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How can you reduce this wasted power? One clever method is a
technique called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). A conventional linear output
stage applies a continuous voltage to a load. This can waste plenty of power
(more below). On the other hand, PWM applies a pulse train of fixed
amplitude and frequency, only the width is varied in proportion to an input
voltage. The end result is that the average voltage at the load is the same as
the input voltage; but with less wasted power in the output stage. If the
pulse period is much shorter than the time-constant of the load, then PWM
has a potential application. The time-constants are defined, for example, by
the thermal mass of a resistive heater or the mechanical inertia of a motor.
And it's the long time-constants that average the pulses to a desired value
set by the PWM's input voltage.
In the past, when only partial power was needed (such as for a sewing
machine motor), a rheostat (located in the sewing machine's foot pedal)
connected in series with the motor adjusted the amount of current flowing
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through the motor, but also wasted power as heat in the resistor element. It
was an inefficient scheme, but tolerable because the total power was low.
This was one of several methods of controlling power. PWM works well with
digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the
needed duty cycle. PWM of a signal or power source involves the modulation
of its duty cycle, to either convey information over a communications
channel or control the amount of power sent to a load.
Pulse width modulation is used to reduce the total power delivered to a load
without resulting in loss, which normally occurs when a power source is
limited by a resistive element. The underlying principle in the whole process
is that the average power delivered is directly proportional to the modulation
duty cycle. If the modulation rate is high, it is possible to smooth out the
pulse train using assive electronic filters and recover an average analog
wave form.
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Figure no.1 Pulse width modulated signal
dt
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As f(t) is a pulse wave, its value is y max for 0<t<D.T and y min for
D.T<t<T
D. y max+(1-D)y min
From above equation, it is obvious that the average value of the signal is
directly dependent on the duty cycle D. this is shown in figure no. 1 .
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In figure simple op-amp is taken as comparator.
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SPICE SIMULATION
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5. The Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) defined by
ECOMP 3 0 TABLE {V(1,2)} = (-1MV 0V) (1MVS, 10V) takes the input at
V(1,2) and produces an output at V(3,0) according to the table below
QI STATE Q1 POWER
Full ON PQ1 = VCE (LO) x ILOAD (HI) = LO
Power
Full OFF PQ1 = VCE (HI) x ILOAD (LO) = LO
Power
Table no2 Q1transister state vs Q1 output stage power
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
Set VIN to a 5V DC level and return the triangle wave to its original 0 to 10V
swing (VIN 1 0 SIN(5V 0V 500HZ) and VTRI 2 0 PULSE(0V 10V 0 49US 49US
1US 100US ) Run a simulation and plot the power lost to Q1 by adding trace
I(RL1)*(V(10)-V(11)).
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
I(RL2)*(V(10)-V(12))
#CALC PQ2=I(RL2)*(V(10)-V(12))
Before running a simulation, then, adding trace PQ2. We observe that the
linear output stage dissipates a 1.208 W. On the other hand, the PWM output
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stage (as we cal above) delivers the same average power to the load while
only consuming 0.211 W
SPICE NETLIST
RESULTS
PWM OUTPUT:
Pulse width modulation output is as shown in figure no .6. In the figure V (1)
is input sine wave and v (3) is the Pulse width modulation output.
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OUTPUT STAGE POWER:
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LINEAR OUTPUT STAGE:
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APPLICATIONS
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10. Pulse Width Modulation is using to design Power Converters.
CONCLUSIONS
Pulse width wave modulation is generated using spice and out put
stage power dissipation of linear stage and the PWM stage are calculated.
Plots are shown for Pulse width wave modulation, power dissipation of linear
stage and the PWM stage.
REFERENCES
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4. F H Raah ,“Radio Frequency Pulse width Modulation “, IEEE Transaction
on communication, August 1973
7. Chang J.S., Tan M.T., Cheng Z. and Tong Y.C., “Analysis and Design of
Power Efficient Amplifier Output Stages,” IEEE Trans. Circuit& and
Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, in press.
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation#References
9. http://fab.cba.mit.edu/classes/MIT/961.04/topics/pwm.pdf
10. http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?courseId=1099&p=4
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