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(Reinforced Concrete)
Chapter 5:
Shear and Diagonal Tension
of Beams
1.
Introduction on Shear Failure/Diagonal
Tension Failure
Introduction on Shear Failure/Diagonal
Tension Failure
Beams must also have an adequate safety margin against other types of
failure, some of which may be more dangerous than flexural failure. This may
be so because of the catastrophic nature of some other types of failure, should
they occur.
The shear stresses in most beams are far below the direct shear strength of
the concrete. The real concern is with diagonal tension stress, resulting from
the combination of shear stress and longitudinal flexural stress.
2.
Types of Cracks
Types of Cracks
Cracks produced by
shear/diagonal tension
failure
Types of Cracks
a. Flexural cracks are vertical cracks that extend from the tension sides of
beams up to the region of their neutral axes. Should beams have very deep
webs, the cracks will be very closely spaced, with some of them coming
together above the reinforcing and some disappearing there. These cracks
may be wider up in the middle of the beam than at the bottom.
b. Inclined cracks due to shear can develop in the webs of reinforced concrete
beams either as independent cracks or as extensions of flexural cracks.
Occasionally, inclined cracks will develop independently in a beam, even
though no flexural cracks are in that locality. These cracks are called web-
shear cracks.
Types of Cracks
c. The usual type of inclined shear cracks are the flexure-shear cracks. They
commonly develop in both prestressed and nonprestressed beams.
d. Torsion cracks are quite similar to shear cracks except that they spiral
around the beam. Should a plain concrete member be subjected to pure
torsion, it will crack and fail along 45° spiral lines due to the diagonal
tension corresponding to the torsional stresses. Although torsion stresses
are very similar to shear stresses, they will occur on all faces of a member.
As a result, they add to the shear stresses on one side and subtract from
them on the other.
Types of Cracks
e. Bond cracks are due to bond stresses between the concrete and the
reinforcement which will lead to a splitting along the bars
(applicable for
rectangular sections.)
where:
vave = average shearing stress (kPa or MPa);
Vu = factored shear force on the critical section
at a distance “d” from the support of the
beam;
bw = width of the web;
d = effective depth.
Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams
This stress is not equal to the diagonal
tension stress. It merely serves as an
indicator of the magnitude. Should this
indicator exceeds a certain value, shear or
web reinforcement (such as stirrups) will be
necessary.
Vn = Vc + Vs
Vu = fVc + fVs
Where:
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete in accordance with NSCP
422.5.5, 422.5.6, and 422.5.7;
Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in accordance
with Section 422.5.10.
5.
Shear Strength
provided by Concrete for Non-
Prestressed Members, Vc
Shear Strength provided by Concrete for
Non-Prestressed Members, Vc
Based on NSCP 422.5.3.1, the value of !"# used to calculate Vc, Vci, and Vcw for
one-way shear shall not exceed 8.3MPa, unless allowed in Section 422.5.3.2.
!" = 0.17()*′" ,- .
This equation neglects the effect of moment Mu occurring simultaneously
with Vu at the section considered.
Shear Strength provided by Concrete for
Non-Prestressed Members, Vc
2. Detailed / Rational
Equation (NSCP 422.5.5.1)
Where:
Ø Vud/Mu should not be greater
than 1
Ø λ = modification factor for
lightweight concrete (NSCP
419.2.4)
Ø rw = As/bwd
Ø Mu = moment occurring at the
point where Vu is critical
Shear Strength provided by Concrete for
Non-Prestressed Members, Vc
NSCP 422.5.6 - Vc for Non-Prestressed Members with Axial Compression
1. Simplified Equation (NSCP 422.5.6.1)
*+
!" = 0.17 (1 + / 012′" 45 6
14-.
This equation neglects the effect of moment Mu occurring simultaneously
with Vu at the section considered.
Where:
- Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa
- Nu = factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously
with Vu. It is positive for compression.
- Ag = gross area of section.
Shear Strength provided by Concrete for
Non-Prestressed Members, Vc
2. Detailed / Rational
Equation (NSCP 422.5.6.1)
*+
!" = 0.17 (1 + 0 123′" 56 7
3.5./
Where:
- Nu is negative in tension
- Nu/Ag shall be expressed in MPa
- Vc shall not be less than zero
6.
Shear Strength
provided by Shear Reinforcement, Vs
6a.
Web Reinforcement
Shear Strength provided by Shear
Reinforcement, Vs
When the factored shear Vu is high, it shows that serious cracks will develop
unless some type of additional reinforcing is provided. This reinforcement is
called as web reinforcement and takes the form of stirrups that enclose the
longitudinal reinforcing faces of the beam. NSCP 422.5.10.5.1 describes them as
follows:
1. Stirrups, ties, or hoops perpendicular to longitudinal axis of member;
3. Spiral reinforcement.
Web Reinforcement
Shear Strength provided by Shear
Reinforcement, Vs
For non-prestressed members, shear reinforcement shall be permitted to
also consist of in accordance to NSCP 422.5.10.5.2:
Web Reinforcement
Types of Stirrups
Web Reinforcement
Shear Strength provided by Shear
Reinforcement, Vs
Web Reinforcement
Shear Strength provided by Shear
Reinforcement, Vs
NSCP 420.2.2.4. Types of non-prestressed bars and wires to be
specified for particular structural applications shall be in accordance
with Table 420.2.2.4(a) for deformed reinforcement and Table
420.2.2.4(b) for plain reinforcement.
Web Reinforcement
6b.
Minimum Web Reinforcement
Shear Strength provided by Shear
Reinforcement, Vs
Vs = Avfyn
where
- Vs = nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement;
- Av = cross sectional area of the stirrup bar;
- n = number of stirrups crossing the crack.
If a U stirrup is used, Av = 2 times the cross sectional area of the stirrup bar.
If a UU stirrup is used, Av = 4 times the cross sectional area of the stirrup bar.
#$ %& '
!= (!*+, + ./!,)
(!
Where:
- a = angle between the stirrups and the longitudinal axis. It shall not be less
than 30° (NSCP 422.5.10.6.1).
#$ %& '
!=
(!
Design of Reinforced Concrete
Beam for Shear
The following steps summarize the design of vertical shear reinforcement
(Stirrups):
7. Determine the maximum spacing to provide minimum area of shear
reinforcement.
In practice 10-12mm f
stirrups are used. However,
if the calculated design
spacing are less than ¼ d,
larger diameter stirrups
can be used.
Another alternative is to
use UU stirrups instead of U
stirrups. Different diameter
stirrups should not be used
in the same beam so as not
to produce confusion.
Design Considerations
a. Compute the design shear force which results from the application of
the factored loads;
b. Compute the shear capacity provided by concrete; and
c. At what point is the web reinforcement no longer required measured
from the support.
Examples – Shear and Diagonal Tension of Beams