Engine systems 2

Lubrication System Components

The oil pump (1) operates whenever the engine is turning to provide continuous circulation of oil
through the engine.

Coolant circulates through the oil cooler (2), which transfers heat from the oil to the coolant. This
lowers the oil temperature and protects its lubricating properties.

The replaceable oil filter (3) cleans the oil by collecting metal particles and other debris that can
damage engine parts.

Lubrication System Components (cont.)

The oil pan (sump) (1) bolts to the bottom of the engine and is the reservoir for the engine oil. The
oil fill pipe is where oil is poured into the engine.

A bypass valve (2) redirects the flow of oil around certain components to avoid restrictions, such
as a clogged oil filter or cold oil cooler.

If the flow of oil is restricted in the system, the relief valve will open at a certain pressure to bleed
off high oil pressure and avoid even more damage.

The dipstick provides a method to check the amount of oil in the engine.

The oil pressure gauge indicates the pressure in the engine lubrication system during engine
operation.

 
Lubrication System - Oil Flow
The oil travels from the oil pan (1) at the bottom of the engine up through the oil pump and to the
oil cooler. In the oil cooler the oil is cooled by the engine coolant. Oil then moves through the oil
filters where debris and contaminants are removed. The clean oil moves into the engine’s internal
oil galleries where it lubricates components such as the crankshaft, connecting rods, camshaft and
valve train. A smaller amount flows directly to the turbocharger.

The oil then returns to the engine oil pan to start the cycle again. A bypass valve in the filter base
allows unfiltered oil to bypass a plugged filter so the engine will always have oil. When the oil is
cold, an oil cooler bypass valve redirects oil around the oil cooler during start-up.

Fuel System - Diesel

In a diesel engine, the fuel injection pumps and injectors or nozzles supply fuel to each cylinder in
the correct amount and at the right time for efficient combustion.

First, the fuel system meters the amount of fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber to
achieve the desired horsepower output for the engine.

Second, the fuel system regulates the engine speed and the timing sequence of the engine.

Third, since higher injection pressures cause the fuel to burn more completely, the fuel system
helps lower emissions with high pressure fuel delivery.

Injection Systems Introduction

There are several types of fuel injection systems. In broad terms they can be classified as:

direct injection   indirect injection

Direct Injection

With direct injection (DI) engines, the fuel is injected under pressure into the combustion chamber.
Direct Injection - Pump and Line

With pump and line fuel systems, a transfer pump (1) pulls fuel from the fuel tank (2) and through
the primary filter and water separator (3), then pushes it through the secondary filter (4) to the
injection pump housing (5). A direct injection fuel pump uses a housing that contains a series of
individual plunger pumps for each cylinder. Fuel is pressurized as lobes on a gear-driven camshaft
depress each plunger.

Each pump is geared to a common rack controlled by a mechanical governor. The rack moves back
and forth to meter the fuel output of the injection pumps and control engine speed. Fuel is
pressurized at each injection pump and released at the proper time and volume. High-pressure
pipes (6) connect the pumps to nozzles (7) mounted in the cylinder head which inject fuel directly
into each cylinder. Excess fuel is routed back to the fuel tank through the fuel return line.