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DIGESTIVE ORGANS
The organs of the
digestive system is
DIGESTIVE divided into two:
• Organs of the
SYSTEM gastro-intestinal
tract (Digestive
Organs)
• Accessory organs

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GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ACCESSORY ORGANS 2 Kinds of Digestion

 Mouth  Salivary glands
 Esophagus  Liver Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion
 Stomach  Pancreas Food is chewed and Carried out by
 Gall bladder broken down into enzymes -
 Small Intestine
 Large Intestine (Colon) smaller pieces for molecules that
easier digestion. speed up chemical
 Rectum
reactions.
 Anus

Mechanical Digestion Mechanical Digestion

 Chewing  Chewing – mouth
 Peristalsis  Peristalsis – esophagus
 Churning  Churning – stomach
 Segmentation  Segmentation – small intestine

Chemical Digestion
 Amylase – carbohydrates HOW IS FOOD
 Pepsin – proteins TRANSFORMED IN THE
 Lipase – fats DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

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RICE BOLUS CHYME

BOLUS
A ball-like mixture of food and
saliva that forms in the mouth
FECES NUTRIENTS during the process of chewing

CHYME NUTRIENTS
A mixture of partly The small intestine absorbs
digested food, saliva and nutrients from the chyme
gastric juices (bile). through the microvilli.

FECES Journey into the digestive system

• Ingestion
The colon absorbs the
remaining water in the lump of
• Digestion
food and turn it a solid stool. • Absorption
• Elimination

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Digestive Diseases
■ Constipation - Irregular or infrequent
defecation characterized by dry feces or
stool.
■ Diarrhea - Frequent watery fecal excretion.
■ Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) -
DIGESTIVE DISEASES Caused by abnormal backflow of acids from
the stomach upwards into the esophagus.

Digestive Diseases
■ Gastritis - Inflammation of mucous lining of
the stomach
■ Appendicitis - Inflammation of the appendix
due to incidental entry of food containing
NUTRITION &
bacteria into it.
■ Food poisoning - A microbial food- borne
WELLNESS
infection due to toxic substances released by
certain bacteria or viruses that cause
inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Definition of Terms
 NUTRITION. This is the process of taking in food
Food Pyramid
and using it for energy, growth, and good health:
 WELLNESS. This is the state of well-being or
■It is a simple and easy to follow daily
balanced health. eating guide.
 HEALTH. It pertains to the combination of ■This guide is useful in helping people
physical, mental, emotional, and social well-
being. select food that supply all the
 CALORIE/S. This is a unit of heat that measures nutrients for energy and growth.
the energy available in foods.

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Food plate

THE CELL
CYCLE

Important events
INTERPHASE • The cell continues
Sub-stages to grow.
• G1 (First Gap) • Chromosomes are
• S Phase replicated.
• G2 (Second Gap) • The chromosome
condense.

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Mitosis
 Division of body cells.
 Two (2) identical daughter cells are
produced.
MITOSIS  Diploid cells are produced.

STAGES OF MITOSIS (PMAT) Prophase Metaphase

1.Prophase ■ The nuclear ■ Chromosomes
membrane line up at the
2.Metaphase
disappears equator or the
3.Anaphase middle of the
■ The spindle
4.Telophase apparatus starts cell.
to form.

Anaphase Telophase DURING TELOPHASE…

■ Chromosomes ■ Two new cells CYTOKINESIS – division of the
separate and are starting to
form. cytoplasm.
migrate to the
poles. ■ The nuclear KARYOKINESIS – division of the
membrane nucleus.
forms.

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Meiosis
 Reduction-division
 Division of sex cells
 Four (4) daughter cells are produced.
MEIOSIS  Daughter cells produced are haploid.

STAGES OF MEIOSIS Prophase I Prophase II

MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II  Pairing of  No pairing of
homologous homologous
1.Prophase I 1.Prophase II
chromosomes. chromosome.
2.Metaphase I 2.Metaphase II
 Crossing over  No crossing over
3.Anaphase I 3.Anaphase II
occurs. occurs.
4.Telophase I 4.Telophase II

Metaphase I Metaphase II Anaphase I Anaphase II

 Double stranded  Single stranded

 Homologous  Spindle fibers chromosomes chromosomes
chromosomes align the single move to the move to the
move to the chromosome to opposite poles. opposite poles.
equator. the equator.

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Gametogenesis – formation of gametes.

Telophase I Telophase II
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
 Two haploid  Four haploid
■Creation of ■Creation of egg
daughter cells daughter cells sperm cells. cells.
are produced. are produced.
■Produces four ■Produces one
(4) sperm cells. (1) egg cell.