construction Documents
(MMCD)
• Canadian Construction
Documents Committee
(CCDC)
Standard Tender Contracts & Specifications

For Design-Bid-Build (DBB) (not DB, P3, Negotiated) February 2019
Invitation to
Tenderers
February 2019
Instructions to
Tenderers February 2019
Instructions to Tenderers February 2019

The Tender
(Bid) February 2019
Form of Tender –Schedule of Quantities and Prices

February 2019
General Conditions
February 2019
Schedules and Diagrams –

“Changes and Extra Work” February 2019
Standard Specifications
February 2019
Supplemental Instructions and Specifications

February 2019
Tender Documents ( = Contract Documents when agreed)

Invitation To Tenderers
Instructions to Tenderers – details of tender rules
Form of Tender – Blank offer/contract
General Conditions – Contract conditions
Schedules and Diagrams – graphical form of some GCs
Standard Specifications – MMCD or similar publication
Standard Detail Drawings - MMCD or similar publication
Unique documents prepared for the specific project:
Design Drawings - **Your Design**
Supplemental Instructions/Specifications
Summary of Design-Bid-Build (DBB) Documents

February 2019
Questions?
February 2019
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Stormwater Systems – IDF Curves, Time of
Concentration, Rational Method, Design Storms
CHRIS JOHNSTON


•  IDF Curves, Design Storms, Return Periods, Rational Formula
2
OUTLINE
1.  The IDF Curve

2.  Time of Concentration
3.  The Rational Method
4.  Design Storms
5.  Assignment No. 3 Overview
3
IDF Curves
•  Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) Curves
•  Derived from historical data sets of continuous
rainfall data (20 to 100 years…but sometimes less)
•  An IDF analysis summarizes the maximum rainfall for
any given year in each duration period then runs a
statistical analysis on the annual maximums to derive
a curve for each return period.
•  Typical Distributions include: Gumbel (EV1)(Env.
Canada), Log Pearson Type III (U.S.)(LP3), and
possibly the Generalize Extreme Value (GEV).
Let’s Look at All of the Rainfall Events! 5
Published IDF Curves
(typical of West Coast Canada)
summer
Intensity
winter
Duration
2 hrs
Seasonal IDF Curves
(typical of West Coast Canada)
Winter Data
Intensity
Summer Data
Duration
2 hrs
IDF Statistics
Selecting an Intensity and Return Period
2-hour, 2-year return period

produces an intensity of 8.5
mm/hour. Total rain 17mm
OUTLINE
1.  The IDF Curve

4.  Design Storms
11
Time of Concentration
CALCULATING TC AND FLOW
Q = CIA
Where “I” is the
rainfall intensity Tc Intersection =
@ the current Tc Upstream Tt + To
(To + all Tt s)
Tc Street = Upstream Tc
To Lot = 10 min Travel Time (Tt) of Street = distance / velocity
“Tc” = Time of concentration
13
Overland Flow Min and Max Times
OUTLINE
1.  The IDF Curve

4.  Design Storms
15
Rational Method
•  Q = RAIN (or Q=CIA in imperial units)
•  where:
–  Q is in cms
–  R is the runoff coef. (0 to 1)(see table)
–  I is the rainfall intensity mm/hr (from IDF curves)
–  A is the tributary area in hectares
–  N is 0.00278
•  typically used for small basins up to 20 ha.
Urban Hydrology
Flow = Surface Runoff + Interflow + Groundwater Flow
Rational Formula
Runoff Coefficients
Rational Formula Example Calculation
•  Determine the flow coming off a lot for a 5-

year storm (Lot size = 600 sq.m.)
•  Determine the flow at the end of a block for a
5-year storm (Block size = 15,000 sq.m.)(Pipe
distance is 600m and velocity in pipe is 0.7 m/
s so 857 seconds or 14 min)
CALCULATING TC AND FLOW
Q = CIA
Where “I” is the
rainfall instensity Tc Intersection =
@ the current Tc Upstream To + Tt
Point B
Point A
To Lot = 10 min Travel Time of Street (Tt) = distance / velocity
Point A: QLOT = RAIN = (0.6)(600/10,000 ha.)(40mm/hour@10 min)(0.00278) = 0.004 cms (4 L/s)
Point B: QBLOCK = RAIN = (0.6)(15,000/10,000 ha.)(28mm/hour@24 min)(0.00278) = 0.07 cms (70 L/s)
21
A - Lot 0.06 0.6 0.036 0.036 10 10
A B Pipe 1.5 0.6 ? ? 15 25
23
OUTLINE
1.  The IDF Curve

4.  Design Storms
24
Design Storms
•  Design storms are a statistical simplification of
the rainfall patterns that occur at a location
•  used in hydrologic modeling
•  popular sources:
–  AES, Huff, Chicago, SCS distributions
26
Selection of Distribution
•  Determine purpose of modeling exercise:
Peak flow? Volume? Velocity-duration
distribution?
•  Consider hydrologic nature of area being
modeled (size, land use, etc.)
•  Choice of distribution will influence peak flow
and possibly volume estimates
Typical Lower Mainland Design
Storms
•  Atmospheric Environment Service:
–  published by Federal Gov’t
–  1 hour distribution (also used for 2 hr)
–  12 hour distribution (also used for 6 hr)
–  statistically represents >1 return period
•  Application:
–  run all durations (usually 1, 2, 6, 12, 24) available
through the model and select the ‘worst case’
peak flow or volume for design
SCS Method
n SCS (1973) adopted method similar to DDF to develop dimensionless rainfall
temporal patterns called type curves for four different regions in the US.
n SCS type curves are in the form of percentage mass (cumulative) curves based on
24-hr rainfall of the desired frequency.
n If a single precipitation depth of desired frequency is known, the SCS type curve is
rescaled (multiplied by the known number) to get the time distribution.
n For durations less than 24 hr, the steepest part of the type curve for required
duraction is used

Reference: University of Texas

www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/GradHydro2010/Visual/DesignStorms.ppt
29

Surrey
Design
Storms
(5-year
Storm
Example)
Other Rainfall Design Inputs
•  Rational Method or other Peak Flow Methods
•  Design Storm Methods
•  Continuous Simulation Methods
•  “Typical Year” Methods
Continuous Simulation Overview
•  Simulate 20 years of stream performance by
feeding 20 years of rainfall to the model
•  Analyze the resulting 20-year synthetic flow
record to estimate 2, 5, 10, 20, 100 year peak
flows
•  can also investigate the frequency and
duration of minor flow events
Continuous Simulation Overview
(con’t)
•  Can investigate the impact of consecutive
events
–  of particular importance in designing storage
facilities
•  important for ‘environmental’ drainage
planning (storage BMPs, erosion protection,
etc.)
Continuous Simulation
•  Relatively complex, expertise required
•  mechanics of data management and model
runs problematic
•  expensive
Typical Year Simulation
•  Identify a year with ‘typical’ rainfall
characteristics
•  Do a one-year continuous simulation to
estimate a year-long hydrograph
•  Useful for investigation of storage volumes
and minor-event impacts
–  consecutive events (storage)
–  typical velocity distributions (erosion)
Typical Year Simulation
•  Relatively inexpensive
•  good for confirming the ‘real world’
performance of facilities designed with event
methods
Summary - Design Storms and
Continuous Simulation
•  Rational Method good for design of minor
drainage systems with areas less than 20Ha
•  Event methods suitable for peak flow estimation
and approximation of detention pond storage
volumes
•  Continuous methods more accurate for complex
analysis, usually for ‘environmental’ or BMP-
related analysis
•  Typical Year may be good compromise
OUTLINE
1.  The IDF Curve

4.  Design Storms
38
DRAINAGE ASSIGNMENT: (ASSIGNMENT NO. 2)
Your group is a consulting engineering team again. You are writing a report to your client who is a
developer in Deep Cove.

You group will develop a Master Drainage Plan (MDP) for an area of Deep Cove in the District of
North Vancouver. You will assume that the existing drainage infrastructure doesn’t exist except
for the Gallant Creek Culvert under Deep Cove Road and under Gallant Ave. The plan should
develop the conceptual layout to convey minor and major storm events, as well as identify the
facilities and source control measures to protect the downstream aquatic habitat. To do this, each
group will need to complete the following:

Task No.1: Select on-site source control measures to the capture lot and road surfaces to the
“Volumetric Reduction Criteria”. In this case, assume the volumetric reduction criteria is 72% of
the 2-year, 24-hour rainfall. Produce a plan drawing showing the location of the on-site control
measures (Note: please develop measure that can relate to “typical” housing configurations and
road widths. Assume that all roads have a cross-fall and drain to one side (your choice)).

39
DRAINAGE ASSIGNMENT: (ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 CONT.)
Task No.2: Develop and size a storm sewer network to convey the minor storms (5-year return
period). Use the rational formula to size the storm sewer. Produce a table similar to Table 5.3.14
in the Surrey Design Criteria Manual (January 2016). Show a plan drawing of the storm sewer
showing manholes, pipes, diameters, contours, and invert elevations. However, in this case, you
will use the climate change IDF curves rather than the historical IDF curves. Use the “Lynn Creek

Task No.3: Develop major overland flow routes and major storm collection trunks (100-year
storm). Show the direction of flow arrows on every street following the contours. Show sufficient
arrows such that the reader can clearly understand where the major flows are going. If the 100-
year storm is to be picked up by a major storm trunk, show the connection and trunk sewer. Show
where the major flow connects with the receiving water. Include the 100-year design flows in the
table described above using the Rational Method.

Task No. 4: Size a detention pond using the EPA SWMM5 model and design rainfall events in the
Surrey Design Manual (January 2016). Use the design criteria laid out in the Surrey Design Manual
(January 2016) Section 5.2.1c. Assume the “pre-development” 5-year flow rate is 0.007 cms/ha (7
L/s/ha). You do not have to model the pre-development flow, just the post-development flow.
Assume that the source controls are full and not functioning under the 5-year post-development
flow. 40

DRAINAGE ASSIGNMENT: (ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 CONT.)
Task No 5: Develop a “Class D” Capital Cost estimate for your “Stormwater Management Plan”.
Include pipes, manholes, detention pond(s), and source controls. Summarize in a table.

Task 6: Undertake the detailed design of a 250 m section of the new drainage pipe. Select a 250
m section of drainage pipe that connects to your detention pond and produce a plan and profile
drawing of the new pipe.

Bonus Task (extra marks): Size the pond assuming the source controls are functioning under the
5-year storm. Can the size of the detention pond be reduced? Are there any other measures that
can be added to the source controls to reduce the size of the detention pond? If the C-factors can
be reduced by 20% and the overland flow component of the Tc increased by 5 minutes as a result
of the source controls, could the size of the storm sewers be reduced? What savings can be
realized by the cost of the source controls?

41
STUDY AREA – DEEP COVE
42
COST ESTIMATING TABLE – USE THIS FORMAT
43
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Stormwater Systems – Source Controls: Lot and
Streets
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Review of Why Source Controls are Important

2.  Low Impact Development and Source Controls
3.  How to Size a Rain Garden – Simplified Method
4.  How to Size a Rain Garden – Metro Van Sizing Graphs
5.  Top Ten Rain Garden Design Considerations
6.  Sizing a On-lot Source Controls
2
Major SWM Turning Points - Summary 3
2 Major Developments (from previous lecture):
1.  Scarborough Law Suit (1989): Upstream changes in the

watershed carry downstream consequences not only during major
storm events, but during all rainfall events. You must understand
the impact of these changes as it relates to the erosive energy
being generated.
2.  Washington State Research (1997): The changes in watershed
impervious cover has a direct impact on the benthic community in
downstream watercourses and streams. With as little as 10 - 15%
TIA, significant impacts can be measured. Land development
without source controls will degrade fish habitat.
How do you make the high

impervious area response look
similar to the 0% impervious
(pre-development) response?
ANSWER: incorporate properly
designed source controls
The TIA – B-IBI Relationship! 5
Measured Relationships Between GVRD Watersheds

Imperviousness based in 06-1996, B-IBI collected 01-1999
50
%TIA
Linear (%TIA)
45
Expon. (%TIA)
40
35
B-IBI
y = -0. 4843x + 44.174

30 R2 = 0.9197
25
20 y = 46.37 8e -0. 0174x

R2 = 0 .9 462
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
%TIA
Impact of Imp. Areas on Stream Health
Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. 1996

OUTLINE

7
Low Impact Development

An innovative, ecosystem-based
approach to land development and
stormwater management

A Shift to Incorporating “Source Controls”
DEFINITIONS
There are a variety of terms used around the world to describe stormwater practices that try to
mimic pre-development, and more natural hydrology. Below are some of the terms that are
used in B.C.

Low Impact Development:
“The term low impact development (LID) refers to systems and practices that use or mimic natural
processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater in order to
protect water quality and associated aquatic habitat.” USEPA

Source Controls:
The “systems” can include Source Controls. Source Controls can include absorbent landscapes, bio
retention facilities (including rain gardens), vegetated swales, pervious/porous pavers and
pavements, infiltration trenches, and green roofs. Source controls can also be referred to as on-
site BMPs.

Best Management Practices (BMPs)
The practices can be referred to as Best Management Practices . There are both structural and
non-structural BMPs and can include every stormwater best practice including source controls,
street sweeping, water quality ponds, oil/grit separators,etc. 10
‘Better’ Stormwater Management Practices
■  Stormwater detention ■  Sediment Control

ponds Bylaws
■  Infiltration trenches ■  Narrower street widths
■  Disconnected roof leaders ■  Roof retention/
■  porous pavements detention
■  sidewalk buffers ■  underground storage
■  tree canopies vaults
■  stormwater diversions ■  improved trail system
design
■  oil/grit separators
■  bridging rather than
■  street sweeping
culverting
Why We Need Low Impact Development
To better protect our:
•  Streams
•  Fish and wildlife
habitat
•  Watershed
hydrology
•  Drinking water
•  Water quality
To reduce
infrastructure costs
To make our
communities more
attractive
Primary Goal of LID
• Design each development site to

protect, or restore, the natural
hydrology of the site so that the
overall integrity of the watershed is
protected. This is done by creating
a “hydrologically” functional
landscapefunctional landscape.
How can we make residential developments
function hydrologically like natural systems?
Basic LID Principles
1. Conserve natural areas

2. Minimize development impacts
3. Maintain site runoff rate
4. Use integrated management practices
5. Implement pollution prevention, proper
maintenance and public education
programs
LID Site Conservation
Porous
Reduced Pavement
Imperviousness
Amended
Soils Open
Drainage
Rain
Rain Barrel
Gardens
Createa aHydrologically
Create Hydrologically Functional
Functional Lot Lot
Conventional Approach
Centralized
Control
Pond
LID Design
24-hour Rainfall (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
60
50
1999 Jan 01
1999 Jan 17
1999 Feb 02
1999 Feb 18
1999 Mar 06
1999 Mar 22
1999 Apr 07
9
1999 Apr 23
1999 May 09
1999 May 25
1999 Jun 13
Rainfall
1999 Jun 29
Date
1999 Jul 15
1999 Jul 31
1999 Aug 16
 less than 36 mm of rain
1999 Sep 01
  0% of rainfall events are
24 HOUR RAINFALL TOTALS FOR SOUTH SURREY
1999 Sep 17
1999 Oct 03
1999 Oct 19
1999 Nov 04
1999 Nov 20
1999 Dec 06
1999 Dec 22
Selecting Rainfall Capture Targets
6-Month Storm: 72 % of 2-year 24 hour storm
(covers approx. 90 % of all 24hr. Events)
Area 6-Month Storm

Surrey – North 48 mm
Burnaby Mtn. 50 mm
Vernon 17 mm
City of North Van 60 mm
Nanaimo 43 mm
Roads – Old Design Standard
Roads – New Design Standard
Silver Ridge,
Maple Ridge
Rain Gardens

Disconnected Roof Leaders
Roof Tops – Traditional Design
Rooftops – Green Roofs
Anticipated Runoff Reductions
Conventional Low Impact
Good Drainage
Conventional Functional Landscape Design
Seattle’s Street Edge Alternatives Program
Disconnectivity
Soil Amendment
Soil aeration
machine
Development at
Redmond Ridge, where
soils were amended to a
depth of 12 inches.
Construction Impacts on Soils
Rain Barrels, Cisterns and Storage Tanks
Permeable Pavement
Terracing
Pervious road boulevards
Pervious driveways
Narrower Roads
Innovative ditches
Innovative ditches
Construction Cost Comparison
Conventional Low Impact

Grading/Roads $569,698 $426,575
Storm Drains $225,721 $132,558
SWM Pond/Fees $260,858 $ 10,530
Bioretention/Micro — $175,000
Total $1,086,277 $744,663
Unit Cost $14,679 $9,193
Lot Yield 74 81
Summary
• Development and stormwater runoff have
degraded streams, fish habitat and water
quality in B.C.
• LID is a new approach to land development
and stormwater management that helps
protect water resources and watershed
hydrology.
• We’re gaining a better understanding of how
LID can be used to protect the environment,
reduce costs and make our communities
more attractive.
OUTLINE

51
How Do Rain Gardens Work?
Example
Surface Runoff to
Rain Garden
Silver Ridge, Maple Ridge, B.C.

Rainwater Design Criteria
Focus of •  DFO Draft Criteria (2001)(BC)

Rain •  Stormwater Guidebook (BC)
Gardens •  Other Municipal Criteria
Typical Criteria Components

Volumetric Rate Water Major
Reduction Control Quality Storms
Capture a Slow any Reduce Provide
set amount runoff suspended Safe
of rain down solids Passage
Tools for Calculations:
•  Water Balance Model

(www.waterbalance.ca)
•  Stormwater Models (i.e. XP-SWMM, PC
SWMM, etc.) producing Exceedence
Duration Curves
•  Manual Methods (see next slides)
Manual Method
•  Determine footprint size of rain garden

based on I/P ratio of intended surfaces
•  Determine rain garden rainfall capture target
•  Determine sub-surface size of rain garden to

hold rainfall capture target
•  Ensure design is robust, low maintenance,

and meets life expectancy expectations
What Size Do they Need to Be?
•  Recommended Maximum
Impervious / Pervious (I/
P) Area Ratios
•  Source: Metro Vancouver
Source Control Design
Guidelines 2012
How Do I Calculate Capture amount?

Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curve •  Select local IDF
curve
•  Pick intensity at 24-
hour duration for 2-
year storm
Intensity (mm/hr)
•  Multiply 72% for

DFO (6-month)

•  Equals “x” mm of

rain

Duration (hours)
24

Capturing the Rainfall
Input Volume:
1. Evaporation
•  Tributary Area x Capture
Rainfall Amount = Volume
(cu.m.)
2. Growing Medium
Capture Volume (sum):
3. Rock Pit
1.  24 hour evaporation x
surface area
2.  Volume of growing
medium x (field capacity –
4. Infiltration wilting point)
Input Volume should equal 3.  Volume of rock pit x
available water content
capture volume 4.  24 hour infiltration x
(assume dry soils i.e. moisture surface area
content at wilting point)
Selecting the Soil Type
From www.waterbalance.ca
Example: Port Moody Parking Lot
21 m Port Moody 6-month rainfall event
26 m 72% x 76.8 mm (2-yr, 24 hr) = 55mm
Input volume: 21 x 26 x 55 mm rain = 30 cu.m
•  The capture volume needed is 30cu.m.

The capture volume available prior to
overflow is 31 cu.m. Therefore OK
3m
Evaporation: 3 x 26 x 1mm/day = 0.078 cu.m
Growing Med.: 3 x 26 x 0.45 x (.25 - .05) = 7 cu.m
Rock Pit: 3 x 26 x 0.8 x (.35) = 22 cu.m
Infiltration: 3 x 26 x 1mm/hr x 24 hr = 1.9 cu.m

Assume dry conditions
OUTLINE

62
Using Metro Vancouver Design Charts
•  Released May
2012. Available on
Metro Vancouver
web site.
www.metrovancouver.org
•  Provides a series
of design charts
and guidelines for
design of source
controls
Application of Simplified Design Approach 64
Simplified Process vs. Water Balance Modelling

Simplified Design For Capture
of % Annual Rainfall:
v  Hundreds of Results from
Water Balance Modelling
v  Results Condensed into
Simplified Design Charts
Both Simplified Sizing
Methods:
v  Intended Only for Simple
Design Situations – No
Series of Facilities
v  Best Used for Single Surface
Treated with Single Source
Control at Lot Scale
Design for Metro Vancouver Region 65
Two Types of Criteria: Two Simplified Design Processes

1.  Design Storm Capture: X mm rainfall in 24 hours
v  Also “72% of 2-year, 24-hour duration” and “6-month, 24-hour
event” (represents capturing 90% of rainfall events)
v  Not Intended for Continuous Simulation Modeling
v  Design Can Be Straightforward Calculations of Storage and Infiltration
v  Location Independent for Metro Vancouver
v  Drain Time of Rock Reservoir Key
2.  Capture Percent (%) Average Annual Rainfall
v  Relates to Predevelopment or “Natural” Conditions
v  Intended for Continuous Simulation Modeling Using Multiple Years of
Rainfall Data
v  Design Changes with Location (Annual Rainfall Total)
Six Types of Source Controls 66
Simplified Sizing Added for Six Types of Source Controls

v  Absorbent Landscape
v  Infiltration Swale
v  Infiltration Rain Garden
v  Pervious Paving
v  Green Roof
v  Infiltration Trench
Two Sets of Criteria

v  Two Simplified Sizing
Approaches for Each Type
of Source Control
Absorbent Landscape 67
Design Variables:
v  Rainfall
v  Capture Target
v  Subsurface Soil
Infiltration Rate
v  Thickness of Growing
Media (Absorbent
Soil)
v  I/P Ratio
Source: Metro Vancouver Source Control Design Guidelines 2012

I/P ratio = 8
infiltration rate = 1 mm/hr
Result: 57% annual capture
0.5 m rock trench depth

Increasing Capture by Using Orifice
Adding an orifice to
low permeable
soils can increase
the annual
rainfall capture
target by
mimicking
natural
infiltration rates
Adding a Orifice to the Design
I/P ratio = 8
infiltration rate = 1 mm/hr
Result: 96% annual capture

OUTLINE

72
Rain Garden Design Considerations
Copyright © 2013 Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Design Criteria 74
Why Do We Want Rain Gardens?

•  Reduce erosion in
creeks
•  Protect fish habitat
•  Protect water
quality
•  Install a barrier for

point source
pollution
1. Design Criteria 75
Flow Volume Flow Rate Water Quality Flood

Reduction Control Treatment Conveyance
Capture Slow runoff Reduce TSS

frequently Provide Safe
Reduce peak &
occurring Passage
flows contaminants
rainfall
•  90% Average
•  72% of 2-year •  6-month Annual •  10 year
24-hour •  2-year Runoff •  100 year
event •  5-year
•  80% of TSS
1. Design Criteria - Capturing Rainfall
Capture Runoff Volume 1.  24 hour evaporation

(assume dry antecedent conditions): x surface area
Evaporation
2.  Volume of growing
medium x (field
capacity – wilting
point)
3.  Volume of rock pit

Growing Medium based on porosity
Rock Pit
4.  24 hour infiltration
x surface area
Size for dry soils
Infiltration
1. Design Criteria – Proper Sizing
•  Continuous Simulation
Or Typical Year
Rainfall
•  SWMM models
•  Water balance models
•  Simplified Sizing
Charts/Equations
2. Impervious/Pervious Ratio
•  Too much impervious area to

rain garden area overwhelms
plants
•  Sediment plume forms and
infiltration rates decrease
•  The Problem: too much
sediment for plants to
recover
2. Impervious/Pervious Ratios
•  Parking <1 car/day 40:1

•  Parking >1 car/day 20:1
•  Collector road 30:1
•  Loading areas 20:1
•  Low traffic areas 50:1
3. Distributed In-Flows 80
•  Concentrating flow overwhelms I/P contact point

•  Unconcentrated sheet flow to prevent sediment
concentration at contact point
Curbs Curbs Curbs - Can we let go of curbs?

4. Inlet Material Transition 81
Grass buffers very efficient at

trapping sediment but increase soil/
grass elevation
Forms barriers that block inflow
Much worse where roads sanded in

the winter
4. Inlet Material Transition & Slope 82
1.  Drop from impervious surface to top of grass to

be at least 30 mm
2.  Grass buffer to be at least 4% to keep water/
sediment moving
3.  Use gravel, river rock, sedums or plantings as a
transition buffer
4. Curb Edge 83
Not Good Good

Grass buffer trapping sediment Drop & slope with non
creating flow barrier erodible material
5. Rain Garden Depth 84
Include sediment
accumulation storage
1.  Multiply annual sediment

loading rates (Kg/yr) by
the design life (20-25
years)
2.  Convert into volume
using the specific gravity
of the sediment
3.  Divide by rain garden
bottom area = sediment
accumulation depth
6. Topsoil Selection 85
Select topsoil to provide adequate infiltration without limiting

vegetation growth
6. Overflow Drain Height
Set overflow drain height above rain garden invert to allow
for temporary ponding during high intensity events
7. Trees & Shrubs
Avoid Deciduous Trees & Shrubs

Dropped leaves
•  reduce soil infiltration capacity, plug overflows
•  smother vegetation reducing ability to regenerate
•  Increase maintenance requirements
8. Function Of Under-Drains
•  Allows water to drain away without flooding topsoil &

roots
•  Storage for retention/infiltration in low permeable
soils Evaporation
Growing Medium
Rock Pit
Size for dry soils
Infiltration
9. Rock Trench Depth & Soil Infiltration Rate
•  Water does infiltrate into
rock, clay, and glacial till…
just very slowly.
•  focus on small storms
Soil Saturated
Type Hydraulic
Conductivity
(mm/hr)
Clay 0.7 to 1.0

Glacial 0.9 to 1.6
Till
9. Rock Trench Sizing
Evaporation
•  Size to capture
design rainfall
depth
•  Assume empty
Growing Medium
at start of rain
event
Rock Pit
•  Limit drain
Size for dry soils
time to 4 days
Infiltration
10. Flow Direction Of Infiltrated Water 91
•  Where’s the infiltrated water going?

•  Will it pop the road, damage utilities?
•  Use Trench dams to contain water within the rain garden.
Top 10 Summary 92
1.  Design Criteria

2.  Impervious/Pervious Ratio
3.  Distributed in-Flows
4.  Inlet Material Transition
5.  Depth of Rain Garden
6.  Overflow Drain Height/ Topsoil
7.  Trees and Shrubs
8.  Use of an Underdrain
9.  Depth of Rock Trenches
10. Infiltrated Flow Direction
OUTLINE

93
Proposed SWM Strategy for Lots <5% Slope
Example: Port Moody Residential Lot –
Mitigating the Impervious Surface
21 m
Port Moody 6-month rainfall event
25 m x 76.8 mm (2-yr, 24 hr) = 55mm
72%
Input volume: 600 x 0.65 x 55 mm rain = 21.45 cu.m
•  The capture volume needed is 21.45 cu.m. The

capture volume available prior to overflow is
24.81 cu.m. Therefore OK.
3m
Evaporation: 0.35 x 600 x 1mm/day = 0.21 cu.m
Lot: 600 sq.m

Growing Med.: .35 x 600 x 0.3 x (.25 - .05) = 12.6 cu.m
Impervious Area: 65%
Soil Depth: 300 mm
Rock Pit: 20 cu.m Rock Pit: 20 x 0.35 = 7 cu.m
Porosity of rockpit: 35% Infiltration: 0.35 x 600 x 1mm/hr x 24 hr = 5 cu.m
Assume dry conditions, and the pervious area does not need to be mitigated
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Stormwater Systems – Design Criteria and Flood
Routing, Climate Change
CHRIS JOHNSTON

OUTLINE
1.  Stormwater Design Criteria - Hydrology

2.  Flow Volume Reduction: Source Controls
3.  Flow Rate Control: Detention Ponds
4.  Water Quality Treatment: Wetlands and Separators
5.  Flood Conveyance: Piping and Overland Flow Routes
6.  Other Design Criteria
7.  Climate Change

2
Stormwater Design Criteria
Flood Conveyance
Capture frequently Slow runoff Reduce TSS & Provide Safe

occurring
Reduce peak flows contaminants Passage
rainfall
•  72% of 2-year, 24- •  6-month •  90% Average •  5/10 year
hour event (this is •  2-year Annual Runoff •  100 year
the estimated 6- •  5-year •  200 year
month storm) •  (10/100 year) •  80% of TSS •  Climate Change
•  Piping Systems
•  Source Controls •  Detention Storage •  Sediment Ponds /
•  Overland Flood
(Rain Gardens) •  Source Controls Wetlands
Routes
•  Objective: •  Objective: •  Objective: •  Objective:

Ensure that post- Ensure that the WQ Ensure that you
Eliminate response to development events do meets aquatic habitat know where all flood
rainfall during small not exceed pre- and recreational water are going now
rainfall events development events standards and in the future
3
CONVEYING URBAN STORMWATER
4
EXAMPLE OF SURREY STORMWATER CRITERIA
Note Missing Flow Volume Reduction and Water Quality Treatment Criteria
5
Rate Control
Volumetric
Reduction
Control
OUTLINE


7
Example: Port Moody Parking Lot
26 m 72% x 76.8 mm (2-yr, 24 hr) = 55mm
Input volume: 21 x 26 x 55 mm rain = 30 cu.m
•  The capture volume needed is 30cu.m.

The capture volume available prior to
overflow is 31 cu.m. Therefore OK
3m
Evaporation: 3 x 26 x 1mm/day = 0.078 cu.m
Growing Med.: 3 x 26 x 0.45 x (.25 - .05) = 7 cu.m
Rock Pit: 3 x 26 x 0.8 x (.35) = 22 cu.m
Infiltration: 3 x 26 x 1mm/hr x 24 hr = 1.9 cu.m

Example: Port Moody Residential Lot

72%
25 m x 76.8 mm (2-yr, 24 hr) = 55mm
Input volume: 600 x 0.6 x 55 mm rain = 18.7 cu.m
•  The capture volume needed is 18.7 cu.m. The

capture volume available prior to overflow is 25
cu.m. Therefore OK. In fact, it almost works
without the rock pit.
3m
Evaporation: 0.35 x 600 x 1mm/day = 0.21 cu.m
Lot: 600 sq.m

Growing Med.: .35 x 600 x 0.3 x (.25 - .05) = 12.6 cu.m
Impervious Area: 65%
Soil Depth: 300 mm
Rock Pit: 20 cu.m Rock Pit: 20 x 0.35 = 7 cu.m
Porosity of rockpit: 35%
Infiltration: 0.35 x 600 x 1mm/hr x 24 hr = 5 cu.m
OUTLINE


10
RATE CONTROL CONCEPTS
Design a control
structure and pond
system to mimic
the shape and
peak flows of pre-
development
conditions
11
RATE CONTROL FACILITIES
Example of Outlet Control Structure below:

Note the use of multiple orifices at varying
heights to develop a customized
hydrograph response.

Examples of Detention Ponds to right: top
pond includes habitat enhancements.
Bottom pond is incorporated into a park
setting.
12
MULTIPLE CONTROLS ARE USUALLY USED
13
Flood Conveyance

occurring
rainfall
Routes

14
DETENTION POND DESIGN
Input Hydrograph from Model
Maximum Release Rate (7L/s/Ha)
Pond Release Rate (orifice equation)
15
OUTLINE


16
WATER QUALITY TREATMENT
17
STORMWATER QUALITY
Point Source Pollution: spills, accidents, bylaw violations, swimming pool

discharges

Non Point Source Pollution – Baseflows: sanitary sewer cross-connections,
groundwater influences

Non Point Source Pollution – Rainfall Events: pollutants from roadways, parking
lots, fertilizers, corrosion of metals
18
EXAMPLE OF STORMWATER QUALITY – NON POINT SOURCE
19
TYPICAL MUNICIPAL CONTROLS / SOLUTIONS
Point Source Pollution: spills, accidents, bylaw violations, swimming pool

discharges

>Bylaws, Bylaw Enforcement, Spill Control BMPs, Education

Non Point Source Pollution – Baseflows: sanitary sewer cross-connections,
groundwater influences

>Investigation Programs, prevention

Non Point Source Pollution – Rainfall Events: pollutants from roadways, parking
lots, fertilizers, corrosion of metals

>source controls, sedimentation ponds, wetlands
20
OIL-GRIT SEPARATORS
21
EXAMPLE: LOST LAGOON WETLAND – STANLEY PARK
Treats all road runoff from Stanley Park Causeway

22
Flood Conveyance

occurring
rainfall
Routes

23
OUTLINE


24
DEVELOP SUB-CATCHMENTS FOR EACH PIPE LENGTH
25
ANALYZE / DESIGN MINOR/MAJOR PIPE SYSTEM
26
DEVELOP MAJOR OVERLAND DRAINAGE PATHS
27
IDENTIFY AREAS WHERE MAJOR OVERLAND FLOW ROUTES ARE
TRAPPED
In these areas, storm

sewers must be designed
to safely convey 100 year
storm.

Catch basins must also be
able to pass overland
flow to storm sewer and
have redundancy in case
of blockage
28
MAJOR OVERLAND FLOW ROUTES
29
MAJOR OVERLAND FLOW ROUTES (CONT)
30
MAJOR OVERLAND FLOW ROUTES (CONT)
31
Flood Conveyance

occurring
rainfall
Routes

32
OUTLINE


33
STORMWATER PIPE VELOCITIES AND GRADES
34
SURCHARGING OF SEWERS
35
STORMSEWER DEPTHS
36
PIPE JOINTS AND EXFILTRATION
37
MANHOLES
38
CATCH BASINS
39
CATCH BASIN SPACING
40
SERVICE CONNECTIONS
41
OUTLINE


42
What are the Global Circulation
Models Saying?
•  There are many different climate models coupled
with many different model runs under many
different model scenarios.
•  Most models can predict seasonal and total
precipitation and changes within a grid cell. Some
can predict maximum daily precipitation difference.
•  It is difficult for GCMs to predict changes in
intensities within a 24-hour period
•  However, approximations can be used based on
historically based rainfall relationships
Regional Climate Modelling
Results of 2008 Climate Modeling
Estimated Change in •  This example uses an
Precip. From Climate older CRCM 4.2.0 driven
Modelling by the CGCM3 using the
Event Avg. Change A2 GHG emission
year 2050 (%) scenario
Avg. Ann.
24-hour
•  Study area selected
+ 17%
Precip. were the grids within
Total
the Metro Vancouver
area
Annual + 14%
Precip. •  Same analysis can be
Source: Vulnerability to Climate Change done for any region
Report, Metro Vancouver, March 2008
IDF Climate Change Tool
•  Western University has developed an online tool that
uses EC IDF curve information and the predicted
precipitation changes from available Global Climate
Models to scale the rainfall intensities and produce
future IDF curve estimates for various greenhouse
gas emission scenarios.
•  We seem to be using the RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas
emission scenario
•  www.idf-cc-uwo.ca
Historical IDF Curves - National
IDF Under Climate Change Scenarios
Median - 2050
Climate Change Comparisons - 2050
Compares to
276 mm from
Historical IDF
Curve (24%
increase)
IDF Equations
Other
Comparisons:

Abbotsford
What is the Historical Rainfall Data
Saying?
•  By analyzing long term rainfall trends, it may be
possible to see if climate change is already
happening
•  Two studies were done for Metro Vancouver on this
subject. The first in 2002, and then an update in
2007. (Development of GVRD Precipitation Scenarios,
Metro Vancouver, October 2002 (KWL) and GVRD
Historical and Future Rainfall Analysis Update, Metro
Vancouver, August 2007 (PCIC)
Current Trends in Existing Data Sets
Rainfall Rise in Significant
Trends in
Duration Trends (mm/hr/
century)
Historical
5 min 34-64 Annual Max.
10 min 17-46 Rainfall
15 min 14-38
30 min 5-20 Intensity
1 hour 4-10 Records (PCIC,
2 hour
6 hour
4-7
3
2009)
12 hour 2-3
24 hour 2
Source: Vulnerability to Climate Change Report, Metro
Vancouver, March 2008
Example of IDF Changes - VA28 -
Kent Pump Station (Vancouver)
(for example, the existing 100-year, 2-hour

intensity becomes the new 50-year intensity)
BGC, May 2009

How do the GCM predictions line up
with the Historical Trend?
•  2-hour, 100-year intensity is forecasted to rise from

17.4 mm/hr to 19.2 mm/hr (1.8 mm/hr) at the Kent
P.S. in Vancouver by 2050.
•  Observed Values show that the trend is increasing at
4-7 mm/hr/century meaning that the expected
increase is 2-3.5 mm/hr by 2050.
•  Suggests that the observed trend already exceeds
the forecasted climate model trend for some
stations
Impact on Existing Infrastructure
As intensities
increase, IDF curves
will shift, and
previously infrequent
events will become
more frequent
August 1
3/14, 200
9
Impact on Existing Infrastructure:
Kent Pump Station Vancouver
•  Existing storm sewer previously sized to

convey the 5 year storm, it may only be
able to convey the 2 year storm in 50
years time.
•  Major overland floodway may have their
level of protection reduced from a 1:100
year level to 1:50 year.
Summary – Climate Change
•  As rainfall intensities increase over time, previous design
criteria may not be sufficient to meet accepted service levels
•  The objective is to disconnect impervious surfaces from the
storm sewer collection system either at the lot level
(preferably), or community level. This will not only remove a
portion of rainwater from the system, but will increase the
travel time (Tc) thus lowering the flows. The intent is to
counter-react the climate change increase.
•  This could provide the additional capacity required to avoid
upgrading programs or drop in service levels
Re-Occurring Theme
“Disconnect impervious surfaces and build our cities
differently”
•  Whether it’s reducing the increases in peak flows

due to climate change, capturing pollutants from
road surfaces, or infiltrating and re-using rainfall to
decrease the erosive impacts on creek systems and
aquatic habitat, source controls can play a major
role.
Example - Mitigating Street Runoff
Surface Runoff to
Rain Garden
Silver Ridge, Maple Ridge, B.C.

MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Stormwater Systems – Detention Ponds,
Computer Models, Harvesting, Drawings
CHRIS JOHNSTON


•  Cost Estimates
•  Culvert Design
2
OUTLINE
1.  Stormwater Management Computer Models

2.  SWMM Model (“StormWater Management Model”)
4.  Rainwater Harvesting
5.  Stormwater Design Examples
3
Rainfall – Runoff Computer Modelling
Goal: Develop a
computer simulation
model that can
accurately predict
runoff
MAJOR STORMWATER COMPUTER MODELS
Source: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

5
Main Computer Models in use in Metro Vancouver
Watershed Modelling
Ø  XP-SWMM
Ø  EPA SWMM 5
Ø  Mike Urban
Ø  Qualhymo (Water Balance Model)
Ø  PCSWMM
Ø  HYDSYS
Ø  Sewer Gems
Ø  Info SWMM
Computer Model Results
Example Model - PCSWMM
Example Model - PCSWMM
OUTLINE

10
THE “SWMM” ENGINE - USEPA
The USEPA developed the original

SWMM model in the 1970s.

The Model has gone through many
revisions over the past many years
including 5 major releases.

Since the computer source code for the
model is in the public domain, and it has
runoff algorithms have proven to
accurately simulate reall world
conditions, the SWMM enginer is used
or made available in most of the major
software packages.

https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?
Dockey=P100NYRA.txt

11
THE SWMM MANUAL
12
THE BASICS OF SWMM MODELING
13
THE NON-LINEAR RESERVOIR AND THE “WIDTH” PARAMETER
14
15
GENERATING RUNOFF AND INTERFLOW
Pervious
Runoff
Interflow - Fast
Interflow - Slow
16
PCSWMM EXAMPLE: NODE
17
PCSWMM EXAMPLE - PIPE
18
PCSWMM EXAMPLE - OUTFALL
19
PCSWMM EXAMPLE – CATCHMENT AREA
20
PCSWMM EXAMPLE – CATCHMENT AREA (CONT)
21
PCSWMM EXAMPLE – CATCHMENT AREA (CONT)
22
IMPORTANT SWMM NOTES – ALWAYS REVIEW OUTPUT FILE
•  Always check output file and review water balance continuity and other summaries
•  Were the results as expected?
•  Is there a continuity error?
•  Is the runoff making it to the outfall?
•  Is flow leaving the system?
•  Are pipes surcharged?
•  Does the rainfall amount of the design storm x area = the volume that left the outfall?
23
OUTLINE

24
Flood Conveyance

occurring
rainfall
Routes

25
EXAMPLE OF SURREY STORMWATER CRITERIA
Note: In your assignment, you will use a release rate of 7 L/s/ha.

This is a simplified approach. 26
RATE CONTROL CONCEPTS
Design a control
structure and pond
system to mimic
the shape and
peak flows of pre-
development
conditions
27
RATE CONTROL FACILITIES
Example of Outlet Control Structure below:

Note the use of multiple orifices at varying
heights to develop a customized
hydrograph response.

Examples of Detention Ponds to right: top
pond includes habitat enhancements.
Bottom pond is incorporated into a park
setting.
28
DETENTION POND SIZING PROCEDURE
1.  Delineate sub-catchment areas within study boundary

•  Could be by lot (GIS import) or city block, or multiple city blocks
•  Note: For your assignment, the subdivision is small. It is suggested that you develop
no more than 10 to 15 sub-catchments
2.  Enter attribute information for sub-catchments
•  Area, Average Imperviousness, Slope of sub-catchment, “Width” of Sub catchment.
3.  Prepare skeletonized drainage system (pipe system). Only include the main pipes. For a GIS
import, normally all pipes are imported.
4.  Connect sub-catchments to nodes
5.  Create design storms of rainfall events requiring modeling
6.  Enter global and simulation data such as green-apt infiltration and aquifer data
•  Note: For your assignment, you can ignore modelling the aquifer and sub-surface
interflow discharge
7.  Run simulation and check for errors
8.  Export hydrographs to spreadsheet and build storage pond calculations based on available
geometry
9.  Size outlet controls (orifice, weirs, etc.) to satisfy criteria
29
Develop Pipe and Node Model
Generate Design Storm
Surrey
Design
Storms
(5-year
Storm
Example)
Produce Hydrograph
Input Hydrographs into Spreadsheet
Build Design Calculations in Spreadsheet
Detention Pond Design 36
Input Hydrograph from Model
Maximum Release Rate (7L/s/Ha)
Pond Release Rate (orifice equation)

MULTIPLE CONTROLS ARE USUALLY USED
37
OUTLINE

38
WHY USE RAINWATER HARVESTING?
1.  Can count towards “volumetric reduction” target (i.e. it

can be similar to infiltrating into the ground as long
groundwater baseflows are not jeopardized)
2.  Can reduce potable water usage, storage, treatment, and
conveyance
3.  Can be used to enhance baseflows in creek systems by
incorporating low flow orifice devices
4.  For some cities, it is considered a strategy to reduce
combined sewer overflows
39

OVERVIEW
WHAT IS RAINWATER HARVESTING
AND WHAT ARE PURPLE PIPES?
RAINWATER HARVESTING AROUND THE WORLD
LOCAL RULES AND REGULATIONS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SOME EXAMPLES
40
RAINWATER HARVESTING
WHAT IS IT?
IT IS THE COLLECTION OF RAINWATER
AND

STORMWATER MANGEMENT

FOR NON-POTABLE USES
TOILET FLUSHING
LAUNDRY IRRIGATION
41
HOW DOES IT WORK?
Rainwater
Collection
Water Use
at Fixtures
Underground
Cistern
Treatment & Pump

System
Image sourced from Pageau Morel
42
Rainwater Harvesting Around the World
DRINKING WATER PROTECTION ACT
•  The Drinking Water Protection Regulation was amended in March 2013

•  Exemption from the Drinking Water Protection Act for Non-Potable Water
Systems

•  Requires Appropriate Cross-Connection Control (Building Code & Applicable
Bylaws),

•  In other Words:
•  Non-Potable Water supply is permitted for any end use except those used
for human consumption or food preparation and,
•  No Health Authority sign off required for Non-Potable Water Systems

44
DRINKING WATER PROTECTION ACT & REGULATION
BUT THERE IS A PROBLEM:

THE WORDING IN THE ACT DOESN’T DIFFERENTIATE
BETWEEN

GREY WATER

AND

HARVESTED RAINWATER
45
RELEVANT CODES,
REGULATIONS & BYLAWS
CROSS CONNECTION BYLAWS

CSA B128.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NON-POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS
BC BUILDING CODE BC PLUMBING CODE

Liveable City Architecture Through Greenscaping 46
CROSS CONNECTION BY-LAWS
Most Municipalities in BC require an Air Gap (the ultimate fail safe)
What is an Air-Gap?

The vertical distance through air between the lowest point of the water
supply outlet and the highest possible water level in the tank.
47
CROSS CONNECTION BY-LAWS
Why an Air-Gap?

Mostly due to the wording in the Drinking Water Protection Act
Remember: rainwater, grey water and reclaimed water are equal

This means the purple pipe system feeding the toilets and laundry must
be pressurized with a pump even if using potable water

48
RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS
OK NOT OK OK
WATER USAGE
49
Water Demands – Residential
BASE DEMAND– FIXTURE CALCULATION WATER EFFICIENT FIXTURES
Demand
End Use Fixture use Use /day Duration Notes
(L/ca/day)
Toilets1 4.8 L/flush 5 24.0
Clothes
56.8 L/Load 0.3 17.0
Efficient Washing Note: this does
Washer Machine
not include
irrigation usage
Showers 7.6 L/min 0.7 7.8 min 40.7 WaterSense and municipal
watermain
leakage
Faucets 5.7 L/min 20 15 s 28.5 WaterSense
House
29.9 L/c/d 29.9
Leaks Current Allowable Usage:
Other
157 – 24 = 133.0 L/c/d
9.5 L/c/d 9.5 AWWA
Indoor Use Residential End
Use report, 2016
Baths 4.9 L/c/d 4.9 Future Allowable Usage?:
133 – 17 – 40.7 = 75.3 L/c/d
Dish
2.7 L/c/d 2.7
Washing
Total
157.2 50
Indoor Use
ROOF AREA & ROOF TYPE
51
RAIN TANK SIZING

52
STREAM BASEFLOWS
53
Theoretical 6 Story Office Building
2500m2 Building Footprint
750 Employees
72% of the 2 Year 24hr Rainfall Depth = 40mm
Total Rainfall Volume = 125m3
Pre-Development Runoff Volume = 90m3
Base Flow Requirement = 5.4 m3/d
4.5 m3/d is Flushed
Minimum Storage Volume Requirement = 35m3
54
Can This Meet the SW Capture Criteria?
Rainwater
Collection
Water Use
at Fixtures
Underground
Cistern
Treatment & Pump

System
Size to not only use for toilets

but size to release to pre-
development baseflow levels
Image sourced from Pageau Morel 55

Storage for winter
Storage for summer

Storage for winter
Storage for summer

COST COMPARISON
THEORETICAL 6 STORY OFFICE BUILDING
With a
2500m2 Roof

GREEN ROOF RAIN GARDEN RAINWATER HARVESTING
$200/m2 $26/m2 of Roof Area $40-50,000 Tank

$500,000 Total Cost $65,000 Total $130,000 – Piping,
RAIN GARDENS are still the Hardware
preferred and cost effective option. and Connections
However when space is at a premium or

Infiltration is not possible, Rainwater Harvesting Makes Sense.
$72/m of Roof
2 58
Local Example
59
OUTLINE

60
Drawing Components
61
Design vs Reality
62
TYPICAL TRENCH BACKFILL - DRAINAGE
63
TYPICAL MANHOLE DETAIL
64
TYPICAL CATCH BASIN STANDARD DRAWINGS
65
TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL CROSS-SECTION
Typical location of storm sewer
66
TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL DETENTION POND STANDARD DETAIL
67
TYPICAL DETENTION POND CONTROL STRUCTURE
68
UBC Civil 409
Municipal Infrastructure
Cost Estimating
Robin Parker, KWL
March 13, 2019
1
Beginning an Estimate
1. PURPOSE: Determine the purpose and
desired accuracy.
(Options, Scoping, Approval, Budgeting, Tender)
2. ACCURACY: Check desired accuracy against
level of project definition.
3. METHODS: Determine an estimating method.
4. DOCUMENT: Complete and document the
estimate.
2
Estimate Classifications
• Once you have the definition complete, select
a class.
• Two typical classification systems
1. Treasure Board of Canada (A,B,C,D)

2. Association for Advancement of Cost
Engineering International (AACEi) (1,2,3,4,5)
3
Treasury Board of Canada
Cost Estimate Classification System
• Class 'D' (Indicative) Estimate
– to be in unit cost analysis format (such as cost per m² or other measurement unit)
– based upon a comprehensive list of project requirements (i.e. scope) and assumptions
• Class 'C' Estimate

– to be in elemental cost analysis format latest edition issued by the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
– based on a comprehensive list of requirements and assumptions
– full description of the preferred schematic design option, construction/design experience, and market
conditions
• Class 'B' (Substantive) Estimate

– to be in elemental cost analysis format latest edition issued by the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
– based on design development drawings and outline specifications
– includes the design of all major systems and subsystems, as well as the results of all site/installation
investigations
• Class 'A' (Pre-Tender) Estimate

– to be in both elemental cost analysis format as well as trade divisional format latest edition issued by the
Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
– based on completed construction drawings and specifications prepared prior to calling competitive tenders.
– The Class 'A' Estimate is generally expected to be within 5% to 10% of the actual contract award price for
new construction.
4
AACEi Classification System
5
Variation in Estimate Accuracry
6
Estimating Methods
• Capacity Factored, Parametric
• Equipment Factored, Parametric
• Assembly Level / Developed
• Detailed Unit Costs
7
Equipment Factored Estimate
y = 2.7383x
District Energy Plant Capital Cost Prediction R² = 0.9151
Major Equipment Factor Development
$4,000
$3,500
$3,000
$2,500
Balance of Plant Cost (Thousand CAD)
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
Major Equipment Cost (Thousand USD)
8
Parametric Capacity Example
• The cost curve function would have a family of
curves
• Adjust for
– Year
– Region (labour costs)
– Power supply type
– Pressure class
– Etc.
9
Parametric Example – Pump Station
10
Assembly Example
• Estimate the cost of pipe per lin.m
• If you don’t have past data, you can build the
estimate from first principles, by each
component
• Build uncertainty into the sum to produce an
assembled value +/- a percent
11
Assembly Example – Pipe Trench
12
Detailed Unit Costs
• Based on quantity take-offs from drawings
• Get material quotes from suppliers, databases
• Estimate labour and construction equipment

effort and costs
13
HDPE Pipe Stored in a Yard
14
Material Supply Quotes
• The budgetary quote from the
supplier is not what the client
will pay. You need to add:
– Freight
– Storage if necessary
– PST (7%)
– Subcontractor markup,
General contractor markup
(5%, 10%)
– Overage (10% of quantity,
material depending)
15
Labour and Construction Equipment
(Construction Crews)
• Common method to cost is to develop daily
crew rates.
• Typically a whole crew is charged out in half-

day increments
16
What Is In a Crew?
17
Traffic Control
18
Trenching Crew
19
HDPE Fusing Crew
20
HDPE Fusing Crew
21
Construction Equipment Costs
• Bare – vehicle only
– Add operator
– Add fuel allowance. Fuel tax for construction
equipment is different than consumer fuel prices
in B.C.
– Servicing allowance - markup to estimate, or built
into the equipment cost
– Remote site may need a mobile shop
• Sum of the above is called the All-Found Rate
22
Trenching Crew
Example
Hrly Daily
CrewC1 TRENCHING Qua Daily Hr Rate Rate
CrewC1 Small Excavator 1 8 $80 $640
CrewC1 Excavation Hoe 1 8 $150 $1,200
CrewC1 Labour 2 8 $55 $880
CrewC1 Supervision .25 8 $65 $130
CrewC1 Tandem Truck 2 8 $80 $1,280

$4,130
23
Equipment Cycle Time
• When building a crew, balance it to minimize idle
and waiting.
Example
• Excavator can load 100 m3/h, based on material,
operator experience, bucket size, excavator size.
• Truck has 5 minute return loop, can hold 10 m3
• How many trucks do you need to balance the
crew?
24
Crew Balance Example
A Excavator Rate 100m3/h
B Truck Capacity 10m3
C Time to Load Truck 6min A/B
D Truck Return Trip 5min
E Total Truck Cycle 11min C+D
0.18hr
F Production Rate/Truck 55m3/hr B/E
G Num Trucks 2
H Total Truck Rate 109m3/hr FxG
25
General Markups / Adders
• Tax
• Currency Effects
• Engineering
• Location
• Mob/demob (indirects)
• Bonding/Insurance
26
Markups
• Engineering (8-25%)
– Pre-design, detailed design, construction management
• Location Factor (depends)
– Difficult access, no services, special treatment (parks)
• Mobilization / Demob (5-10%)
– Major centre, standard equipment vs specialty
equipment
• Bonding & Insurance (5%)
27
Construction Site Indirects
28
29
30
Rebar (ironworker) Crew
31
Formwork Crew
32
Taxes
• Understand the tax regime local to the project
• In Canada/BC G.S.T. is a flow through tax –
exclude it from the estimate.
• In BC P.S.T. is charged on goods purchased to
fulfill a contract: equipment and materials but
not the labour to install it.
33
Currency / Escalation / Inflation
• Always state the currency and year of the
estimate
• Adjust past values for currency
• Adjust past estimate values to current year.
– Bank of Canada consumer price index (simple but not
good for construction)
– RSMeans Construction Cost Index or other trade
publications (better, specific to construction)
• Adjust for expected escalation, or explicitly state
you haven’t (escalation is an economist’s job, you
need one to do it!)
34
Contingency
• Contingency is Expected to be Spent
• It covers the things you don’t know, but you
have a reasonable expectation they will be
there.
• Not a management reserve.
• Not a proxy for accuracy.
35
Contingency
• Contingency items include
– Planning and estimating errors and omissions;
– Minor price fluctuations (other than general
escalation);
– Design and scope changes; and
– Variations in market and environmental
conditions.
36
Recommended Contingency Values
With no better information the following are
typical contingency ranges for civil infrastructure
projects:
• Class D: 30% - 40%

• Class C: 20% - 30%
• Class B: 15% - 20%
• Class A: 5% - 10%
37
Class D Template
38
Estimate Accuracy
• Careful when stating an accuracy. At least give it
bounds (+/-)…Liability
• Be transparent. If you state the accuracy,
describe the method you used to calculate it.
• Methods
– Monte-carlo simulation
– Certainty factors
– Past experience, engineering judgement, guidelines…if
this is your method do not state the accuracy.
39
Basis of Estimate
• This where you document the majority of your
assumptions
• Provides guidance and limitations on the
purpose, use, and classification
• May provide a statement about the accuracy
of the estimate (careful with this)
40
Basis of Estimate Outline
1. Classification, Purpose, and Use of Estimate
2. Estimate Scope (what’s included, excluded)
3. Currency, Escalation, Inflation
4. Estimating Methodology
1. Construction Period and Approach
2. Markups
3. Taxes
4. Labour Rates
5. Equipment Rates
6. Construction Crews
7. Production Rates
8. Freight
9. Insurance and Bonding
10. Mobilization/Demobilization
11. Engineering and Construction Management
5. Contingency and Risk
6. Estimate Accuracy
7. Summary of Costs 41
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Stormwater Systems – Working Through a
Practical Example
CHRIS JOHNSTON


•  Culvert Hydraulics
2
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
A house is being tom down and replaced with a larger house. The Impervious
area is increasing dramatically throughout the City.

This increase in impervious area will increase the flows on downstream
infrastructure and eventually cause flooding if not properly addressed.

The city decides that they want to implement detention tanks and source controls
on all new re-developed lots to maintain the hydrologic condition od the existing
conditions. (meaning all new impervious areas will be mitigated)

How big is the storage tank to mitigate the impact for a 10-year storm?

How would you approach this problem?

3
Previous Development
New Development
APPROACH
Assuming a computer model like SWMM is not used, and the Rational Formula
was dictated by the Municipality, the approach would go something like this:

•  Use the rational method to determine the flow for each time step based on
design storms.

•  Size an orifice and detention tank that is large enough to control the larger
flows from the post-development condition (larger house) to the existing-
development condition and check across all design storm durations.

•  How big is the tank? What is the size of the orifice?

6
Runoff Coef. and Areas:
10-year Storm
Compare with Surrey Runoff
Coefficients (FYI)
What do you suppose are the reasons for the difference?

Rational Method
•  Q = RAIN (or Q=CIA in imperial units)
•  where:
–  Q is in cms
–  R is the runoff coef. (0 to 1)(see table)
–  I is the rainfall intensity mm/hr (from IDF curves)
–  A is the tributary area in hectares
–  N is 0.00278
•  typically used for small basins up to 20 ha.
In this example though, “I” uses the rainfall from the time-step, and “N”
would vary depending on the conversion needed for the time step chosen.
Design Storms
Rational Formula Flow
Tank and Orifice Dimensions
10-Year, 1-hour Storm Results
Summary Results
Transportation
Vancouver s ongoing journey
Lon LaClaire
Director of Transportation 1
Vancouver will be the greenest city
in the world by 2020
2
THE CITY OF VANCOUVER
POPULATION 630,000
SQUARE MILES 45
SQUARE KILOMETERS 112
3
METRO VANCOUVER
MUNICIPALITIES 21 +2
POPULATION 2,500,000
SQUARE KILOMETERS 2,990
SINGLE TRANSIT AUTHORITY

TRANSLINK
LARGEST TRANSIT SERVICE

AREA IN CANADA
A REGION CONSTRAINED BY
GEOGRAPHY
4
CORPORATE STRATEGIC INITIATIVES
ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT PEOPLE
WATER & SEWER ZERO WASTE &

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE &
GREEN RESOURCE TRANSPORTATION STREETS
OPERATIONS STREET USE
INFRASTRUCTURE RECOVERY
55
THE FREEWAY NEVER BUILT
6
1997
TRANSPORTATION PLAN
No increase in
capacity for cars
Priorities
Walking
Cycling
Transit
Goods Movement
Cars

7
MORE TRIPS CITY DOWNTOWN
FEWER CARS
+18% +75%
POPULATION POPULATION
+16% +26%
JOBS JOBS
-5% -20%
VEHICLES ENTERING
CITY VEHICLES ENTERING
CITY
8
HOW HAVE ADDITIONAL TRIPS BEEN ACCOMODATED?
TRANSIT WALKING CYCLING

40-60% 25-45% 10-25%
TESTING OUR FUTURE
10
SUCCESS
Source: City of Vancouver 2010 Winter Games Transportation Operations Centre 11

12
#1 MAKE AT LEAST 2/3 OF ALL TRIPS BY
FOOT, BIKE, OR TRANSIT BY 2040
# of trips in the city
> 2/3
13
#2 ZERO TRAFFIC-RELATED FATALITIES BY 2040
14
Annual Fatalities Per 10,000 Daily Walk-To-Work Trips
PEDESTRIAN SAFETY COMPARISON
15
:L NAC W PL LN ;N M 2JM LTCB L N 3LNAC 8LM P L :P P P A . & ) & 1 B 1C SSS P PA EA A . & : 1C SSS AC ELR
Annual Fatalities Per 10,000 Daily Bike-To-Work Trips
CYCLING SAFETY COMPARISON
:L NAC W8 AFCN 4 0 CF CN 9 U T L 0 ATA E ;NC B B 8L A C NEC 7LNPF JCN A 1 P C C L LN 7CS LN RCN PT 16

;N MLNP P L 9C C NAF 1C PNC 6 NAF &
MORE THAN JUST
MOBILITY
Health
Safety
Accessibility
Affordability
Economy
Public Life
Environment
Resiliency
17
17
LAND USE
support
shorter trips &
sustainable
transportation
choices
18
INTEGRATING LAND USE & STREETS
19
IMPORTANCE OF GOOD URBAN DESIGN
&
WALKING
make walking
safe, convenient
& delightful
support a vibrant
public life
21
CYCLNG
make cycling safe,
convenient,
comfortable & fun for
people of all ages &
abilities
22
Rule of thumb
Use traffic calming & diversion to ensure:

•  Low vehicle volumes ( ≤ ~500 per day)
•  Low vehicle speeds (≤ 30 km/h (20 mph)
If these can’t be achieved: Separate!

One Plan, Multiple
DESIGNING Objectives
FOR ALL AGES & ABILITIES
Pedestrian Street, 2010 Winter Olympic

•  Economy Games, Vancouver
•  Health
•  Safety
•  Accessibility
•  Environment
•  Affordability
•  Community
Reduce car speeds & Physically separate users
volumes
•  Resiliency
2
4 Photo: Ben Johnson
IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE, INCREASING RIDERSHIP
One Plan,
Bike volumes acrossMultiple Objectives
the Burrard Bridge jumped 30% to over 1.3 million
annually in the first year after the Burrard-Cornwall improvements
Pedestrian Street, 2010 Winter Olympic

•  Economy Games, Vancouver
•  Health
•  Safety
•  Accessibility
•  Environment
•  Affordability
•  Community
•  Resiliency Photo: Ben Johnson

25
TOTAL DAILY CYCLING TRIPS IN THE CITY OF
VANCOUVER: DATA
Cycling is the
fastest
growing
Annual total cycling trips
mode share
in the city
Total cycling
trips
increased
32% from
2014 to 2015
Source: 2013-2016 Panel Surveys, excluding recreational trips 26

(2017 numbers to date are not available yet; 138,000 is a projection)
TRANSIT
increase capacity
ensure service is
fast, frequent,
reliable &
comfortable
27
PAST INVESTMENTS IN RAPID
TRANSIT : YIELDED BIG DIVIDENDS
Since 2006, our

transit mode shift
is unmatched in
North America
Ridership spiked
during the 2010
Olympics…
but growth
continued!
&
PAST GROWTH:
Has Occurred Along Rapid Transit Lines
2011
Source: data from Regional Growth Strategy, 2011, map from Regional Transportation Strategy, 2013
&,
FUTURE GROWTH:
Will Continue Along Rapid Transit Lines
2041
Source: data from Regional Growth Strategy, 2011, map from Regional Transportation Strategy, 2013
OUR TRANSIT
SYSTEM IS FULL
On Broadway,
1000s of people
passed by
overcrowded
buses every day,
despite buses
every 2 minutes
in the peak
31
Broadway subway = 20 lanes
of people-moving capacity on opening day
(Ultimate capacity = 56 lanes)
* If everyone taking the train on opening day instead drove in single occupancy vehicles, it would require an additional 24 lanes.
MOTOR VEHICLES
improve safety &

manage
congestion make
it easier to drive
less accelerate
shift to low
carbon & shared
vehicles
33
GOODS &
SERVICES
support a thriving
economy & major
port while
reducing impacts
ensure effective
emergency
response
34
MOBI
BIKESHARE
1.5M+ km travelled
(37x around the
world)
35
BIG MOVES
THE EXISTING NETWORK
)
Burrard Inlet
Northeast False Creek – Location
Canada Place
English
Bay
Downtown Gastown
West End
DTES
Rogers Arena
Chinatown
BC Place Strathcona
Science World
Granville Olympic
Island False Creek Village
History of the
viaducts
False Creek: 1890
The Freeway Era: 1971
The Freeway Era: 1971
The Freeway Era – Cut Short: 1972
The Freeway Era – Cut Short: 1972
Pre-Expo: 1980s
Vancouver: 1980s to Today
1982 2012
1979
2003
2011
BIG MOVES
THE PROPOSED NETWORK
()
DRAFT AREA PLAN
(
Andy Livingstone Park / Creekside Park Extension
Draft Concept
Draft Concept
Draft Concept
Dunsmuir Elevated Park
Main Street Blocks
Main Street Blocks
Draft Concept
Other City Projects – Arbutus Greenway
BURRARD BRIDGE
55
GRANVILLE BRIDGE TODAY
56
GRANVILLE BRIDGE WITH TWO LANES
REALLOCATED
Ridership in Metro Vancouver vastly
outperforms cities of similar size
Annual
City Metro Population
Annual
Annual
Boardings
Rides
(thousands)
Boardings / •  Ten peer cities
Capita
Denver
DenverVancouver
Metro 2,645,209
2,313,328
2,645,209 363,163
86,659.7
86,660 157/capita
33/capita
of similar size in

Pittsburgh the US and
Pittsburgh
Portland 2,360,733
2,289,800
2,360,733 113,728
65,464.0
65,464 50/capita
28/capita

Vancouver
Canada (±300k)
Metro Vancouver
Denver 2,313,328
2,313,328
2,645,209 363,163.0
363,163
86,660 157/capita
33/capita

Charlotte
Charlotte
Pittsburgh 2,296,569
2,296,569
2,360,733 26,411.6
26,412
65,464 12/capita
28/capita

Portland
Portland
Cleveland 2,289,800
2,289,800
2,063,535 113,727.7
113,728
48,153 50/capita
23/capita
Metro

San Antonio
Vancouver
San Antonio

2,234,003
2,234,003 47,147.1
47,147 21/capita
has higher
Orlando
Orlando

2,223,674
2,223,674 29,364.2
29,364 13/capita ridership than 9
Sacramento
Sacramento

2,196,482
2,196,482 27,280.6
27,281 12/capita of these peer
Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Charlotte 2,128,603
2,128,603
2,296,569 16,356.9
16,357
26,412 8/capita
12/capita
cities

Cleveland
combined
Cleveland
Kansas City 2,063,535
2,063,535
2,038,724 48,152.7
48,153
16,507 23/capita
8/capita

Kansas City
Kansas City
Cincinnati 2,038,724
2,038,724
2,128,603 16,506.5
16,507
16,357 8/capita

Source: American Public Transportation Association 2012 Q4 Ridership Report
Metro Vancouver is the fourth most transit-
oriented region
Annual
City Metro Population
Annual Boardings
(thousands)
Boardings / •  Among best in
Capita
New York City 19,831,858 3,893,854 196/capita

North America
Montreal
Toronto 3,824,221
5,583,064 724,494
1,041,249 189/capita
187/capita
•  Smallest metro
Montreal
Toronto 3,824,221
5,583,064 724,494
1,041,249 189/capita
187/capita
area
Chicago
Metro Vancouver 9,522,434
2,313,328 658,203
363,163 69/capita
157/capita
•  All others have
Los Angeles
Boston 13,052,921
4,640,802 620,903
399,594 48/capita
86/capita
heavy rail and
commuter rail
San FranciscoDC
Washington, Bay 6,349,948
5,860,342 476,219
456,915 75/capita
78/capita
Washington,
San FranciscoDC
Bay 5,860,342
6,349,948 456,915
476,219 78/capita
75/capita •  4th in per capita
Boston
Chicago 4,640,802
9,522,434 399,594
658,203 86/capita
69/capita
ridership
behind only
Metro Vancouver
Philadelphia 2,313,328
6,018,800 363,163
336,981 157/capita
56/capita
New York,
Philadelphia
Los Angeles 6,018,800
13,052,921 336,981
620,903 56/capita
48/capita
Montreal and
Source: American Public Transportation Association 2012 Q4 Ridership
Report, CUTA 2012 Transit Fact Book
Toronto
Highest growth in walking, cycling,
and transit trips across Canada
% Growth in Walking, Cycling, and Transit Trips to Work from 2006 to 2016
60%
+12.0% +20.7%
+7.1%
50%
40%
-4.3%
30%
-5.9%
+0.1% -2.4%
20%
-10.3%
10%
0%
Saskatoon Edmonton Winnipeg Calgary Ottawa Toronto Montreal Vancouver
Source: 2006 and 2016 Census, Journey to Work Data

Recent rail investments have shifted people from
cars to transit
Transit Mode Share – Journey to work
City 1990/96 2009/11 Change % Change

•  Among regions
that have
Metro Vancouver 14.7% 19.7% +5.0% +34.0%
invested in rail
Calgary 12.8% 15.9% +3.1% +24.2%
rapid transit,
Seattle 7.4% 8.7% +1.3% +17.6% Metro
Toronto 22.8% 23.3% +0.5% +2.2% Vancouver has
Denver 4.4% 4.6% +0.2% +4.5% seen the
Portland 6.0% 6.1% +0.1% +1.6%
highest shift in
New York 30.7% 30.5% -0.2% -0.7%
mode share
Los Angeles 6.5% 6.2% -0.3% -4.6%
Dallas 3.2% 1.5% -1.7% -53.1%
Note: Data for US cities covers a 19 year period from 1990-2009;

Data for Canadian cities covers a 15 year period from 1996-2011
Source: Statistics Canada, United States Census Bureau

Congestion Management Strategy
City of Vancouver
Winston Chou
Traffic & Data Management
City of Vancouver
Background
Background
Transportation 2040 Targets:

• Increase walking, cycling,
and transit to two-thirds
• Zero traffic-related fatalities
Background
Key considerations when

implementing T2040:
• Consider impacts to transit,

commercial vehicles, and
general traffic flow prior to
reallocating road space
• Manage traffic to improve

safety, business activity and
neighbourhood livability
• Optimize network operations

with limited street right-of-way
Background
Vancouver partnership with

Public Sector Digest (2016):
• Defining and measure

Congestion
• Survey of Canadian
Municipalities
• Identify Solutions if any
Background
What is Congestion?
• In urban settings, the definition of

congestion is more related to the
experience of the road user
“ …the difference between users’

expectations of the road network
and how it actually performs”
• Should not compare peak period

verses free flow speeds for urban
city roads
Vancouver Context
• Slower moving vehicles can be helpful

to improve neighbourhood livability,
business activity and reduces risk of
traffic-related injuries or fatalities
• Congestion is harmful as it impacts

travel times of transit and goods
movement, and increases emissions
• Sustainable transportation is prioritized

in Vancouver, however vehicle
congestion that is not managed can
negatively affect urban areas and the
economy
Vancouver Context
• Vancouver’s grid network of streets

promotes safety, sustainability,
business activity, and livability
• However, congestion that is not well

managed on arterial streets can lead to
short-cutting in neighbourhoods
• The Congestion Management Strategy

must be aligned with existing City
policies and support safety,
accessibility and livability of local streets
Vancouver Context
• With limited space managing

congestion will need to be smart
and efficient
• Use data and information to

monitor progress and guide
decision making
• Apply technology to optimize the

transportation network
Focus on Predictability and Reliability

Five Priority Goals

1. Improve monitoring of traffic conditions and trends
2. Improve road safety
3. Ensure a smart and efficient transportation system
4. Coordinate street use
5. Prioritize people & goods movement

Five Priority Goals


Priority Goals
GOAL 1: Improve monitoring of traffic conditions and trends
Transportation Panel Survey Results (2013-2017)

Priority Goals
GOAL 1: Improve monitoring of traffic conditions and trends
• Invest in new counting

technology for walk, bike, and
vehicle volumes
• Establish baseline volumes and
travel times along major
arterial streets across the City
• Monitor and mitigate traffic
friction points
Five Priority Goals


Priority Goals
GOAL 2: Improve Road Safety
Vancouver Traffic Related Fatalities (1996-2018)
40 700,000
39
35 600,000
34
Traffic Related Fatalities
32
30
30 500,000
25 26
Population
25 25 25 25
400,000
23
20 21
19 19 300,000
15 16 16
15 15
14
13 13 13 200,000
10
9
5 100,000
0 0
1998
2008
2017
1996
1997
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2018
Priority Goals
• City and UBC partnership using automated video

analytics to assess and validate conflicts at the
intersection
• Extensive georeferencing and video data to collect
telemetry data and near misses
Priority Goals
Priority Goals
Priority Goals
Five Priority Goals


Priority Goals
GOAL 3: Efficient & Smart Transportation System
Manage congestion by
improving reliability on major
arterial streets to protect
neighbourhoods from
shortcutting
Adjust peak-period parking

regulations to support transit
service & overall traffic flow
Priority Goals
Update corridor signal

timing & optimization
Explore emerging technologies

including smart street lighting,
responsive signal timing
systems, Transit Signal Priority
and infrastructure to monitor
and support connected and
automated vehicles
Implement spot improvements

to enhance transit service &
reliability
Priority Goals
CAMBIE
BROADWAY
Priority Goals
Priority Goals
Five Priority Goals


Priority Goals
GOAL 4: Coordinate Street Use
There’s going to be
congestion this
afternoon…
Number of Street Use Permits (TSZ)

6000
5000
4000
Number of TSZ
3000
2000
1000
0
2014 2015 2016
Utilities Filming
Priority Goals
GOAL 4: Coordinate Street Use
Manage congestion through

coordinating street use impacts
related to construction,
development & events
Use software tools to manage
events, construction, and filming to
better communicate to the public
Five Priority Goals


Priority Goals
GOAL 5: Prioritize People and Goods Movement
• Support planning and design for rapid transit

development, including Broadway and B-Line routes
• Support regional mobility pricing, as a demand
management tool and revenue generator for sustainable
transportation
Priority Goals
• Developing a rail transportation grade separation

strategy and upgrading crossings
• Standardize regulations and permitting for commercial
vehicles
Priority Goals
Develop Complete Streets to support overall mode

shift targets and enhance travel time reliability
Five Priority Goals


Next Steps
• Implement and monitor progress
• Work with partners in Metro

Vancouver including Translink and
cities for a shared vision
• Communicate and engage the public

for feedback
City of Vancouver - Transportation Design
UBC Municipal Engineering
Paul Storer, P.Eng.

Manager, Transportation Design
How is Transp ort at ion
E ng ineering D ifferent?
Highly visible with big social impacts (time, money,
mental & physical health, access, happiness,
environment) - deeply political
People don’t behave like water
Measuring causality is VERY complex
Complex relationship with land use
There’s never a “right” answer - requires a

framework of values
Transportation
Design 2D Design
Transp ort at ion 20 4 0
V ulne ra b le R o a d U s e rs
Ped est rians, cyclist s, & m ot orcyclist s are involved in only 3 %
of c ollis ions , but ac c ount for over 70 % of fatalities
P edestrians C yc lists Motorc yc lists

1% 1% 1%
Motor V ehic le
O c c upants
26 %
P edestrians
Motorc yc lists
11% 59 %
Motor V ehic le
O c c upants
9 7% C yc lists
4%
C o llis io ns F a ta litie s
S ourc es: V P D T raffic F atality D ata ( 20 12- 17) , IC B C C ollision D ata ( 20 12- 17)
S usta ina b le Mo d e S ha re
Tre nd s & Ta rg e ts
75% 6 7%
Transit Walking
12%
50 %
50% 44% 7%
22%
40%
4% 27%
3%
15% 16%
33%
25%
22% 23%
16%
0%
2008 2011 2016 2040 Target
For all t rip s b eg inning or end ing in t he Cit y of Vancouver. Source: 20 0 8 & 20 11 T ranslink T rip D iaries, 20 13- 20 16 C ity of
V anc ouv er P anel S urv ey s ( ex c lud ing rec reational trips) , T ransportation 20 4 0 m od e share targ ets.
R id ing a bic yc le s ho uld
no t re q uire brave ry
Many people are interested

in c yc ling but afraid of m otor
vehic le traffic
Transportation
Design Designing for All Ages and Abilities
Vancouver’s AAA Cycling Network
11
Image: www.protectedintersection.com
Protected Intersections:
A Design Approach, Not a Template
Hornby & Pacific
Routing on red phase
CoV Initiatives …
Burrard Bridge
The Burrard Bridge is a major gateway
between Downtown Vancouver and the
western part of the City.
Pre-2009: Shared Sidewalks
Burrard Bridge
Burrard Bridge – 3 Stages of Improvement
1996: Bike Lanes (fail)
1. 2009: Protected Bike Lanes on Bridge
2. 2014: Burrard/Cornwall Protected Intersection
3. 2018: Burrard/Pacific Protected Intersection & East

Sidewalk (and Bridge Repair)
2009 – Protected Bike Lanes
Burrard Bridge - 2009
Southbound
Protected Bike Lane
Northbound
Protected Bike Lane
2010 – Hornby & Dunsmuir Streets
A Downtown Protected Bike Lane Network
2014 – Burrard Cornwall
Intersection Protected Intersection
Before Project
Burrard and Cornwall
After Project
Burrard and Cornwall
Burrard Bridge: Bicycle Trips
1.6
1.4 First Full

Year
1.2 Winter Downtown
Olympics PBLs
Construction
1
(Millions)
0.8
0.6
Burrard Bridge:
Percent women cycling
0.4
2012 33%
2014 38%
0.2
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
12 Month Rolling Total
Burrard Bridge
Rolling Total
2016/2017 – Bridge Repair and
Burrard Pacific Intersection Upgrade
Burrard Bridge – Addressing a Collision Hotspot
Before Project
Burrard at Pacific
Before Project
Burrard at Pacific
Burrard & Pacific Safety Issues
Reallocating a Vehicle Lane to Pedestrians
Burrard Bridge North End Widening
Vancouver’s Next Protected Intersection
Remove turn channels

B urra rd B rid g e C o m p le te
B urra rd B rid g e C o m p le te
Projected Vehicle Travel Times
B urra rd B rid g e Trave l T im e s
For m ot or vehicles, b efore & aft er nort h end chang es
B urra rd B rid g e C yc ling Trip s
Tot als for t he m ont h of July
10th Ave Health
Precinct 10th Ave Project: Health Precinct
Street
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Study Area
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street 10th Ave Traffic Volumes
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Overview
Improvements
So w hat are t he
c halleng es?
10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Street Health Precinct:Health Precinct
Challenges and Opportunities
Project
Improvements
Maintaining efficient ER access

10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
High numbers of pedestrians with accessibility

needs
10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
Vehicles with special accessibility needs

10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
Loading and personal vehicle access for

residences, businesses, and institutions
10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
Primary hospital loading access

10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Street Health Precinct: Health Precinct
Project
Improvements
Wayfinding challenging
10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
Mature tree canopy

10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
High pedestrian volumes

10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
High bike, car, and truck volumes
Over 60% of people biking

on 10th had destinations in
or just outside the Health
Precinct
10 th
10thAve Health
Avenue
Precinct
Corridor
Project
Improvements
Narrow / constrained right-of-way

It ’s not w orking now !
…but w hat c an w e do
about it?
W here can w e g et
s pac e?
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Emergency Service Implications
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Emergency Service Implications
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct Developing Concepts:
Street
Improvements
1-way Motor Vehicle Circulation?
Laurel N
Willow
Broadway
10th
Heather
Oak
Cambie
Ash
Laurel S
11th (service)
10th Ave Health
Precinct Developing Concepts: Vehicle Circulation
Street
Improvements
2-way Oak to Willow
Cambie
Willow
Oak
Broadway
10th
2-way Oak – Willow Recommended

Main loading bay access/egress can continue on Laurel N
Minimizes changes to traffic circulation
Lessens additional traffic burden on Laurel S
Redundancy in the event of road closures (e.g. station construction)
More intuitive access NW
10th Ave Health
Street
Improvements
Bi-directional North Side Section
Concept #1
(one-way section only)
10th Ave Health
Street
Improvements
Bi-directional South Side Section
Concept #2
10th Ave Health
Street
Improvements
Uni-directional Section
Concept #3
10th Ave Health
Street
Improvements
Bi-directional – which side?
Nort h Sid e
P otential C onflic ts : 156 0 30 8 0
14 30 310 0
S outh S id e 4 80 + 490 +
P otential C onflic ts :
Intersec tio n C o nflic ts

N o te: no data fo r 6 low -vo lum e drivew ays ( 2
D rivew ay C o nflic ts o n the no rth s ide, 4 o n the s o uth s ide.
10th Ave Health
Street
Improvements
Driveways, Intersections & Passenger Zones
Laurel N
Willow
Broadway
Skin Care Vancity

10th
Loading
Oak
ER
Cambie
BCCA Res.
11th (service)
Laurel S
Heather
Ash
10th Ave Health
Street
Improvements
Uni-directional Section
Winner
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street 10th Avenue Health Precinct Process
Improvements
Seniors,
P ers ons w ith D is abilities ,
V anc ouver C oastal H ealth,
and
B C C anc er
W ere No t On Bo ard
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street General Feedback
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Improvements
Reb oot ,
R eprioritiz e,
R efram e
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street
Health Precinct Collaborative Process
Improvements
Com p rom ise:
S R W and Trees
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street
Separate Travel Modes
Improvements
10 Act ions
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street
10 Actions
Improvements
1. Create a “Hospital Zone” and educate road users

2. Improve safety and comfort for patients and other
vulnerable pedestrians
3. Enhance pick-up/drop-off areas
4. Ensure convenient parking for patients with disabilities
5. Improve alternate bike routes
6. Physically separate type of road users
7. Convert 10th Ave to one-way westbound
8. Add new bus stops and improve HandyDART access
9. Adjust residential permit parking
10. Establish project evaluation committee
1. Creat e a “Hosp it al
Z one”
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Wayfinding and Messaging
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street 1st Phase Complete
Improvements
2. Im p rove Ped est rian
S afety and C om fort
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Raised Intersections at Willow and Heather
Improvements
Laurel N
Willow
Broadway
10th
ER
Oak
Cambie
11th (service)
Laurel S
Heather
Ash
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Raised Intersections at Willow and Heather
Improvements
Rendering: NACTO
3. Enhance Pick- up /
D rop- off A reas
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Increased / Re-designed Pick-up / Drop-off
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Passenger Loading & Bus Stops
Improvements
Single File Clearly Marked

Bikeway Crossings
Shelter
Vehicle Space Flush

w/ Landing Area
Double
Spaces
10th Ave Health
Precinct Passenger and Bike Volumes at
Street Pick-up / Drop-off Zones
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Passenger Loading & Bus Stops
Improvements
Image: MassDOT (2015)

10th Ave Health
Precinct Mary Pack Passenger Loading Zone
Street
Improvements – Artist’s Rendering
4 . Increase Parking for
P atients w ith
A c c ess ibility N eeds
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Parking
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Health Precinct Parking Supply and Usage
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Street Probability of Finding Vacant On-Street Parking
Improvements
5. Im p rove A lt ernat e
B ike R outes
10th Ave Health Improvements to 7th Ave and New Parallel
Precinct
Street
Route on 14th Ave with a North-South
Improvements Connection West of Oak St.
7th
Heather
Broadway
10th
Cambie
Oak
12th
Yukon
Alder
14th
There w ere 69 vehicle collisions rep ort ed
on 10 th A venue in the H ealth P rec inc t that
involved people w alking or c yc ling in the
past 7 years ( 20 0 9 to 20 15) .
T he re c o m m e nd e d d e s ig n wo uld
have e lim ina te d o r m itig a te d 70 %-
9 0 % o f the s e c o llis io ns , inc luding the
1/4 related to on- street parking and 1/4
related to turn c onflic ts at O ak S t and
10 th A ve.
Based on City of Vancouver analysis of detailed descriptions documented in ICBC data that
records collisions that involved people walking or cycling on 10th Ave in the Health Precinct.
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Improvements
10th Ave Health
Precinct
Improvements
Central Valley Greenway
Quebec Street and W 1st Avenue
Before Project
Quebec at 1st
After Project
Quebec at 1st
Before Project
Quebec at 1st
After Project
Quebec at 1st
10th Ave Policy and Funding
S a fe ty Im p rove m e nts
Safety
Improvements Knight and Marine Drive
Safety
Safety
Access improvement
10th Ave Policy and Funding
U P C O MIN G :
G ra nv ille B rid g e
A B rid g e D e s ig ne d fo r F re ew ay s tha t we re
N eve r B uilt
Mo to r V e hic le V o lum e s ove r F a ls e C re e k B rid g e s
p er lane d uring b usiest t im es
2000
Motor Vehicles per Lane per
1750 The eig ht -lane

1500 Excess Granville
1250 Cap acit y Brid g e has
1000 Mid -sp an sig nificant
Hour
750
ext ra cap acit y.
500
250
0
Burrard Granville Cambie
2018 Average AM Peak Hour Northbound
2018 Average PM Peak Hour Southbound
Theoretical Capacity per Lane
Burrard Bridge = 2 lanes in each direction. Granville Bridge = 4 lanes in each direction. Cambie Bridge = 3 lanes
C ha lle ng e s :
Ped est rian Accessib ilit y
C ha lle ng e s :
Uncom fort ab le U ns ig naliz ed P edestrian C ross ing s
C ha lle ng e s :
No B uffer F rom H ig h- S peed & H ig h-V olum e Traffic
C ha lle ng e s :
No Ded icat ed & Prot ect ed Sp ace for Biking
P ro p o s e d G o a ls
Ma k e w a lk ing & c y c ling s a fe r,

a c c e ss ib le, m o re c o m fo rta b le
P rov id e d ire c t & c o nve nie nt
c o nne c tio ns
C re a te a n e njoy a b le ex p e rie nc e
fo r a ll
A c c o m m o d a te m o to r ve hic le s
A c hieve g o o d va lue fo r m o ney
D e s ig n w ith the future in m ind
Council Orientation 2019
Zero Waste & Resource Recovery (ZWRR)

Who am I?
•  Albert Shamess
–  Director – Waste Management and Resource Recovery
–  City of Vancouver
•  Over 30 years of experience in Solid Waste Management
•  Worked in over a dozen countries worldwide
•  Only Canadian designated as an International Waste
Manager by the ISWM
•  In Vancouver since 2012
•  Contact – albert.shamess@vancouver.ca
2
Agenda
•  Solid Waste Management in context
•  Solid Waste Collection and Disposal
•  Public Realm Cleanliness
•  Zero Waste Strategy
•  Questions
3
Waste Management in Context
4
Historical Context
Modern Systems
Not so Historic photos
Near North Mumbai Garbage fire Jan. 2016
New Delhi
Vancouver 2016 Reynosa, Mx. 2014

Jurisdictional Scan
•  Federal – High level guidelines through CCME
•  Authority rests with Province

–  Regulator (Environmental Management Act, Recycling Regulation)
–  Establishes Stewardship programs – Encorp, RecycleBC, others
•  Metro Vancouver (GVRD)

–  Transfer and Disposal – all except Vancouver
–  Long range Regional planning & coordination
–  Facility Licensing
•  City of Vancouver
–  Collection
–  Transfer station and Vancouver Landfill
–  Street cleaning
8
Regional Waste System at a Glance
Simplified
Waste sources Processing solutions
City of Vancouver
Vancouver Landfill
(owned and operated by CoV)
~750kT ashes
Waste to Energy
Other municipalities of (Burnaby)
the Region
280kT
USA
~70kT
9
Solid Waste Facilities in Metro Vancouver
10
Collections
11
Garbage and Green Bin
•  Utility funded (user fees)
•  Labour ~ 60 staff
•  Equipment ~ 40 trucks
•  110,000 single family properties
•  34,000 tpy garbage
•  50,000 tpy organics
Collection Costs
•  Garbage bins
Bin size 2019 2018 2017
75 L $83 $84 $75
120 L $96 $96 $86
180 L $112 $114 $102
240 L $129 $131 $117
360 L $163 $165 $148
•  Green bins
Bin size 2019 2018 2017
120 L $126 $119 $111
180 L $148 $140 $130
240 L $170 $161 $150
360 L $214 $203 $189
13
Recycling
•  No longer City delivered.

•  Turned over to RecycleBC Oct. 3, 2016
Public Realm Cleanliness
15
Public Realm Cleanliness
$12 million budget

Primarily tax supported
40 heavy equipment +
~60 staff in operations
+ 7 staff - enforcement
Other Programs
•  Communication & Education

•  Billboards, social media campaign, transit panels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF1V00W3LbI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZyPKxEWnDM
•  Partnerships & Collaboration – BIA’s, Social Enterprises

•  Street Cleaning Grants - $1,500,000/yr.
•  Neighborhood Clean-ups ~25,000 volunteers
Transfer and Disposal
18
Vancouver South Transfer Station
~160,000 TPY of waste

(36,000 TPY City collected)
Plus 48,000 TPY Green Bin material
~10,000 truck loads

400,000 km driving = 10x around the earth
19
Weigh Scales
•  VLF and VSTS

•  Every load weighed
•  323,000 customers (2018)
•  Payments received
–  cash, credit, debit
•  ~$35 million/yr
•  Avg. $108/tonne
20
Zero Waste Centre - VSTS
•  21 material streams currently

accepted
•  Scrap metal, cardboard, electronics,
foam, plastic packaging most
popular
•  Added light bulbs (43,700 units),
bicycles and cooking oil in 2018
•  Textiles - ~4,000 kg/month
•  Materials planned:
•  Roll-out flexible plastic packaging
•  Motor oil and antifreeze
•  Hard plastic products
•  Average 360 customers per day

•  Educational tours offered to
public of all solid waste facilities
21
Fun Recycling Facts (2017)
•  5,605 fridges and freezers
•  1 tonne of books every week
•  A swimming pool full of plastic bags every month
•  Enough foam packaging in a year to fill an NHL ice rink

10’ deep
•  32,000 mattresses
–  if stacked ~ 3 times the height of Whistler
22
Vancouver Landfill
23
Vancouver Landfill
Location: Delta
Began operations: 1966
Total property: 320 hectares
Landfill footprint: 225 hectares
Annual Operating Budget: ~$17.5M
Annual capacity 750,000 TPY
Number of Staff: Approx. 70
24
Landfill Gas Collection System – Jan 2018
25
Landfill Gas Collection
•  Collection since 1991; utilization since 2003

•  Control of odours and GHG emissions
•  LFG collection efficiency target of 75% set by Province
26
Landfill Gas Utilization
Village Farms Cogeneration

•  20 year Agreement ending in 2023
•  4 CAT 3532 reciprocating engines
•  7.4 MW, electricity for 6000 homes
•  LFG fired boilers & waste heat utilization
for greenhouses
Future Fortis RNG facility

•  20 year Agreement
•  265,000 GJ of energy/yr
•  Scalable
•  Construction 2019/2020
27
Fill Phases and Progressive Closure
28
Landfill Progressive Closure
•  “Closure” involves the installation and long-term maintenance of

environmental protection infrastructure (landfill cover, biogas,
leachate management)
•  Regulatory requirements – full closure costs plus 30 yr post closure
mtce. funding in the bank the day the site closes
•  Estimated cost: $150M (2018)
•  CoV and Metro share closure liability

–  Based on portions of waste in place
–  Metro’s current share approx. 31.5%
29
Environmental Management - Water
30
Environmental Management - Monitoring
31
Environmental Management - Bird Control
Regulatory requirement
•  Raptors
•  Whips
•  Pyrotechnics
•  Pistols firing blanks
•  Decoys
32
A Unique Environment
Sparrow nest boxes Bat box
Bird house
33
Zero Waste Strategy
34
Obstacles to Zero Waste
•  Consumption = economic growth
•  Low priced goods = replace instead of repair
•  Speed of technology change = replace early and often
•  Changes in materials = challenging to recycle
•  Single use disposable = quick, convenient, clean and

safe
35
Reducing Waste to Disposal
Composition of Waste Currently Landfilled (2016)
Paper
MIXED
Other Waste 7% Plastic
17%
WASTE
11%
RECOVERY
Compostable
Construction Organics
C&D & Demolition
24%
RECOVERY 40%
Sources: Metro Vancouver 2016 Solid Waste Management Annual Summary; Metro
Vancouver 2017 Multi-family Waste Composition Study; Metro Vancouver 2016 Solid
Waste Composition Report; Metro Vancouver 2015 DLC Waste Composition Report
36
Current Situation
23% less waste disposed

progress (2016)
600,000 tonne gap

50% less waste disposed
target (2020)
37
Zero Waste 2040
May 31, 2016: Council directed staff to develop a long-

term plan for transforming Vancouver into a zero waste
community by 2040.
June 5, 2018: Council approved the Zero Waste 2040

Strategic Plan after two years of research, planning
and consultation (reached 7,000 people/organizations
in person and 25,000 on line)
38
Priority Actions
Zero Waste 2040 Strategic Plan:

ü Transformative Action #1: Refocus operations of
Vancouver Landfill to recovery & diversion over
disposal
ü  Priority Action #1: Develop a plan to recover wood

and produce biofuel from demolition materials at the
Vancouver Landfill
ü  Priority Action #4: Identify and plan organics

processing opportunities
ü  Priority Action #8: Develop new reduction, diversion

& recovery strategies targeting paper and plastic
39
Diversion Opportunities
3 streams Current situation (VLF only) Business Cases Underway
•  ~120kTonnes currently disposed

? •  Biofuel
C&D at the landfill
Recovery •  Material to support operations
•  Successful biofuel pilot with
(demo hog)
LaFarge 2018
Source ?
•  ~50kTonnes under contract with •  Composting and/or digestion with
Separated Enviro Smart RNG production
Organics
•  Organics: composting and/or

? digestion with RNG production
•  Organics & other wastes
Mixed Waste disposed to the landfill •  Other waste: Refuse Derived Fuel
– Cement Kilns
40
Diversion Opportunities
41
Strategic Approach
42
Why a Single-Use Item
Reduction Strategy
Thrown in garbage each week:

•  7 million plastic straws
•  2.6 million plastic-lined paper cups
•  2 million plastic bags
Material in public waste bins:
•  50% cups and take-out containers
Large litter on land:
•  41% cups and take-out containers
•  3% plastic & paper bags
Shoreline litter:
•  9% small foam pieces
•  3% plastic & paper bags
•  2% plastic straws & stir sticks
Cost to taxpayers: $2.5M/year
43
Areas of focus
•  Polystyrene foam cups and polystyrene take-out

containers.
•  Plastic straws.
•  Disposable utensils
•  Disposable cups
•  Plastic/paper shopping bags.
•  Currently in stakeholder consultations.
44
Questions?
45
MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Municipal Stormwater Systems – Culverts
CHRIS JOHNSTON


•  Cost Estimates
•  Culvert Design
2
OUTLINE
1.  Final Exam

2.  Culvert Hydraulics
3.  Culverts and Fish Passage
4.  YouTube Video of Culvert Hydraulics
5.  YouTube Video of Collapsing Culvert
3
FINAL EXAM
•  3 parts: Acronyms, Multiple Choice, Design Problems

•  Acronyms: similar to mid term, but weighted more on
end of course
•  Design Problems: based on design aspects of the
assignments (water and storm) and sanitary design
•  Cheat Sheet: Yes. Double sided 8.5” x 11”
•  Calculation: Yes. Not programmable though.
•  Exam Length: 2.5 hours

FINAL EXAM
•  Acronyms: go through the slides and write down the

acronyms
•  Unit Conversions, Metric vs. US: write down conversions
(psi vs kPa vs water column of water, ha vs sq.m., etc.)
•  Design Problems: know how to size a pipe for storm and
sanitary systems, know the FUS guidelines and write
down what you need.
5
OUTLINE
1.  Final Exam

6
Basic Hydraulics: Culverts – I
Selected slides Courtesy of the Texas Department of Transportation

Concepts
•  A culvert conveys surface water through a
roadway embankment or away from the highway
right-of-way (ROW) or into a channel along the
ROW
•  In addition to the hydraulic function, the culvert
must also support construction and highway traffic
and earth loads; therefore, culvert design involves
both hydraulic and structural design
•  Culverts are considered minor structures, but they
are of great importance to adequate drainage and
the integrity of the facility.
Definitions
•  Culvert = relatively short length of conduit
used to transport water through an
embankment

•  Components

–  Outlet

–  Barrel(s)

–  Inlet
Shapes
•  T y p i c a l l y , s e v e r a l s h a p e s p r o v i d e
hydraulically adequate design alternatives:

Shapes
•  Typically, several shapes provide hydraulically
adequate design alternatives:
Ø Circular – The most common shape used for

culverts, this shape is available in various strengths
and sizes. The need for cast-in-place construction is
generally limited to culvert end treatments and
appurtenances.
Ø Box (rectangular) – A rectangular culvert lends itself

more readily than other shapes to low allowable
headwater situations.

Shapes (cont’d)
Ø Pipe-arch and elliptical – Generally used in lieu of
circular pipe where there is limited cover or overfill,
structural strength characteristics usually limit the
height of fill over these shapes when the major axis
of the elliptical shape is laid in the horizontal plane.
These shapes are typically more expensive than
circular shapes for equal hydraulic capacity.
Ø Arch – Arch culverts span a stream using the

natural streambed as the bottom. As a result arch
culverts serve well in situations where the designer
wishes to maintain the natural stream bottom for
reasons such as fish passage.
Multiple barrel culverts
Materials
•  Commonly used culvert materials include concrete
(reinforced and non-reinforced), steel (smooth and
corrugated), aluminum (smooth and corrugated), and
plastic (smooth and corrugated)
•  The selection of material for a culvert depends on:

–  structure strength,
–  hydraulic efficiency,
–  installation, local construction practices,
–  durability,
–  cost.
Pertinent dimensions
Circular culvert – Box culvert – rise &
diameter span
Terminology
HW = headwater
TW = tailwater
Headwater
•  Headwater is the depth of water on the
entrance or upstream side of the culvert as
measured from the inlet invert
•  The Tailwater is the depth of water on the

exit or downstream side of the culvert, as
measured from the downstream invert
Culvert hydraulics
•  What we need to know:
–  For given discharge, what size culvert is required
to carry the flow without overtopping
embankment?
–  For given culvert size, will specified discharge
overtop?
–  For given culvert size, what is capacity without
overtopping?
•  To answer these, must compute headwater
depth, using principles of hydraulics

What is control?
•  “Control” of culvert flow may be:
–  At inlet (inlet control)
–  At outlet (outlet control).
•  Analysis of a culvert requires us to:
–  Assume inlet control, calculate headwater depth.
–  Assume outlet control, calculate headwater
depth for control at outlet.
–  Pick higher of two values as appropriate
headwater value.
KEY POINT: DO CALCULATION FOR BOTH!!
Data needed for culvert analysis
Item Inlet control Outlet control
Inlet area X X
Inlet edge configuration X X
Barrel shape X X
Barrel roughness X
Barrel area X
Barrel length X
Barrel slope X X
Tailwater elevation X
Inlet control
•  Occurs when flow capacity of entrance is less than
flow capacity of barrel.
•  Control section is located just inside culvert entrance.
•  Water surface passes through critical depth.
•  Inlet capacity depends on entrance geometry.
•  Hydraulic
profiles for
Inlet Control
Computing Inlet
Control Headwater

•  Culvert headwater depth for
inlet control depends on the
inlet shape and efficiency
•  Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA)
developed a series of
nomographs for standard
culvert shapes that compute
headwater depth for inlet
control
Using Culvert Nomographs
•  Identify the culvert type (concrete pipe, box, CMP, etc.).
•  Find correct nomograph.
•  Start on the pipe diameter scale line
•  Draw a straight line through the discharge scale line
•  Read the value of HW/D from the appropriate HW/D scale for
the entrance type for your culvert.
–  Usually two or three “scales” on nomograph that
represent the type of inlet.
–  For example, on next page, scales for (1) square edge with
head wall; (2) groove end with headwall; (3) groove end
projecting
Example of
Nomograph
Example:
D = 42 in.
Q = 120 cfs
Scale HW/D HW (ft)

(1) 2.5 8.8
(2) 2.1 7.4
(3) 2.2 7.7
Entrance treatment
Source: HEC-2 Users Manual

Entrance efficiency
Outlet control
•  Occurs when flow capacity is limited by downstream
conditions (high-tailwater) or by capacity of the
barrel
Outlet Control Examples
Outlet control computations
•  To analyze, use energy equation:
2
vup 2
vdown
Z up + HW + = Z down + TW + + hL
2g 2g

where Zup = upstream invert elevation; HW = depth at inlet;
Vup = average velocity upstream; g = acceleration of gravity;
Zdown = downstream invert elevation; TW = depth at outlet;
Vdown = average velocity downstream; hL = total energy loss
through culvert.
•  Since Vup ≈ Vdown we can simplify the equation

HW = (Zdown − Zup ) + TW + hL
Energy loss equations
•  Energy loss is
hL = he + hf + ho

in which hL= total head loss; he= entrance loss; hf = friction
loss; ho= outlet (exit) loss
•  Friction loss estimated with Manning’s equation
 Qn 
2
 Qn 
2
hf = L   ;(if full and circular then) L  8/3 

2/3
 1.486 A R   0.464 D 

in which L = culvert length (feet); Q = flow rate in the culvert
(cfs); n = Manning's roughness coefficient; A = area of flow
(square feet); R = hydraulic radius (feet)
Entrance loss coefficients
Type of Structure and Design of Entrance Coefficient, ken
Concrete Pipe Projecting from Fill (no headwall):
Socket end of pipe 0.2
Square cut end of pipe 0.5
Concrete Pipe with Headwall or Headwall and
Wingwalls:
Socket end of pipe (grooved end) 0.2
Square cut end of pipe 0.5
Rounded entrance, with rounding radius = 1/12 of diameter 0.2
Concrete Pipe:
Mitered to conform to fill slope 0.7
End section conformed to fill slope 0.5
Beveled edges, 33.7 or 45 degree bevels 0.2
Side slope tapered inlet 0.2
Corrugated Metal Pipe or Pipe-Arch:
Projected from fill (no headwall) 0.9
Headwall or headwall and wingwalls square edge 0.5
Mitered to conform to fill slope 0.7
End section conformed to fill slope 0.5
Beveled edges, 33.7 or 45 degree bevels 0.2
Side slope tapered inlet 0.2
Weir flow
•  Flow over the roadway can be computed as
weir flow.
•  Check the the headwater elevation to see if
weir flow occurs.
–  If headwater elevation is higher than the
roadway, use iterative procedure, balancing
weir and culvert flow.
–  Solution found when weir flow and culvert
flow produce same headwater elevations.

Qtotal = Qweir + Qculvert = Qgiven
Flow analysis for culverts
Outlet Control Culvert Plus Roadway
Headwater Elevation (ft)
Overtopping
Roadway Crest
Inlet Control
Top of Culvert
Flow Rate (cfs)

Headwater
•  Energy is required to force flow through a culvert. Energy
takes the form of an increased water surface elevation on
the upstream side of the culvert. The depth of the
upstream water surface measured from the invert at the
culvert entrance is generally referred to as headwater
depth.
•  The headwater subtended by a culvert is a function of
several parameters, including the culvert geometric
configuration.
•  The culvert geometric configuration elevation consists of
the number of barrels, barrel dimensions, length, slope,
entrance characteristics, and barrel roughness
characteristics.
OUTLINE

36
DESIGN OF CULVERTS FOR FISH PASSAGE
If the culvert will be

constructed in fish
habitat, additional
design criteria are
required.
37
EXAMPLE OF FISH PASSAGE CRITERIA
38
OUTLET POOL AND TAILWATER
39
BAFFLES
40
BAFFLES (CONT.)
41
CULVERT VELOCITIES AND FISH
42
OUTLINE

43
US MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION CULVERT HYDRAULICS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnXmGyb_hKQ&t=267s

YouTube Video is 45 min long

Outlet Control: 11:30

Inlet Control: 28:38
44
OUTLINE

45
CULVERT AND ROAD COLLAPSE: MAINE, 2008
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTbhyHNA1Vc
46
UBC Civil Engineering
CIVL 409
Resource Recovery in Municipal Systems
April 3, 2019
Mike Homenuke, P.Eng. – Kerr Wood Leidal

Resource Recovery
This is bio-oil made from poo.

Resource Recovery
Outline
1. What is Resource Recovery?
2. Circular Economy
3. Resource Streams and Technologies
4. Economics and Business Cases

Resource Recovery
What is it?
Integrated Resource Recovery
Energy
+
Solid Waste Liquid Waste
(Image: BC Ministry of Community, Sport and Cultural Development)

Resource Recovery
Key Drivers for IRR
Metro Vancouver and its member municipalities have stated targets for
Climate reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Other climate-related issues include
Action drought, sea level rise and increasing weather intensity.
Liquid and solid waste discharges require permits under the Environmental
Regulatory Management Act and others. Metro Vancouver’s Integrated Solid and Liquid
Waste Resource Management Plans promote resource recovery.
There is increasing demand for renewable energy due to climate change

Market commitments by all levels of government as well as many corporations.
Opportunities Locally-sourced biofuels and waste heat recovery for district energy are key
opportunities.
Many new technologies are being developed that are

Innovation changing the way we look at managing waste resources.
Resource Recovery
From a Linear Economy to a Circular Economy
Source: government.nl
Resource Recovery
What Happens When We Consider Waste as a

Resource – Swedish District Heating
Energy supplied to district heating in Sweden 1970–

2010 in TWh. Sources: Swedish Energy Agency and
Statistics, Sweden. www.sciencedirect.com
Resource Recovery
Resource Streams
Energy Liquid Waste Organic Solid Nutrients &

Waste Other Materials
Heat Raw Sewage Food Waste
Ammonia
Electricity Reclaimed Yard Waste
Water
Phosphorus
Biofuels Wood Waste
Sewage Micro-Algae
Compost /
Sludge Soils CO2
Industrial Agricultural Minerals
Wastewater Waste Metals
Biosolids
Resource Recovery
Integrated Municipal Waste Systems

Raw Preliminary
Sewage Treatment
Primary
Wastewater Treatment
Treatment Secondary
Treatment
Treated
Effluent
Clean CO2
Algal
Process
Sludge Heat
Exchanger District
Ultraviolet Cooling
Wet Organic Waste 17°°C
Anaerobic Or Ozone
Disinfection 4°°C
Digester
Heat Pumps Useable Water

Digestate Gas for Irrigation
Biosolids Clean-up
Dewatering
Centrate Biogas
(N.P. Recovery) Gas
District
Upgrade
Heating
Dryer
To Gas Grid
Gasification Biomethane
Plant Biomethane
Dried Biosolids Heat Heat
Combined
Synthesis Heat & Power
Metals & Ash Gas
Dry Organic Waste
Electricity
Organics Recycling Clean CO2

CO2 Capture &
Catalytic Processing
Energy Production
Resource Recovery
Organics Recycling
Soil Fabrication
Biosolids
WW Sludge Drying
/ Digestate
Anaerobic
Animal Manure Direct Use
Digestion
WET
Trucked Heat
Liquid Waste Biogas
Power
Food Waste
Biomethane
Yard Waste
DRY
Composting Soil
Wood Waste
Combustion / Heat
Gasification
Power
Resource Recovery
Surrey Biofuel Facility
• “Dry Stackable” Anaerobic

Digesters
• Closed-loop – the biogas is

used to power the waste
collection truck fleet
• Advanced odour control
Photo Credit: Peace Arch News
The Surrey Biofuel Facility opened in 2017

and processes source-separated organics
into compost and biogas. The biogas is
upgraded and sold to FortisBC.
Resource Recovery
Organics Recycling – Key Concepts
REGULATIONS HOW DOES IT WORK? WHAT’S HAPPENING NOW
Regulated by Organic Matter Basic concept is to stabilize Metro Vancouver banned

Recycling Regulation (OMMR) organic wastes for safe landfilling and incineration of
in BC. disposal or re-use using organics in 2015.
microbial treatment.
Classifies residuals as “A” or Most of Metro Vancouver’s

“B” in terms of pathogen and Composting is aerobic, with biosolids are used for forestry
contaminant content. CO2 and H2O being the main and mine reclamation. Most
emissions. food and yard waste is
composted, but some is
Class A compost can be converted to biofuel.
applied anywhere. Biosolids Digestion is anaerobic and
use is heavily regulated. produces 65% methane, 30%
Animal manure is less CO2 and 5% H2O and other Compost market in Metro
regulated. gases. Vancouver is saturated, but
lots of opportunities in
biofuels.
Resource Recovery
Organics Recycling – Rule of Thumb Calcs
We are really talking about carbon recycling:

Aerobic: Microbes + CnHnN + O2 → CO2 + H2O + NH3 + Heat
(biomass) (ammonia)
Anaerobic: Heat + Microbes + CH3COOH + H2 → CO2 + CH4

(acetic acid) (methane)
Digestion reduces total solids mass by about 50-60%
Composting reduces total solids mass by about half, needs about 2:1
ratio of “brown” to “green” biomass (25:1 C to N)
1 dry tonne of sludge yields 3 to 5 GJ of biogas

http://www.compost.org/English/PDF/Technical_Document_MSW_Organics_Processing_2013.pdf
Resource Recovery
Biofuels
Solids Liquids Gases
Wood Waste Biocrude Digester

Dried Biosolids Biojet Biogas
Biochar Pyrolysis Oil Landfill Gas
Biocoal Biodiesel Biomethane
Bioethanol Syngas
Resource Recovery
Biofuel Energy Content
Wood Waste 22 GJ / dry tonne, usually about 30-50% moisture
Dried Biosolids
18 GJ / dry tonne, but needs about 10 GJ / tonne of
heat to dry
Biogas
25 GJ / 1,000 m3 at standard conditions
Bioethanol 33-36 GJ / 1,000 L
Biodiesel 33-36 GJ / 1,000 L

Resource Recovery
Biogas Use Options

Cogeneration:
– Cogeneration facilities at two MV WWTPs
– Provides 50-60% of electricity and ~100%
heating
– Over $1 M saved at each facility per year
– Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
– High maintenance costs
Biogas Upgrading:
– Digester gas is about 60-65% methane, 30%
CO2
– Other impurities are siloxanes, water vapour,
hydrogen sulfide
– FortisBC requires 99% pure biomethane
– Biogas from WWTPs is naturally green
– Upgrading to biomethane can displace
natural gas in traditional uses
– Implementation underway at one MV WWTP
Resource Recovery
North Shore Wastewater Treatment Plant
Photo: Metro Vancouver
• Replacement for old Lions Gate WWTP in North Vancouver

• Upgrade to secondary treatment
• Scheduled for completion by 2020
• Will feature biogas co-generation, effluent heat recovery, reclaimed water
and capability for nutrient recovery in the future
Resource Recovery
Water Reclamation
Potential Uses:
• Irrigation
• Toilet Flushing
• Cooling Water
• Dust Control
• Sewer Flushing
http://www.docksidegreen.com/sustainability/environment/
• Industrial Washdown
• Indirect Potable Reuse • Cement Production
• Hydro-excavation
• Spray Parks
• Greater Exposure Potential
• Decorative Ponds
• Moderate Exposure Potential
• Lower Exposure Potential

Resource Recovery
Water Reclamation – How Much for Municipal

Systems (aka Purple Pipe)?
• Toilet Flushing
– New Toilets 4.8 L / Flush x 5 Flushes / day = 24 L/c/d
– Typical total indoor use in new construction 180-200 L/c/d
– Potential ~12-18% savings for indoor use
• Irrigation
(assume 70% for spray irrigation)

Resource Recovery
Heat Recovery & District Energy
Biomass
Energy Centre Distribution Piping

Wastewater
Biogas
Energy Transfer
Hydronics
Station
Natural Gas
Energy Sources (note: there are more than just these!)

Resource Recovery
False Creek Energy Centre
• Owned and operated by

City of Vancouver, opened
in 2010
• 2.8 MW sewage heat pump
• Provides heat to 400,000

m2 of buildings in False
Creek neighbourhood
• Major expansions planned

for near future
Resource Recovery
Sewage Energy
• Can use for

heating and
cooling
• Use raw
sewage or
treated effluent
• Can be
economically
competitive
heat source
Resource Recovery
How Does Sewage Heat Recovery Work?
Grit / Grease Removal

Raw Sewage
Hot Water To Buildings
6 mm Screens Back to
Chilled Sewage Sewer
Heat Pumps System
(Hot Water 65 ºC to 80 ºC)
Sewage Pumps
Resource Recovery
How Does Sewage Heat Recovery Work?

Energy to Evaporator [kW] = Energy from Condenser
Flow [L/s] x Temperature Drop [ºC] [kW] = Evaporator Heat [kW]
x Specific Heat of Water [4.186 kJ/kg/K] + Compressor Heat [kW]
Hot Water
Return
Warm
Sewage 50 ºC
Expansion Valve
15 ºC
Evaporator Heat Pump Condenser
10 ºC Compressor
Hot Water
Cooled Supply
Sewage
Refrigerant (e.g. r134a) 65-80 ºC
Electricity
Coefficient of Performance (COP):
COP = Energy Output / Work done by Compressor
For sewage COP about 2.5 to 3.5

Resource Recovery
Mapping Sewer Heat

Resource Recovery
What Opportunities are on the Horizon?
Nutrient Recovery Micro-Algae Hydrothermal Carbon Capture

Processing
Resource Recovery
Resource Recovery Project Economics
Benefits Costs
Resource Recovery
Resource Recovery Business Cases
• Lifecycle Analysis
– Capital
– O&M
– Input Feedstocks
– Output Products
• Triple Bottom Line

– Environment
– Community
– Financial
Resource Recovery
Resource Recovery Project Viability
Metro Vancouver now

includes a $150 / t CO2e
carbon valuation in its
business case analysis for
capital projects. This is
roughly equivalent to the
societal cost of emissions.
from Jeff
Carmichael,
Metro
Vancouver
Resource Recovery
Summary
Waste streams are now

resources
New technologies and

policies are enabling the
Circular Economy
Resource recovery projects

still need to be justified
based on sustainable
business cases
Resource Recovery
Thanks!
Jeff Carmichael
Division Manager, Utility Research and Innovation
Metro Vancouver
jeff.carmichael@metrovancouver.org
Mike Homenuke, P.Eng.

Utility Management Sector Leader
Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd.
mhomenuke@kwl.ca

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MUNICIPAL

Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton

1. History of Municipal Infrastructure

1. History of Municipal Infrastructure

ICI = Industrial, Commercial, Institutional

1. History of Municipal Infrastructure

• Most major cities have some level of a GIS database

• City of Surrey (COSMOS)

• District of North Vancouver (GEOWEB)

1. History of Municipal Infrastructure

• Complex, no exact determination

Every 5 years, a Canada-wide census is undertaken. This information provides detailed

1. History of Municipal Infrastructure

Home Major Industrial

Census Employment Usually not

Method 2: Existing Development: The

Example Method 1: The density for C-8

Lot Area: 55,080 sq. m (5.5 Ha)

• Existing Land Use with existing census populations and equivalents

• Additional “date-based” scenarios may be developed based on a combination of the

Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton

1. Personal Water Use Survey

What category do you fall into?

1. Personal Water Use Survey

Key Documents for the Water Infrastructure Part of the

P = 1 m W.C. = ~1.4223 psi = ~9.81 kPa

• BD: Winter Base Demand

Low Median High

*All values in L/ca/day

Required Fireflows – FUS or Municipal

• Required pressure, depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d;

Chlorine residual – 0.2 mg/L typ.

• Corrosion – material selection, ancillary protection, evaluation of

Total Dynamic Static Pressure (P)

HGL (m) = Datum (m) + Elevation (m) + Pressure (m W.C.)

Head Losses (HL) = Friction Losses + Minor Losses

Dyn. Pressure (P) Dyn. Pressure (P)

HGL (m) = Elevation (m) + Pressure (m W.C.)

HGL (m) = Elevation (m) + Pressure (m W.C.)

Water network modelling

• Municipal Design Standards (eg. City of Surrey, Squamish, Maple Ridge)

1. Personal Water Use Survey

Reservoir Sizing – A+B+C

• A: Fire Protection V=Q•t

Watermain Sizing Distribution–

Watermain Sizing Transmission

Underground, David Macaulay, Houghton

1. Calculation of Fireflows

The Fire Underwriters Survey

National Fire Protection

C = 1.5 as this is a wood frame house

Q = 3,477 L/m rounded to nearest 1000 L/m =

Building separation: 4m either side

Q = 3,000 x 1.4 = 4,200 L/m = 70 L/s

Reservoir Sizing – A+B+C

• A: Fire Protection V=Q•t (FUS calculation and duration)

• Required pressure, depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d;

• Fire broke out at approximately 5am

Due to the duration of the

The City of White Rock

The fire location was at the

The system was capable of

Fire They weren’t complete. The

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

•  Most major cities have some level of a GIS database

•  City of Surrey (COSMOS)

•  District of North Vancouver (GEOWEB)

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

•  Complex, no exact determination

1.  History of Municipal Infrastructure

•  Existing Land Use with existing census populations and equivalents

•  Additional “date-based” scenarios may be developed based on a combination of the

1.  Personal Water Use Survey

1.  Personal Water Use Survey

•  BD: Winter Base Demand

•  Required pressure, depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d;

•  Corrosion – material selection, ancillary protection, evaluation of

•  Municipal Design Standards (eg. City of Surrey, Squamish, Maple Ridge)

1.  Personal Water Use Survey

•  A: Fire Protection V=Q•t

1.  Calculation of Fireflows

•  A: Fire Protection V=Q•t (FUS calculation and duration)

•  Required pressure, depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d;

•  Fire broke out at approximately 5am

1.  Calculation of Fireflows

•  Calculate irrigation use based on irrigation

•  too variable for a single “textbook” value

•  Single Family Small Lot, Surrey

•  Design Criteria: qi = 300 L/cap/d, New

•  Design Criteria: qi = 300 L/cap/d, New

•  IRt = 9 mm/week © CITY OF VANCOUVER

1.  Calculation of Fireflows

•  Fully Restrained (FR):

•  Locally Restrained (LR):

–  Concrete thrust blocks (LR)

•  Concrete thrust blocks:

•  Concrete thrust blocks:

•  Concrete gravity blocks (for vertical

•  Wedge action restraints (WAR):

•  Wedge action restraints (WAR):

•  Serrated split-ring restraints:

•  Restrained Tyton Joint Pipe: