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ARANGALAGE DON Nadeesh Priyashan

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ENS6139 Engineering Innovation and Ethics

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Shalini Watson Due Date
09/04/2019

Main report on ethics

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I59.9 Joondalup
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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 2

CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Civil engineering code of ethics .................................................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Contribution to society .......................................................................................................... 3

2.1.2 Respect to nature, fabric of civilization and culture .............................................................. 3
2.1.3 Mitigation of disasters to ensure the security of society ...................................................... 4
2.1.4 Fulfillment of professional responsibilities ............................................................................ 4
2.1.5 Avoid in conflict of interest to protect their integrity ........................................................... 4
2.1.6 Provision of open information and engagement in public colloquy in an objective and
truthful manner .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.7 Publish known outcomes of their research endeavors ......................................................... 4
2.1.8. Attempts on human resource development and self-improvement.................................... 5
2.1.9. Respect for existing rules and regulations ............................................................................ 5
2.2 Importance of Civil Engineering ethics ......................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................. 7

3.2 Flood walls and levee failures in Greater New Orleans ................................................................ 7

3.2.1 Flood wall design.................................................................................................................... 7

3.2.2 Inadequate strength levees and use of improper pumps...................................................... 8
3.2.3 Ethical issues of Civil Engineering related to the project ....................................................... 9
3.2.4 New technology related to ethical issues ............................................................................ 10
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................... 13

1
 CHAPTER 1

ABSTRACT

Ethic is becoming an adverse issue in both industrial and academic environments. In civil
engineering and construction field this problems is more potential since most of undergraduates
has lack of ethical knowledge in civil engineering practices. Organizations and institutions are
currently working on trivializing these common issues by introducing strict professional
guidelines all over the globe. These efforts take towards acquaint of professional standard
codes that gives consequential considerations on ethics. Requirement in subservience for
ongoing professional development and observation in secured engineering knowledge by
dealing with aspects of professional ethics in daily working practices is indeed in the present
to maintain the quality and confidence on the engineering profession. This report mainly
focused on the necessity of implementing ethical education in both civil engineering academic
and industrial environments with the expectation of professional development of employees by
providing ideas on importance of relevant studies.

This report is based on the storm named “The Hurricane Katrina” which was happened on 29th
August 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck South American state of Louisiana, rushing quickly
inland to the city of New Orleans. Over the next few days people saw the horror of the hurricane
caused 1836 people death (Wikipedia, 2005). This report discuss the reasons for the fliers by
the Hurricane Katrina storm against Engineers Australia code of ethics. Furthermore this report
discus the importance of Code of ethics for better safety and sustainability.

Finally the report consists with case studies of famous civil engineering failures that are
happened by the Hurricane Katrina occurred due to poor fellowship in professional engineering
ethics. And also the contribution to society will be assessed with the importance of Civil
Engineering ethics.

2
 CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

2.1 Civil engineering code of ethics

Civil engineering is an important and well learned professional. Exposition of high standard
integrity and honesty is aspired from a member of this profession. The involvement of civil
engineers influences straightly and circuitously on quality of life of community. Honesty,
fairness, equality and impartiality practices must consist with services that provide by engineers
that dedicate to conservation of public welfare, health and safety. Hence, requirement in
performance of appropriate standard professional behavior is indispensable to implement
confidence on civil engineering profession within the public. The codes of ethics for civil
engineers consist with capacious endeavors to obtain mentioned aspects. Following
fundamentals code of professional must be conducted by every civil engineering professions.

In the course of engineering practice of Engineers Australia are as follows,

1. Demonstrate integrity.
2. Practice competently.
3. Exercise leadership.
4. Promote sustainability.

2.1.1 Contribution to society

Implementing comprehensive and appropriate solutions to set in issues of public interest should
be done by civil engineers utilizing their expertise and experiences. Peace and prosperity
between societies must be one of the conspicuous concerns in the development of society.

2.1.2 Respect to nature, fabric of civilization and culture

Concern in cultural aspects of divergent regions during implementation of civil engineering

applications with the purpose of development of humanity must do by the professions. This
would help to mitigate impacts on indispensable nature of relevant regions.

3
2.1.3 Mitigation of disasters to ensure the security of society

Public safety, health and welfare are the paramount of civil engineering profession.
Notification to relevant authorities, clients or appropriate employer must done if any
circumstances occurred during engineering purposes that impact lives or properties. In
provision of approvals must give only for documents that are in conformity with recognized
standards and laws. Also should not involve in unlawful engineering practices.

2.1.4 Fulfillment of professional responsibilities

Engineers must hold proper education qualifications or experiences must have in specific fields
that expect to conduct assignments. Prevent in providing signatures on documents that they
have lack of knowledge and made without their control and advices are the main professional
responsibility fundamentals.

2.1.5 Avoid in conflict of interest to protect their integrity

Being faithful, honesty and fair in providing the services executing their duties by avoiding
sectarianism with their client or the organization for they work. This may take towards not to
accomplish unjustifiable decisions conflicts of interest.

2.1.6 Provision of open information and engagement in public colloquy in an objective

and truthful manner

The main intents in providing information through statements and reports regarding
engineering aspects must be truthful and objective up to date. Provisions of opinions on
technical aspects should be syncretized on their experience and knowledge of relevant section.
Also should not issue any statements for money without identification of aspects that can
provide to convince their fidelity.

2.1.7 Publish known outcomes of their research endeavors

Publishing of findings, innovation ideas, recommendations and policies that obtained by

involvement of their own consciences and scientific convictions in researches with the
purposes of sharing knowledge with professions should be done. This will contribute in
development of civil engineering by fulfilling timely defects.

4
2.1.8. Attempts on human resource development and self-improvement

It’s better if engineers continue their self-professional improvements in their specialty fields
by continuing further studies, attending for conferences and seminars, observing technical
reports and involvement in researches while engaging in professional practices. Obtained
knowledge can be utilized in development of human resources. Improvement of knowledge of
other employees by sharing obtained self-improvement is expected from a faithful profession.

2.1.9. Respect for existing rules and regulations

Implementing civil engineering disciplines under effective rules, laws and regulations after
understanding is an ethical requirement of civil engineering. It’s a responsibility of an engineer
not to make decisions afar existing laws and regulation that has provided by relevant authorities
considering environmental impacts.

2.2 Importance of Civil Engineering ethics

Civil Engineering ethics is a characteristic study about engineering profession and moral of
human beings identified individually. Ethics are more related to practical and moral
consequences as in cases in taking deep decisions with equity and justice. The reason behind
why civil Engineers are highly respected and regarded by the society is because of the choices
that they take have an enormous impact on the project.

Ethic is becoming an adverse issue in both industrial and academic environments. In civil
engineering and construction field this problem is more potential since most of undergraduates
involved in cheating in universities. Organizations and institutions are currently working on
trivializing these common issues by introducing strict professional guidelines all over the
globe. These efforts take towards acquaint of professional standard codes that gives
consequential considerations on ethics.

Improper implementation of ethics has implemented interrogation in ever professions including

construction engineering sector in an expanded capacity. Lack of understanding the
requirement of ethics in taking responsibilities is the main reason for those problems.
According to the data obtained through researches conducted by several organizations,
percentage of cheating on academic work of in the colleges escalates annually since the degree
became important to the students than knowledge.

5
Occurrence of adverse problems in the engineering profession has a direct influence on
engagement in unethical behaviors in college that take towards worst behaviors in the industrial
practices. Considering these issues engineering ethic has formulated in diverse range of
manuals to continue the quality of profession constitutively.

The main importance of engineering ethics are to assure that any engineering application won’t
harm anyone and to make every implemented single action to contribute welfare of the public.
These intense in engineering practices help to consider that every tragedies, scandals and
disasters are exceptional rather than ordinary occurrences. In addition, following engineering
ethics creates an engineering profession with high level of integrity, honor and dignity.
Evaluated codes of ethics are guide to environmentally friendly less conflict engineering
decision makings that dense confidence in profession of engineering.

Since ethic is a moral element that deal with self -standard decision-making process between
‘What can I do and what should I do’ effective recompenses can be obtained. Supporting the
professional and technical societies by imitating adopted codes may important in contribution
in development of profession. Sharing knowledge and concepts obtained through own
consciences and scientific convictions with other professions will be useful for improvement
of knowledge and further developments in results by other consciences. These concerns will
contribute in development of professional network.

Guidance to fulfillment of responsibilities while acting as faithful agents/trustees for employers

is also another main importance of ethical studies of engineering. Involvement in competence
areas with mentioned ethics, construction project issues and disasters can be mitigated. A
proper study in engineering ethics by going through case studies that indicate how a false work
or misunderstanding and minor qualifications/experiences result adverse disasters to the nation
guides engineers to be in competence areas.

Considering these aspects can ensure that adopting engineering ethics in every civil
engineering applications including tests, designs, construction, planning and documentation
purposes would take towards a sustainable less conflict product.

6
 CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDIES – PROJECT FAILURES DUE TO ETHICAL ISSUES OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING DUE TO HURRICANE KATHRINA

3.2 Flood walls and levee failures in Greater New Orleans

On August 29th, 2005, there were over 50 failures of the levees and flood walls protecting New
Orleans, Louisiana, and its suburbs following passage of Hurricane Katrina and landfall in
Mississippi. The levee and flood wall failures caused flooding in 80% of New Orleans and all
of St. Bernard Parish. Tens of billions of gallons of water spilled into vast areas of New Orleans,
flooding over 100,000 homes and businesses. Responsibility for the design and construction of
the levee system belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers; the responsibility of
maintenance belongs to the local levee boards. The Corps hands components of the system
over to the local levee boards upon completion. When Katrina struck in 2005, the project was
between 60–90% complete. Four major investigations were conducted by civil engineers and
other experts in an attempt to identify the underlying reasons for the failure of the federal flood
protection system. All concur that the primary cause of the flooding was inadequate design and
construction by the Corps of Engineers. (Wikipedia, 2005 levee failures in Greater New
Orleans, 2005)

3.2.1 Flood wall design

Other studies showed the levee floodwalls were "destined to fail" from bad Corps of Engineers
design, saying in part, "that miscalculation was so obvious and fundamental," investigators
said, they, "could not fathom how the design team of engineers from the Corps, local firm
Eustis Engineering, and the national firm Modjeski and Masters could have missed what is
being termed the costliest engineering mistake in American history. (Marshall, November 30,
2005.)

Dr. Robert Bea, chair of an independent levee investigation team, has said that the New
Orleans-based design firm Modjeski and Masters could have followed correct procedures in
calculating safety factors for the flood walls. He added, however, that design procedures of the
Corps may not account for changes in soil strength caused by the changes in water flow and
pressure during a hurricane flood. Dr. Bea has also questioned the size of the design safety

7
margins. He said the corps applied a 30% margin over the maximum design load. A doubling
of strength would be a more typical margin for highway bridges, dams, off-shore oil platforms
and other public structures. There were also indications that substandard concrete may have
been used at the 17th Street Canal. (Team, July 31, 2006)

In August 2007, the Corps released an analysis revealing that their floodwalls were so poorly
designed that the maximum safe load is only 7 feet (2.1 m) of water, which is half the original
14-foot (4.3 m) design. (Times-Picayun)

3.2.2 Inadequate strength levees and use of improper pumps

The engineers responsible for the design of the canal levees and the I-walls embedded in them
overestimated the soil strength, meaning that the soil strength used in the design calculations
was greater than what actually existed under and near the levee during Hurricane Katrina. They
made conservative interpretations of the data and the soil below the levee was actually weaker
than that used in the I-wall design. Another critical engineering oversight that led to the failure
not taking into account the possibility of a water-filled gap which turned out to be a very
important aspect of the failures of the I-walls around New Orleans. “Analysis indicate that,
with the presence of a water-filled gap, the factor of safety is about 30 percent lower. Because
a factor of safety of 1.3 was used for design, a reduction of 30 percent would reduce the factor
of safety to approximately one: a condition of incipient failure.” (ASCE, 29 August 2015)This
meant that the design included a safety factor of 30% ("1.3"), and could cope in theory with
stresses 30% more than expected, but the error due to the water gap was about 30%, which
immediately used up the entire safety margin, leaving no leeway in the design if any other
excess stress occurred. (ASCE, 29 August 2015).

8
3.2.3 Ethical issues of Civil Engineering related to the project

Another major ethical issue of civil engineering point of view was the improper decisions
during the construction and design of the related failure levees and the flood walls which were
used embedded in them by overestimated parameters such as the soil strength. Calculations
used for the design for the project was greater than with the conditions of site what actually
existed near the levee when the hurricane Katrina came. They made the calculations using the
data and the soil of the levee was far weaker than the values that are used in the design. Another
major problem that led to the failure was not considering the possibility between the gaps which
was filled by the water came out to be an important parameter of the failure of the flood walls.

Investigators stated the reason for the safety of a water filled gap was the factor lowering by
30 percent in addition factor of safety used for the design was 1:3 and the deduction of a thirty
percent was the issue of safety to just early failure and it meant that the design enclosed an
issue of safety and the half-hour time it was stresses 30 percent or more than expected value
but the error happened due to the gap was regarding half an hour that like a shot burnt up the
whole margin of error exploit no leeway within the style if the other extra stress occurred thus
lead to them being overstressed with caused the collapse. The American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) inspection reports confirm that the large number of cracks developed in the
flood walls during the flooding was due on the design flow. Therefore this improper designing
was the major ethical issue of Civil engineering in this project.

9
3.2.4 New technology related to ethical issues

Disheveled maintenance or retreats from design standards are not the primary causes of a
structural failure. A major reason of failure is the generation of extreme events that not able to
sustain. Hundreds of structures that designed according to the standards and properly
maintained have failed within last few decades. Lack of knowledge in effect of exceptional
stress on element integrity concept takes toward failures compatible to loadings cause by
weather effects and other relevant extreme events.

Requirement of revising available standard specification codes in a beneficial way with

extensive researches and adoption of new methods to monitor catastrophic moments of
structures are timely appropriate with available modern technologies. However an extreme
event imposes actions on the structures that exerted by self-weight and vehicle movements.
Design engineers considered in provision of capacity than required to resist actions expected
to act within it lifespan. The most common reasons that adduce after a failure of structure
designed by following standard professional practices are failure of its resistance capacity or
exceed external events which the code has not provided protection sufficiently.

 Use of computer modeling application

Structural designers and engineers have learned significant concept through series of structural
failures in past century. Despite these updated learning and concepts most of structures are still
fails around the world because of lack knowledge on dynamic effects. Researches must carry
to inspect progressive failure of entire structural systems and to examine used materials with
microscopic ranges using available modern technologies and laboratory facilities to make
effective concepts. Development of nonlinear dynamic modeling computer modeling at the
failure of a structure, risk and cost analyzing model software programs during the life span of
the structures may help to trivialize related structural and economic impacts of a country.

10
  Use of modern equipment to inspect structural elements

During the service stage of an inspection of structural elements on a schedule must done in
further maintenance requirements. Failures are likely occurs in subtle element locations that
are difficult to human reach for inspectional purposes. This was another common problem
engineers confronted in last few decades. The new technology systems can utilize to take
photos and videos and also by using special laser systematic lenses accurate circumstances of
relevant spots can be obtained.

11
 CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION

Civil and construction engineering is an important and well learned professional that undergone
development and amends in several centuries. Exposition of high standard integrity and
honesty is aspired from a member of this profession. The involvement of civil engineers
influences straightly and circuitously on quality of life of community. Honesty, equality and
impartiality practices must consist with services that provide by engineers that dedicate to
conservation of public welfare, health and safety.

The report focused on case study to analyze the ethical issues of civil engineering in the real
world. The failure from the Hurricane storm was chosen. During the study it was identified that
the failures occurred due to several ethical issues and negligence of civil engineers.

This was one of the major ethical issues of that project which lead to its devastating failure, the
record of the project was also so careless or gave written approval for all the design
modifications done by the contractor. The Engineers did not take these issues seriously at that
time. But the consequence of it followed right after and lead to this unfortunate incident.

Project ethical issues has various impacts to factors such as risk, public safety and reputation
of the engineering profession. The report finally also focused on these key areas to show how
the ethical issues in civil engineering affects them.

12
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

Civil Engineering ethics is a matter that is within the heart of engineering practice. It is the
very essence of the civil engineering profession.

As mentioned before the report focused on the case study to analyze the ethical issues of civil
engineering in the real world. The failure of the projects occurred due to gross negligence,
misconduct, and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering. In short ethical issues
of civil engineers in the project lead to this unfortunate incidents.

Ethical issues of civil engineering can be easily avoided by following the codes of ethics
created for civil engineers by various institutions in countries. Civil Engineers must always
bear in mind that the safety, health and welfare of the public is their priority. They shall also
attempt to comply with the principles of sustainable civil engineering practices in their duties
to move towards a sustainable future. Civil Engineering firms must not cheap methods and
techniques for construction in order to compete unfairly with others and to increase profits as
the main concern is to deliver a public friendly feasible design. Civil Engineers have a high
reputation regardless the civil engineering ethics are maintained while coordinating the project
activities. Manifestation of adverse difficulties in engineering profession has a direct influence
on engagement in unethical behaviors in industrial practices. Seeing these issues engineering
ethics have expressed in varied variety of guides to endure the excellence of profession
continuously.

The academic staff in universities has the vital and difficult task of ensuring that the civil
engineering students are well educated and acknowledged with the skills and practices to
follow the civil engineering ethics when the go out to the field as professional civil engineers.

Finally it can be stated that Civil Engineers must perform their duties in such a way as to
maintain and improve the honor, integrity, and dignity of the civil engineering profession as it
and as future civil engineers we should also keep that in our minds.

13
 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

...........................................................................
ASCE. (29 August 2015). The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System.

Fesalbon, M. R. (2014). A Compilation of Ethical Issues in Civil Engineering Profession.

Marshall, B. (November 30, 2005.). 17th Street Canal levee was doomed Archived.

Team, I. L. (July 31, 2006). Investigation of the Performance of the New Orleans Flood Protection
Systems in Hurricane Katrina.

Times-Picayun, B. N. (n.d.). NOLA.com. Retrieved from NOLA.

Wikipedia. (2005). 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans. Retrieved from Wikipedia.

Wikipedia. (2005, 12). Wikipedia. Retrieved from wikipedia.org:

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