Engineering Thermodynamics Notes

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ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering
ME6301 – ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT – I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW
PART – A
1. What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches in thermodynamics?/
What is microscopic approach in thermodynamics? [AU Dec 2013] [AU Nov 2009]
In classical / macroscopic approach, the events occurring at molecular level are not taken into account in
arriving at the behavior of the system. In statistical / microscopic approach, the behavior of a system is
arrived at from the events at molecular level.
2. What is meant by control volume approach?
Study of a region in space with fixed volume is known as control volume approach. It is applicable for
open systems.
3. What is meant by Continuum? Identify its importance. [AU Nov 2009]
In thermodynamics, material in a system is considered to be continuum that is, it is continuously distributed
throughout the system. This assumption allows us to describe a system using only a few measurable
properties, thereby making the analysis easier
4. Distinguish between the terms ‘state’ and ‘process’ of thermodynamics. [AU Dec2011, May 2012]
State is a condition of the system when it has definite values for all its properties. When one or more
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properties change in an operation, it is said to undergo a process.
What is a quasi static process? Give an example. [AU Nov 2010], [AU Dec 2012]
A process in which the system departs from equilibrium state only by a very small extent is quasi-
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equilibrium process. Slow compression and slow expansions of a system of gases are quasi-equilibrium
processes.
What is the requirement for thermal equilibrium? Which law governs it? AU Nov 2009]
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If two systems which are in mechanical, chemical and phase equilibrium do not exchange heat with each
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other, they will be under thermal equilibrium. Zeroth law governs thermal equilibrium.
State Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Why is it so called? [AU Nov 2009] [AU Apr 2015]
If a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately with a body C, then B and C are
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in thermal equilibrium with each other. It is called so, as it is more basic compared to First law, which was
established prior to it.
8.
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List any five physical properties of matter which can be used for measurement of temperature.
[AU Apr 2015]
Pressure (in constant volume gas thermometer), Volume (in constant pressure gas thermometer), Length
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(in mercury-in-glass thermometer), emf (in thermocouple) and resistance (in electric resistance
thermometer).
9. Classify thermodynamic systems. Give an example for each system.
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Closed system [e.g. a system of steam in a pressure cooker], Open system [e.g. a geyser] and Isolated
system [e.g. a system of liquid in a thermos flask].
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What is an isolated system?
A system in which neither mass nor energy crosses the boundary of the system.
What is a closed system?
A system in which there is no mass transfer but only energy transfer across the boundary.
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12. What is an open system?
A system in which, mass and energy can be transferred across the boundary.
13. Define: Thermodynamic equilibrium? [AU Nov 2014] [AU May 2014]
It is a state of balance; a system is said to be thermodynamic equilibrium if the conditions for thermal,
mechanical and chemical equilibrium are satisfied.
14. What are point and path function? Give some examples. [AU Nov 2010] [AU May 2014]
Path function: The function whose value is dependent on the path of the process. e.g. work transfer and
heat transfer
Point function: The function the change in whose value is independent on the path of the process. e.g.
pressure, temperature, etc.
15. Classify the following as point or path function: Heat, Enthalpy, Displacement work, Entropy.
Heat and Displacement work – Path functions, Enthalpy and Entropy – point functions [AU Nov 2009]
16. What do you understand by flow work? Is it different from displacement work?
[AU May 2009,2010]
Panimalar Institute of Technology 1

Work transfer process involving open systems or control volumes where flow of mass across the boundary
occurs is known as flow work. e.g. Compression of air in an air-compressor. A work transfer in which one
or more boundaries of the system is moved is called displacement work or moving boundary work. It is
also called pdV work. e.g. compression of a gas in a piston-cylinder arrangement.
17. Define extensive property. [AU Dec 2013]
The property which depends on mass or size of the system is an extensive property
18. Distinguish between ‘flow process’ and ‘non-flow process’. [AU Dec 2012]
Process undergone by a closed system is a non-flow process and processes undergone by open systems are
flow process.
19. State the first law of thermodynamics for a non-flow process and for a cycle. [AU May 2012]
State First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed system undergoing (a) a cycle b) a process
(a) Q 
Cycle
 W
Cycle
(b) Q – W = E
Note: non-flow process is a process undergone by a closed system.

20. Show that energy of an isolated system is always constant. [AU Dec 2011]
For an isolated system, Q =0 and W = 0, Therefore according to first law, E = 0 and hence energy is
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constant.
What is the difference between adiabatic and isentropic processes? [AU May 2013]
Adiabatic process is a process without heat transfer. Isentropic process is a process with no change in
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entropy. A reversible adiabatic process is isentropic.
What is meant by ‘Hyperbolic’ process?
A process in which pV = constant is known as hyperbolic process.
[AU May2011]
23.
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Distinguish between stored energies and interaction energies.
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Distinguish between ‘Macroscopic Energy’ and ‘Microscopic Energy’.
[AU Nov 2010]
[AU Dec 2012]
Stored energies / Microscopic energies are energy stored in the system such as Kinetic Energy, Potential
Energy and internal energy(U).
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Interaction energies / Macroscopic are energy in transit such as heat and work.
Which property of a system increases when heat is transferred: [a] At constant volume
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[b] At constant pressure
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[a] Pressure increases at constant volume [b] Volume increases at constant pressure
Define flow energy.
[AU May 2010]
[AU May 2013]
26. Define enthalpy of a system. rin

Energy required to introduce a quantity of fluid in a pipe section is flow energy. It is equal to pV.
27.
It is the sum of internal energy and flow energy. i.e. H = U+ pV
What is a steady flow process?
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28. What are the conditions for steady flow process?
There should not be any accumulation of mass or energy in the system.
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It is a process in which, properties at any location are constant with respect to time. For a flow process to
be steady, there should be no accumulation of mass or energy.
[AU May 2013]
29. What is PMM1? [AU May 2009] [AU Nov 2010]

An imaginary machine which supplies work continuously without any other form of energy input is
Perpetual Motion Machine of First kind (PMM1).
30. Define specific heat.
Amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance through unit rise in temperature.
31. A closed insulated vessel contains 200 kg of water. A paddle wheel immersed in the water is driven
at 400 rev/min with an average torque of 500 Nm. If the test run is made for 30 minutes, determine
rise in the temperature of water. Take specific heat of water as 4.186 kJ/kg/K. [AU Apr 2015]
Given: m = 200 kg, cp = 4.186 kJ/kg K, N = 400 rpm, t = 30 minutes, T = 500 Nm
Applicable concept: paddle wheel work is dissipated as heat into water, raising its temperature.
Paddle wheel work, W = (2N t) T = 2× 400 × 30 × 500 / 1000 = 37699 kJ
W = Q = m cp T, therefore T = 37699 / (200×4.186) = 45.03 K
32. Define Latent heat.
Amount of heat required to cause a phase change in unit mass of a substance at constant pressure and
temperature.

33. A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of three heat transfers and two work transfers. The
heat transfers are: 20 kJ supplied to the system, 40 kJ rejected by the system and 30 kJ supplied to
the system and during one of the work transfers, 30 kJ is obtained from the system. What is the
magnitude and direction of the other work transfer?
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = W1 + W2 ; W2 = 20-40+30-30 =-20 kJ
20kJ of work is supplied to the system.
34. A domestic refrigerator is loaded with food and the door is closed. During certain period the machine
consumes 1 kW hr of energy and the internal energy of the system drops by 5000 kJ. Find the net
heat transfer for the system.
Q = W + E ; here, W = -1 kW hr = -3600 kJ and E = -5000 kJ Q = -8600 kJ
PART – B
1. Briefly explain the following:
(i) Point and path function (4)
(ii) Property, state, process and path (8)
(iii) Quasi-static process (4) [AU DEC 2013]
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Refer Answers from Part A.
2. (i) Define enthalpy. How it is related to internal energy? (4)[AU DEC 2012]
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h = u + pv …..in kJ/kg
H =U+pV … ..in kJ
Enthalpy is directly related with internal energy (which is function of Temperature) and flow energy.
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(ii) A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure in the fluid
is a linear function of the volume (p=a+bV). The internal energy of the fluid is given by
U=(34+3.15pV) where U is in kJ, p in kPa and V in cubic meter. If the fluid changes from an initial
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state of 170 kPa, 0.03 m3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06 m3, with no work other than that done on the
piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer. (12) [AU DEC 12]
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3. (i) Define the following terms: (i) Thermodynamics, (ii) Macroscopic Approach, (iii) Continuum
(6)[AU DEC2011][AU DEC 2012]
Thermodynamics: The field of science which deals with, Energy possessed by gases and Vapours,
their energy conversions (in terms of heat and work) and their relationship with properties of system
is called Thermodynamics.
Macroscopic Approach: The characteristics of a thermodynamic system which may be explained by
a few of the properties of the system (like p, V & T) which can be measured, constitutes ‘a point of
view’ called macroscopic.
Continuum: By the macroscopic approach, a large volumes are considered - instead of molecular
dimensions. Disregarding the behaviour of individual molecules, matter is here treated as continuous.
This is known as concept of continuum
(ii) A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion, which follows a relationship P=a+bV, where
‘a’ and ‘b’ are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and the
corresponding volumes are 0.2 m3 and 1.2 m3. The specific internal energy of the gas is given by the
relation u= (1.5 pV-85) kJ/kg, where p is in kPa and V is in m3. Calculate the net heat transfer and the
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(10)[AU DEC 2003,09,12]
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4. A three process cycle operating with nitrogen as the working substance has constant temperature
compression at 34°C with initial pressure 100 kPa. Then the gas undergoes a constant volume heating and
then polytropic expansion with 1.35 as index of compression. The isothermal compression requires -67

kJ/kg of work. Determine (i) P, v and T around the cycle, ii).Heat in and out, iii) Net work. (iii)[For
nitrogen gas, Cv=0.7431 kJ/kgK] (16) [AU MAY2013]
T1=T2
Considering specific properties,
� � �
Find ln మ from � = బ ܶ ln మ
�ଵ �భ
�భ ଵ−ଶ �మ
ଵ‫ݒ‬ଵ ln ቀ
Find v1 from W1-2 = Q1-2 = �
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భቁ …….. since ∆U
Find v2, from p, v relation (for isothermal process) find P2
Find T3 by (Q2-3=u3-u2); (u3-u2)= m Cv (T3-T2);
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Find P by applying యቁ = యቁ
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v2=v3
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Find Heat transfer of corresponding processes by substituting known properties values on formulas
Find polytropic index ‘n’ from
௣భ
=
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మ
ቁ
ቀ
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Find Work transfer of corresponding processes by substituting known properties values on formulas
Finally find net work transfer.
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(i) Define heat and show that heat is a path function and not a property. (4) [AU MAY2012]
(ii) A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a complete cycle
of four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is -340 kJ. The system completes
200 cycles per min.
Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) ngi
E (kJ/min)
1-2
2-3
3-4
0
42,000
- 4,200
4340
0
0
-
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-73,200
4-1 - - -
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Complete the above table showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in
kW.
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(12) [AUMAY2012]
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6. A vessel of constant volume 0.3 m3 contains air at 1.5 bar and is connected via a valve, to a large main
carrying air at a temperature of 38°C and high pressure. The valve is opened allowing air to enter the vessel
the mass of air entering the vessel.

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and raising the pressure therein to 7.5 bar. Assuming the vessel and valve to be thermally insulated, find
[AU Apr 2015]
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7. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed from 1 MPa and 0.05 m3 to 2 MPa. Compression is governed
by pV1.4 constant. Internal energy of gas is given by U=(7.5 PV-425) kJ. Where P is pressure in kPa and V
is volume in m3. Determine heat, work and change in internal energy assuming compression process to be
quasi static. Also find out work interaction, if the 180 kJ of heat is transferred to system between same
states. Also explain why it is different from above? (16) [AUMAY2011]

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8. (i) The properties of a system, during a reversible constant pressure non-flow process at P=1.6 bar, changed
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from v1=0.3m3/kg, T1=20°C to v2=0.55 m3/kg, T2=260°C. The Specific heat of the fluid is given by
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Cp=1.5+(75/(T+45)) kJ/kg°C. Where T is in °C. Determine the heat added, work done, Change in internal
energy and change in enthalpy per kg of fluid. (8) [AUMAY2010]
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(ii) A nozzle is a device for increasing velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a certain nozzle,
the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy
is 2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it. i) Find the velocity at exit
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from the nozzle. ii)If the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific volume at the inlet is 0.187 m3/kg, find the
mass flow rate. iii)If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m3/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle.
[AU MAY2009][AU MAY2010]
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9. A thermodynamic system operates under steady flow conditions, the fluid entering at 2 bar and leaving at
10 bar. The entry velocity is 30 m/s and exit velocity is 10 m/s. During the process 25 MJ/hr of heat from
an external source is supplied and the increase in enthalpy is 5 kJ/kg. The exit point is 20 m above the entry
point. Determine flow work from the system if the fluid flow rate is 45 kg/min. [AU Apr 2015]

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10. Derive the steady flow energy equation and reduce it for a turbine, pump, nozzle and a heat exchanger.
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11. (i) Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 22°C to a pressure of 1 Mpa while being cooled at the rate of
16kJ/kg by circulating water through the compressor casing. The volume flow rate of air at inlet
condition is 150m3/min and power input to compressor is 500 kW. Neglecting the gravitational
potential energy, determine the mass flow rate and the temperature of air at exit (8)[AU MAY2012]
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(ii) Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 6 m/s with a pressure of
1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a pressure of 6.9 bar and a
specific volume of 0.16 m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 88kJ/kg greater than that of the
air entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of
59 W. Calculate the power required to derive the compressor and the inlet and outlet cross-sectional
area. (8)[AU MAY2012]
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12. 25 people attended a farewell party in a small room of size 10x8m and have a 5m ceiling. Each person
gives up 350 kJ of heat per hour. Assuming that the room is completely sealed off and insulated, calculate
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the air temperature rise occurring in 10 minutes. Assume Cv of air 0.718 kJ/kgK and R=0.287 kJ/kgK and
each person occupies a volume of 0.05 m3. Take p=101.325 kPa and T=20°C (16) [AU DEC2011]
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Volume of air in room = vol of room – vol occupied by 25 persons
Apply perfect gas law for initial condition, find out mass of air inside the room
Calculate total heat liberated by 25 persons in 10 min
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Process: const vol heating – heat source is inside the volume. No Work Transfer, No Heat Transfer
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Internal energy change should be equaled with heat liberated in 10 min. find temp of the room air.
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13. In a gas turbine installation air is heated inside heat exchanger up to 750°C from ambient temperature of
27°C. Hot air then enters the gas turbine with the velocity of 50 m/s and leaves at 600°C. As leaving turbine
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enters a nozzle at 60 m/s velocity and leaves nozzle at temperature of 500°C For unit mass flow rate of air
determine the following. Assume adiabatic expansion in turbine and nozzle. i)Heat transfer to air in heat
exchanger, ii) Power output from turbine, iii) Velocity at exit of nozzle.1.005 kJ/kgK
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14. A rigid tank containing 0.4 m3 of air at 400 kPa and 30°C is connected by a valve to a piston cylinder device
with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 200kPa is required to raise the piston.
The valve is opened slightly and air is allowed to flow into the cylinder until the pressure of the tank drops
to 200 kPa. During this process, heat is exchanged with the surrounding such that the entire air remains at
30°C at all times. Determine the heat transfer for this process. (16)[AU DEC2010]
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15. The electric heating system used in many houses consists of simple duct with resistance wire. Air is heated
as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15 kW electric heating system. Air enters the heating section
at 100 kPa and 17°C with a volume flow rate of 150m3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to the
surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit temperature of air. (16)[AU DEC2010]

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16. (i) The resistance of the windings in a certain motor is found to be 75 ohms at room temperature (25°C).
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When operating at full load under steady state conditions, the motor is switched off and the resistance
of the winding is immediately measured again, and found to be 90 ohms. The windings are made of
copper whose resistance at temperature at T°C is given by Rt=R0[1+0.00393T] where R0 is the
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resistance at 0°C. Find the temperature by the coil during full load. (8)[AU MAY2010]
Resistance at 25° C is 75Ω

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At full load under steady state conditions is 90Ω
Find Ro from 75 = Ro [1+0.00393 (25)]
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By substituting Ro, Find ͚the temperature by the coil during full load͛ from 90 = Ro
[1+0.00393 (T)]
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17. A reciprocating air compressor takes in 2 m3/min air at 0.11Mpa, 293 K which it delivers at 1.5 Mpa, 384
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K to an after cooler where the air is cooled at constant pressure to 298 K. The power absorbed by the
compressor is 4.15 kW. Determine the heat transfer in (i) the compressor (ii) the cooler. Stat your
assumptions (16)[AU DEC2009]

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ME 6301 Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering
UNIT – II SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

PART – A
1. Define Kelvin Planck Statement. [AU May 2014] [AU May 2013] [AU Nov 2009]
Kelvin – Plank states that it is impossible for a heat engine to produce net work in a complete cycle if it
exchanges heat only with bodies at a single fixed temperature.
2. Define Clausius state [AU Dec 2013]
It states that it is impossible to construct a device which operating in a cycle, will produce no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower temperature region to higher temperature region.
3. What is Perpetual motion machine of the second kind?
Perpetual motion machine of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and converts it
into equivalent amount of work. Thus it gives 100% efficiency
4. List the limitations of First law of Thermodynamics. [AU Dec 2012]
First law does not indicate whether a process is possible or not. It does not give any information regarding
the extent of conversion of heat into work.
5. Define an isentropic process.
Isentropic process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. It is a process which follows the law
of = C is known as isentropic process. During this process entropy remains constant and no heat
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enters or leaves the gas.
6. Isentropic process need not be necessarily an adiabatic process – justify
Entropy increases due to irreversibility and decreases due to heat loss. If these two changes are equal in
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magnitude, the process would be isentropic without being adiabatic.
7. Explain the throttling process.
When a gas or vapour expands and flows through an aperture of small size, the process is called as
a
throttling process.
8. What is meant by reversible process?
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A reversible process is one, which is performed in such a way that at the end of the process, both system
and surroundings are restored to its initial state, without producing any changes in the universe.
9. What is meant by irreversible process?
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A reversible process is one, which is performed in such a way that at the end of the process, both system
10. List the causes of Irreversibility

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and surroundings are not restored to its initial state and produces changes in the universe.
[AU Nov 2010] [AU May 2011]
 Lack of equilibrium during the process (ex: Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference)
 Involvement of dissipative effects. (ex: Free Expansion)
11. What is meant by dead state?
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The state at which the system will be incapable of delivering a work output.
12. Explain the term source and sink.
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takes the heat from the system.
13. How is the absolute scale independent of the working substance? et
Source is a thermal reservoir, which supplies heat to the system and sink is a thermal reservoir, which
Two temperatures in absolute scale (Kelvin’s scale) bear the same relationship as do the heats absorbed
and rejected by a Carnot engine operating between these temperature limits. Therefore absolute scale is
independent of the working substance.
14. What do you understand by dissipative effects? When work is said to be dissipated?[AU May 2010]
When energy is degraded in a process, it is referred to as dissipative effect. Work is dissipated in the form
of heat.
15. Isentropic process need not be necessarily an adiabatic process – justify [AU May 2010]
Entropy increases due to irreversibility and decreases due to heat loss. If these two changes are equal in
magnitude, the process would be isentropic without being adiabatic.
16. Why the second law is called directional law of nature? [AU Nov 2009]
It specifies the direction in which heat transfer takes place in a process.
17. Define Heat pump.
A heat pump is a device, which is working in a cycle and transfers heat from a lower temperature region to
higher temperature region.
18. Define Heat engine.
A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy.
1
Panimalar Institute of Technology

19. What is a cyclic heat engine? [AU Dec 2011]

A cyclic heat engine is a thermodynamic system working on a cycle having net heat input and net work
output.
20. What are the assumptions made on heat engine?
 The source and sink are maintained at constant temperature.
 The source and sink has infinite heat capacity.
21. What is the difference between a heat pump and a refrigerator? [AU May 2012]
Heat pump is a device which operating in cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a hot body at a
temperature higher than the temperature of surroundings.
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a cold body at
a temperature lower than the temperature of the surroundings.
22. Give the criteria of reversibility, irreversibility impossibility of a thermodynamic cycle.
dQ
 T 0
< 0 for irreversible cycle; = 0 for reversible cycle and if > 0, the cycle is impossible.
23. State Clausius theorem.
dQ
 T 0
for reversible cycle
24. State Carnot theorem. [AU May 2014] [AU Nov 2010]
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No heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperature, can be more efficient than a
reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
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25. What are the Corollaries of Carnot theorem. [AU May 2014] [AU May2011]
 In all the reversible engine operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with fixed temperature,
have the same efficiency.
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 The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is independent of the
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nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the reservoirs.
26. Define the term COP?
Co-efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to work input.
Heat extracted or rejected
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COP = --------------------------------
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Work input
27. A heat engine is supplied with 2512 kJ/min of heat at 650°C. Heat rejection takes place at 100°C.
Specify which of the following heat rejection represents a reversible, irreversible or impossible
result.
(a) 867 kJ/min (b) 1015 kJ/min
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max = rev = 1 - 373/923 = 54.68%
(a) = 1 - Q2/Q1 = 1 – 867/2512 = 65.48 %  max , it is impossible
(b) = 1 - Q2/Q1 = 1 – 1015/2512 = 59.59 %  max , it is impossible
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28. Why is direct heating thermodynamically wasteful?
COP of a heat pump is always greater than 1. Therefore, for the same heating requirement work input
required for a heat pump is less than the energy required for direct heating.
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29. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be increased.
 Efficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T2 increases.
 Efficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T1 decreases.
30. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
COP of heat pump
Heat Supplied T2
COP HP = ------------------- = --------
Work input T2-T1
COP of Refrigerator
Heat extrated T1
COP Ref = --------------- = --------
Work input T2-T1
2

31. What is the relation between COPHP and COP ref?

COP of Heat Pump = COP of Refrigeration + 1=(COPHP = COPref+1)
32. Draw a schematic of a heat pump. [AU Dec 2013]
33. A domestic food freezer maintains a temperature of -15°C. The ambient air temperature is 30°C. If
the heat leaks into the freezer at the rate of 1.75 kJ/s continuously, what is the least power
necessary to pump this heat out continuously? [AU Apr 2015]
The rate of heat leakage into the freezer must be equal to the rate of heat removal Q2 from it. For least
power requirement, the COP is to be maximum, ie. The refrigerator is to be reversible.
COP of refrigerator
COP of a reversible refrigerator
ww Therefore, W = 1.75 / 5.733 = 0.3052 kW
34. Carnot refrigerator requires 1.25 kW per ton of refrigeration to maintain the temperature of 243
w.E
K. Find the COP of Carnot refrigerator.
COP = Q2/W , here Q2 = 1 Ton of Refrigeration, which is equal to 3.5 kW
Therefore COP = 3.5/1.25 = 2.8
[AU Apr 2015]
a
35. Ice is formed at 0°C from water at 20°C. The temperature of the brine is -10°C. Find the ice formed
syE
per kW hour. Assume that the refrigeration cycle used is perfect reversed Carnot cycle. Latent heat
of ice = 80 kcal/kg. [AU Apr 2015]
The heat removed from one kg of water at 20°C to convert it into ice at 0°C,
ngi
Q = 1× 4.186 × (20-0) + 1× 80×4.186 = 418.6 kJ/kg
Mass of ice formed per kW hour = 3600 /418.6 = 8.6 kg.
between the same temperature limits?

nee
36. Why the COP of a heat pump is is higher than that of a refrigerator, if they both operate
The heat supplied by the heat pump into the space includes the work input required whereas the heat
extracted by a refrigerator from a space does not include the work input
rin
37. In an isothermal process 1000 kJ of work is done by the system at a temperature of 200°C.
What is the entropy change of this process.
38. What is reversed carnot heat engine? What are the limitations of carnot cycle? g.n
[AU Dec 2012]
 No friction is considered for moving parts of the engine.

 There should not be any heat loss.
39. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practical? et
 In a Carnot cycle all the four process are reversible but in actual practice there is no process is
reversible.
 There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For isothermal process
the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves as fast as possible. This
speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is not possible.
 It is not possible to avoid friction moving parts completely.
40. Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency?
For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings. Therefore we can’t
convert all the heat input into useful work.
41. When will be the Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum?
Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum when the initial temperature is 0°K.
42. A turbine gets a supply of 5 kg/s of steam at 7 bar, 250 °C and discharges it at 1 bar.
Calculate the availability. [AU Dec 2014]
43. Why is Carnot cycle on T-s plot a rectangle?
Because it consists of two reversible isothermal processes (horizontal line in T-s plot) and two reversible
adiabatic processes (vertical line in T-s diagram).
3

44. What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle.

(a) Carnot cycle consist of
(b) Reversible isothermal compression
(c) isentropic compression
(d) reversible isothermal expansion
(e) isentropic expansion
45. Write the expression for efficiency of the carnot cycle.
46. An inventor claims to have developed an engine which absorbs 100 kW of heat from a reservoir at
1000 K produces 60 kW of work and rejects heat to a reservoir at 500 K. Will you advise investment
in its development? [AU Dec 2014]
47. Explain entropy?
It is an important thermodynamic property of the substance. It is the measure of molecular disorder. Itis
denoted by S. The measurement of change in entropy for reversible process is obtained by the quantity of
heat received or rejected to absolute temperature.
48. What is absolute entropy?
The entropy measured for all perfect crystalline solids at absolute zero temperature.
49. What do you understand by the entropy principle?
ww
The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. It always increases and remains constant only when
the process is reversible. This is known as principle of increase in entropy or entropy principle.
w.E
50. How is entropy related to molecular disorder of the system?
As molecular disorderliness increases entropy increases.
51. What are the causes of entropy increase?
 by external heat addition, by internal irreversibility
a syE
52. What are the important characteristics of entropy?
 If the heat is supplied to the system then the entropy will increase.
 If the heat is rejected to the system then the entropy will decrease.
ngi
 The entropy is constant for all adiabatic frictionless process.
 The entropy increases if temperature of heat is lowered without work being done as in throttling
process.
nee
 If the entropy is maximum then there is a minimum availability for conversion in to work.
 If the entropy is minimum then there is a maximum availability for conversion into work.
53. Define availability.
rin [AU May 2009]

The maximum useful work obtained during a process in which the final condition of the system is the
same as that of the surrounding is called availability of the system.
54. Energy is always conserved but its quality is always degraded. Explain
g.n
Energy is never destructed but whenever energy is transformed from one form to another, its availability
decreases as a result of increase in entropy.
55. What do you understand by the dead state.
The state at which the system will be incapable of delivering a work output.
56. Define available energy and unavailable energy.
et
[AU May 2012]
Available energy is the maximum thermal useful work under ideal condition. The remaining part,
Which cannot be converted into work, is known as unavailable energy
PART – B
1. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures 700°C and 50°C. The engine
drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures of 50°C and – 25°C.
The heat transfer to the engine is 2500 kJ and the net work output of the combined engine refrigerator
plant is 400 kJ.
(i) Determine the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 50°C
(ii) Reconsider (i) given that the efficiency of the heat engine and the C.O.P. of the refrigerator are each
45 per cent of their maximum possible values.
4

Temperature, T1 = 700 + 273 = 973 K

Temperature, T2 = 50 + 273 = 323 K
Temperature, T3 = – 25 + 273 = 248 K
The heat transfer to the heat engine, Q1 = 2500 kJ
The network output of the combined engine refrigerator plant,
W = W1 – W2 = 400 kJ.
(i) Maximum efficiency of the heat engine cycle is given by
ww
w.E
a ሺ ሻ syE
W1 = 0.668 × 2500 = 1670 kJ
ngi
ሺ ሻ nee
Since, W1 – W2 = W = 400 kJ rin
W2 = W1 – W
= 1270 –
= 1670 kJ400 g.n
∴ Q4 = 3.306 × 1270
= 4198.6 kJ
Q3 = Q4 + W2
et
= 4198.6 + 1270
= 5468.6 kJ
Q2 = Q1 – W1
= 2500 – 1670
= 830 kJ.
Heat rejection to the 50°C reservoir
= Q2 + Q3
= 830 + 5468.6
= 6298.6 kJ. (Ans.)
(ii) Efficiency of actual heat engine cycle,
η = 0.45 ηmax
=
= 0.45
0.3 × 0.668
∴ W1 = η × Q1
= 0.3
750×kJ2500
5

∴ W2 = 750 – 400 = 350 kJ
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
6

C.O.P. of the actual refrigerator cycle,
ሺ ሻ
= 0.45 × 3.306 = 1.48
∴ Q4 = 350 × 1.48
= 518 kJ. (Ans.)
Q3 = 518 + 350
= 868 kJ
Q2 = 2500 – 750
= 1750 kJ
Heat rejected to 50°C reservoir
= Q2 + Q3
= 1750 + 868
= 2618 kJ. (Ans.)
2. (i) A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0°C in a refrigerator when it rejects the
heat to the surroundings at 25°C. If the heat removal rate from the refrigerator is 1440 kJ/min, determine
the C.O.P. of the machine and work input required.
(ii) If the required input to run the pump is developed by a reversible engine which receives heat at
380°C and rejects heat to atmosphere, then determine the overall C.O.P. of the system.
ww
(i) Temperature, T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Temperature, T2 = 0 + 273 = 273 K
w.E
Heat removal rate from the refrigerator,
Q1 = 1440 kJ/min = 24 kJ/s
Now, co-efficient of performance, for reversible heat pump,
a syE
ሺ ሻ
ngi
nee
W = 2.2 kW
rin
g.n
i.e., Work input required = 2.2 kW. (Ans.)
Q2 = Q1 + W = 24 + 2.2 = 26.2 kJ/s
(ii) Refer Fig.
et
The overall C.O.P. is given by,
7

For the reversible engine, we can write
298(Q4 + 2.2) = 653 Q4

Q4(653 – 298) = 298 × 2.2
Q3 = Q4 + W
= 1.847 + 2.2
= 4.047 kJ/s
Substituting this value in eqn. (i), we get
If the purpose of the system is to supply the heat to the sink at 25°C, then
ww
3.
w.E
An ice plant working on a reversed Carnot cycle heat pump produces 15 tonnes of ice per day. The ice is
formed from water at 0°C and the formed ice is maintained at 0°C. The heat is rejected to the atmosphere
at 25°C. The heat pump used to run the ice plant is coupled to a Carnot engine which absorbs heat from a
a syE
source which is maintained at 220°C by burning liquid fuel of 44500 kJ/kg calorific value and rejects the
heat to the atmosphere. Determine :
(i) Power developed by the engine ;
(ii) ) Fuel consumed per hour.
ngi
Take enthalpy of fusion of ice = 334.5 kJ/kg.
(i) Figure shows the arrangement of the system.
nee
Amount of ice produced per day = 15 tonnes.
∴ The amount of heat removed by the heat pump,
= 3484.4 kJ/min rin

g.n
= 319.08 kJ/min
et
8

This work must be developed by the Carnot engine,
= 5.3 kJ/s = 5.3 Kw

Thus power developed by the engineis=given
(ii) The efficiency of Carnot engine 5.3 kW.
by (Ans.)
ሺ ሻ
∴ Quantity of fuel consumed/hour
4. Air at 20°C and 1.05 bar occupies 0.025 m3. The air is heated at constant volume until the pressure is 4.5
bar, and then cooled at constant pressure back to original temperature.
Calculate :
ww
(i) The net heat flow from the air.
(ii) The net entropy change. Sketch
w.E
the process on T-s diagram. For
air :
Temperature, T1 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
V1 = V3 = 0.025 m3
a Volume,
Pressure,
Pressure,
(i) Net heat flow : syE
p1 = 1.05 bar = 1.05 × 105 N/m2
p2 = 4.5 bar = 4.5 × 105 N/m2.
For a perfect gas (corresponding to point 1 of air),
ngi
nee
rin
At constant volume,
Q = mcv (T2 – T1)
= 0.0312 × 0.718 (1255.7 – 293) g.n
i.e., Q1–2 = 21.56 kJ.
Also, at constant pressure,
Q = m × cp × (T3 – T2)
= 0.0312 × 1.005 (293 – 1255.7)
et
i.e., Q2–3 = – 30.18 kJ
∴ Net heat flow = Q1–2 + Q2–3
= 21.56 + (– 30.18)
= – 8.62 kJ
i.e., Heat rejected = 8.62 kJ. (Ans.)
9

(ii) Net entropy change :

Net decrease in entropy,
1 – S2 = (S
At constantSpressure, dQ2 –=Smc
3) – (S2 –hence
p dT,
S1)
ሺ ሻ ∫
ሺ ሻ
At constant – S3 = 0.0456
S2volume, kJ/K
dQ = mc v dT, hence
ww ሺ ሻ ∫
w.E ሺ ሻ
S2 – S1 = 0.0326 kJ/K
a
∴ m(s1 – s3) = S1 – S3 = (S2 – S3) – (S2 – S1)
syE
= 0.0456 – 0.0326
= 0.013 kJ/K
Hence, decrease in entropy = 0.013 kJ/K. (Ans.)
6.
ngi
A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 827ºC and 27ºC. Engine drives a Carnot
refrigerator maintaining –13ºC and rejecting heat to reservoir at 27ºC. Heat input to the engine is 2000 kJ
and the net work available is 300 kJ. How much heat is transferred to refrigerant and total heat rejected
to reservoir at 27ºC?
Solution: nee
Block diagram based on the arrangement stated;
rin
g.n
et
We can write, for heat engine,
Substituting Q1 = 2000 kJ, we get Q2 = 545.45 kJ

Also WE = Q1 – Q2 = 1454.55 kJ
For refrigerator,
Also, WR= Q4 – Q3
and WE – WR = 300
10

or WR = 1154.55 kJ
From above equations,
Q4 – Q3 = 1154.55
From equations,
Q3 = 7504.58 kJ
Q4 = 8659.13 kJ
Total heat transferred to low temperature reservoir
= Q2 + Q4
= 9204.68 kJ
Heat transferred to refrigerant = 7504.58 kJ
Total heat transferred to low temperature reservoir = 9204.68 kJ Ans.
7. A heat pump is run by a reversible heat engine operating between reservoirs at 800°C and 50°C. The heat
pump working on Carnot cycle picks up 15 kW heat from reservoir at 10°C and delivers it to a reservoir
at 50°C. The reversible engine also runs a machine that needs 25 kW. Determine the heat received from
highest temperature reservoir and heat rejected to reservoir at 50°C.
Schematic arrangement for the problem is given in figure.
For heat engine,
ww
w.E
= 0.7246
For heat pump,
WHP = Q4 – Q3
= Q4 – 15
a COP =
syE
ngi
nee
Q4 = 17.12 kW
WHP = 17.12 – 15
= 2.12 kW
Since, WHE = WHP + 25
WHE = 27.12 kW
rin
ηHE = 0.7246 =
g.n
et
Q1 = 37.427 kW
Q2 = Q1 – WHE
= 37.427 – 27.12
Q2 = 10.307 kW
Hence heat rejected to reservoir at 50°C

= Q2 + Q4
= 10.307 + 17.12
= 27.427 kW Ans.
Heat received from highest temperature reservoir = 37.427kW Ans.
11

8. Find the change in entropy of steam generated at 400ºC from 5 kg of water at 27ºC and atmospheric
pressure. Take specific heat of water to be 4.2 kJ/kg.K, heat of vaporization at 100ºC as 2260 kJ/kg and
specific heat for steam given by; cp = R (3.5 + 1.2T + 0.14T2), J/kg.K
Solution:
Total entropy change = Entropy change during water temperature rise (ΔS1) + Entropy change during
water to steam change (ΔS2) + Entropy change during steam temperature rise (ΔS3)
ΔS1 =
where Q1 = m cp ΔT
Heat added for increasing water temperature from 27ºC to 100ºC.
=
= 51533 kJ× (100 – 27)
× 4.2
ΔS1 =
= 5.11 kJ/K
Entropy change during phase transformation;
ΔS2 =
Here Q2 = Heat of vaporization = 5 × 2260 = 11300 kJ
Entropy change, ΔS2=
ww
Entropy change during =steam
30.28temperature
kJ/K. rise;
w.E
For steam
∫
Here dQR == mcp dT

= 0.462 kJ/kg.K
a
Therefore,
syE
cp for steam = 0.462 (3.5 + 1.2 · T + 0.14T2) × 10–3
= (1.617 + 0.5544 T + 0.065 T2) × 10–3
∫
ngi
(
= 51843.49 × 10–3 kJ/K )

ΔS3 = 51.84 kJ/K
nee
Total entropy change = 5.11 + 30.28 + 51.84
9.
= 87.23 kJ/K Ans.
rin
Determine the change in entropy of universe if a copper block of 1 kg at 150ºC is placed in a sea water at
g.n
25ºC. Take heat capacity of copper as 0.393 kJ/kg K.
Entropy change in universe
ΔSuniverse = ΔSblock + ΔSwater
where ΔSblock = mC. ln

et
Here hot block is put into sea water, so block shall cool down upto sea water at 25ºC as sea may be
treated as sink.
Therefore, T1 = 150ºC or 423.15 K
and T2 = 25ºC or 298.15 K
where ΔSblock = 1 X 0.393 x ln ቀ ቁ
= – 0.1376 kJ/K
Heat lost by block = Heat gained by water
=–
= –1 kJ × (423.15 – 298.15)
× 0.393
49.125
Therefore, ΔSwater =
= 0.165 kJ/k
Thus, ΔSuniverse = – 0.1376 + 0.165
= 0.0274 kJ/k or 27.4 J/K
Entropy change of universe = 27.4 J/K Ans.
12

10. Two tanks A and B are connected through a pipe with valve in between. Initially valve is closed and
tanks A and B contain 0.6 kg of air at 90°C, 1 bar and 1 kg of air at 45°C, 2 bar respectively.
Subsequently valve is opened and air is allowed to mix until equilibrium. Considering the complete
system to be insulated determine the final temperature, final pressure and entropy change.
In this case due to perfectly insulated system, Q = 0, Also W = 0
Let the final state be given by subscript f ′ and initial states of tank be given by subscripts ‘A’
and ‘B’. pA = 1 bar, TA = 363 K, mA = 0.6 kg; TB = 318K, mB = 1kg, pB = 2 bar
ΔQ0 == 0ΔW + ΔU
+ {(m A + mB) + Cv.Tf – (mA.CvTA) – (mB.Cv.TB)}
ሺ ሻ
ሺ ሺ ሺ ሻ
ሻ ሻ
Tf = 334.88 K,
Final
Using gastemperature = 334.88
law for combined K Ans.
system after attainment of equilibrium,
ሺ ሻ
ሺ ሻ
ww VA = 0.625 m3
VB = 0.456 m3
w.E ሺ
ሺ
ሻ
= 142.25 kPa
ሻ
a Final pressure = 142.25 kPa Ans.

Entropy change;
syE
ΔS = {((mA + mB).sf) – (mA.sA + mBsB)}
ΔS = {mA(sf – sA) + mB (sf – sB)}
{
Considering Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
(
ngi ) ( )}
{ ቀ nee
ቁ ቀ ቁ}
ΔS = { – 0.1093 + 014977}
= 0.04047 kJ/K
rin
Entropy produced = 0.04047 kJ/K Ans.
11. Explain Carnot cycle with neat sketches. g.n

et
We mentioned earlier that heat engines are cyclic devices and that the working fluid of a heat engine
returns to its initial state at the end of each cycle. Work is done by the working fluid during one part of
the cycle and on the working fluid during another part. The difference between these two is the net work
delivered by the heat engine. The efficiency of a heat-engine cycle greatly depends on how the individual
processes that make up the cycle are executed. The net work, thus the cycle efficiency, can be maximized
by using processes that require the least amount of work and deliver the most, that is, by using reversible
processes. Therefore, it is no surprise that the most efficient cycles are reversible cycles, that is, cycles
that consist entirely of reversible processes. Reversible cycles cannot be achieved in practice because the
irreversibilities associated with each process cannot be eliminated. However, reversible cycles provide
upper limits on the performance of real cycles. Heat engines and refrigerators that work on reversible
cycles serve as models to which actual heat engines and refrigerators can be compared. Reversible cycles
also serve as starting points in the development of actual cycles and are modified as needed to meet
certain requirements. Probably the best known reversible cycle is the Carnot cycle, first proposed in 1824
by French engineer Sadi Carnot. The theoretical heat engine that operates on the Carnot cycle is called
the Carnot heat engine. The Carnot cycle is composed of four reversible processes—two isothermal and
two adiabatic—and it can be executed either in a closed or a steady-flow system.
13

Consider a closed system that consists of a gas contained in an adiabatic piston–cylinder device, as
shown in figure. The insulation of the cylinder head is such that it may be removed to bring the cylinder
into contact with reservoirs to provide heat transfer. The four reversible processes that make up the
Carnot cycle are as follows:
Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant).
Initially (state 1), the temperature of the gas is TH and the cylinder head is in close contact with a source
at temperature TH. The gas is allowed to expand slowly, doing work on the surroundings. As the gas
expands, the temperature of the gas tends to decrease. But as soon as the temperature drops by an
infinitesimal amount dT, some heat is transferred from the reservoir into the gas, raising the gas
temperature to TH. Thus, the gas temperature is kept constant at TH. Since the temperature difference
between the gas and the reservoir never exceeds a differential amount dT, this is a reversible heat transfer
process. It continues until the piston reaches position 2. The amount of total heat transferred to the gas
during this process is QH.
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL).
At state 2, the reservoir that was in contact with the cylinder head is removed and replaced by insulation
so that the system becomes adiabatic. The gas continues to expand slowly, doing work on the
surroundings until its temperature drops from TH to TL (state 3). The piston is assumed to be frictionless
and the process to be quasi-equilibrium, so the process is reversible as well as adiabatic.
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant).
ww
At state 3, the insulation at the cylinder head is removed, and the cylinder is brought into contact with a
sink at temperature TL. Now the piston is pushed inward by an external force, doing work on the gas. As
the gas is compressed, its temperature tends to rise. But as soon as it rises by an infinitesimal amount dT,
w.E
heat is transferred from the gas to the sink, causing the gas temperature to drop to TL. Thus, the gas
temperature remains constant at TL. Since the temperature difference between the gas and the sink never
exceeds a differential amount dT, this is a reversible heat transfer process. It continues until the piston
a
reaches state 4. The amount of heat rejected from the gas during this process is QL.
syE
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to TH).
State 4 is such that when the low-temperature reservoir is removed, the insulation is put back on the
cylinder head, and the gas is compressed in a reversible manner, the gas returns to its initial state (state
ngi
1). The temperature rises from TL to TH during this reversible adiabatic compression process, which
completes the cycle.
nee
The P-V diagram of this cycle is shown in figure. Remembering that on a P-V diagram the area under the
process curve represents the boundary work for quasi-equilibrium (internally reversible) processes, we
see that the area under curve 1-2-3 is the work done by the gas during the expansion part of the cycle,
rin
and the area under curve 3-4-1 is the work done on the gas during the compression part of the cycle. The
area enclosed by the path of the cycle (area 1-2-3-4-1) is the difference between these two and represents
g.n
the net work done during the cycle. Notice that if we acted stingily and compressed the gas at state 3
adiabatically instead of isothermally in an effort to save QL, we would end up back at state 2, retracing
the process path 3-2. By doing so we would save QL, but we would not be able to obtain any net work
et
output from this engine. This illustrates once more the necessity of a heat engine exchanging heat with at
least two reservoirs at different temperatures to operate in a cycle and produce a net amount of work.
The Carnot cycle can also be executed in a steady-flow system. Being a reversible cycle, the Carnot
cycle is the most efficient cycle operating between two specified temperature limits. Even though the
Carnot cycle cannot be achieved in reality, the efficiency of actual cycles can be improved by attempting
to approximate the Carnot cycle more closely.
14

12 Two heat engines operating in series are giving out equal amount of work. The total work is 50 kJ/cycle.
If the reservoirs are at 1000K and 250K. Find the intermediate temperature and the efficiency of each
engine. Also, find the heat extracted from the source. (16) [AU DEC 2014]
( ) ( )
T
A 1  W A
T H QH
1  L W B
T

B
T QL
13 5 kg of air at 550K and 4 bar is enclosed in a closed vessel

(a) Determine the availability of the system if the surrounding pressure and temperature are 1 bar and
ww 290K.
(b) If the air is cooled at constant pressure to the atmospheric temperature, determine the availability and
w.E
effectiveness.
CASEheat
Total (a) energy supplied to air
a
Available Energy
Where
ሺ
syE
(or)
ሻ
CASE (b) energy supplied to air

Total heat
ngi
Available Energy
ሺ ሻ
nee
rin
g.n
Where
14 a) A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0 C in a refrigerator when it rejects
kJ/min, determine the COP of the machine and work input required.
et
the heat to the surrounding at 25 C. If the heat removal rate from the refrigerator is 1440
b) the required input to run the pump is developed by a reversible engine which receives heat at 380
C and rejects heat to atmosphere, then determine the overall COP of the system.[AU MAY
2014]
REFER QUESTION NO:2
15

15 5 m3 of air at 2 bar, 27 C is compressed up to 6 bar pressure following = C. It is subsequently
expanded adiabatically to 2 bar. considering the two process to be reversible, determine the network, net
heat transfer, change in entropy. Also plot the processes on T-S and P-V diagrams(16)[AU MAY 2014]
From General Gas Equation
ww
w.E
a syE
16
ngi
(a) Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one receives heat at 870 K and rejects
heat to a reservoir at T. B receives heat rejected by the first engine and in turn rejects to a sink at
nee
300K. Find the temperature T for (i) Equal work outputs of both engines (6),(ii) Same efficiencies (6)
[AU DEC 2013]
Thermal efficiency of heat engine operating between TH and T is given by
I Eng 1 
T
rin
TH
Thermal efficiency of heat engine operating between T and TL is given by
g.n
II Eng 1 T L
T
For equal thermal efficiency
T
1  1 T L
et
TH T
Intermediate temperature was found to be
T T H T L   870 300 510.88K
Thermal efficiency of engine in terms of work output is given by
W
For first engine I Eng 
QH
W
For second engine II Eng 
QT
For equal work output I Q H IIQT
 T 
 T   1  L Q
1   H 
Q  T
 T H   T 
16

QH T H

QT T
T H T L 870 300
Intermediate temperature was found to be T  585K
2 2
(b) Mention the Clasius inequality for open, closed and isolated systems. (4) [AU DEC 2013]
Clausius inequality
That is, the cyclic integral of δQ / T is always less than or equal to zero. This is valid for all cycles,
reversible or irreversible.
17 (a) 3 kg of air at 500 kPa, 90C expands adiabatically in a closed system until its volume is doubled and
its temperature becomes equal to that of surroundings at 100 kPa and 10C. Find maximum work,
change in availability and irreversibility. (12) [AU DEC 2013]
 
Maximum work W mC T T mT C ln T 2 R ln V 2 
v 1 2 0 v

max
 T1 V 1 
ww
W max 189.45kJ
The change in availability
1 2 W max p 0 V 1 V 2 
w.E
 1 2 126.94kJ
a
The irreversibility


I 17.13kJ
T1
V 
I T 0 mC v ln T 2 mR ln 2 
syE 
V 1 
ngi
(b) Briefly discuss about the concept of entropy. (4) [AU DEC 2013]
nee
Entropy can be viewed as a measure of molecular disorder, or molecular randomness. As a
system becomes more disordered, the positions of the molecules become less predictable and the entropy
increases.
rin
Entropy of a substance is lowest in the solid phase and highest in the gas phase. The level
g.n
of molecular disorder (entropy) of a substance increases as it melts or evaporates. Therefore, the entropy
of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero.
18
The entropy of a system is related to the total number of possible microscopic states of that system,
called thermodynamic probability p, by the Boltzmann relation, expressed as S = k ln p
(a) Prove that increase in entropy in a polytropic process is ቀ
ቁ (6) [MAY2013]
et
Change in entropy during polytropic process can be found by using the below equations and changing
terms Cp, R, P2/P1
T 2  R ln P 2
S 2 S 1 C p ln
T1 P1
R C p C v
  C P
CV
P1V 1  P 2V 2
n n
n1
T2 P  n
 2 
T 1  P1 
17


(b) An irreversible heat engine with 66% efficiency of the maximum possible is operating between
1000K and 300K. If it delivers 3 kW of work, determine the heat extracted from the high temperature
reservoir and heat rejected to low temperature reservoir. (10) [AU MAY2013]
Answer: Reversible engine efficiency

300
revHE 1  0.7
1000
Actual efficiency is 66% of maximum possible efficiency
ηact= 0.66×0.7 = 0.462
W
 act 
Qs
Qs = 6.493 kW
QR = QS – Wnet = 6.493 – 3 = 3.49 kW
19 (a) Helium enters an actual turbine at 300 kPa, 300°C and expands to 100 kPa, 150°C. Heat transfer to
atmosphere at 101.325 kPa, 25°C amounts to 7 kJ/kg. Calculate the entering stream availability,
leaving stream availability and the maximum work. For helium, Cp=5.2kJ/kg and molecular
wt=4.003kg/kg-mol (10) [AU MAY2013]
ww
Entering and exit stream availability
1 h1 T 0 S 1
w.E
2 h 2 T 0S 2
Change in availability  C T T T  R ln P 2  ln T 2 
C
a 0 

T 1 
p 1 2 p
syE
989.65 kJ kg
 P1 

Maximum work done W max 
ngi
nee
(b) List out and explain various causes of irreversibility. (6)
The irreversibility of a process may be due to either one or both of the following
[AU MAY2013]
1. Lack of equilibrium during the process

The lack of equilibrium ( mechanical, thermal or chemical) between the system and itsrin
surroundings or between the systems or two part of the same system, causes a spontaneous change which
is irreversible. g.n
a) Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference
b) Lack of pressure equilibrium within the interior of the system or between the system and the
surroundings
et
c) Free expansion
2. Involvement of dissipative effects
The irreversibility of a process may be due to the dissipative effects in which work is done
without producing an equivalent increase in kinetic or potential energy of any system. The
transformation of work into molecular internal energy either of the system or of the reservoir takes place
through the agency of such phenomena as friction, viscosity, inelasticity, electrical resistance and
magnetic hysteresis. These effects are known as dissipative effects, and work is said to be dissipated.
20 (a) Define the terms ‘Irreversible process’ and ‘Reversible process’. Give an e.g. of each. (6)
[ DEC2012]
Reversible process
A reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the
surroundings. That is, both the system and the surroundings are returned to their initial states at the
end of the reverse process. This is possible only if the net heat and net work exchange between the
system and the surroundings is zero for the combined (original and reverse) process.
18

ME 6301 Engineering Thermodynamics Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Mechanical Engineering
Examples for reversible process are
i) Quasi equilibrium expansion and compression of gas
ii) ) Frictionless pendulum
Irreversible process
Processes that are not reversible are called irreversible processes. Once having taken place, these
processes cannot reverse themselves spontaneously and restore the system to its initial state. For this
reason, they are classified as irreversible processes.
Example for irreversible process: Once a cup of hot coffee cools, it will not heat up by retrieving the
heat it lost from the surroundings.
(b) In a Carnot cycle the maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 18 bar and 410°C. The
volume ratio of isentropic compression is 6 and isothermal expansion is 1.5. Assume the vol of the air
at the beginning of isothermal expansion as 0.18 m3. Show the cycle on p-V and T-s diagrams and
determine (i) The pressure and temperature at main points (ii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle. (10)
[AU DEC2012]
Maximum pressure = 18 bar , maximum temperature = 683 K
Ratio of isentropic compression V4/V1 =6, Ratio of isothermal expansion V2/V1 = 1.5 and V1=0.18 m3
1
T 1 V 4 
Temperature and pressure at the main points of the cycle are  
ww T 4 V 1 
T4= 333.2 K
w.E
a syE
P1 V 4 
 

ngi
P 4 V 1 
P4 = 1.46 bar nee
V 1 
P 2  P1  
V 2  rin
P2 = 12bar
 g.n
V 2 
P 3  P 2 
V 3 
P3 = 0.97 bar
et
333.2
Thermal efficiency of cycle is  th 1  T L 1  0.512
TH 683
21 (a) State and prove Clausius inequality. (6) [AU DEC2012]
Refer Engineering Thermodynamics by P K Nag Fourth edition, page No. 162 – 163.
(b) A metal block with m=5 kg, c=0.4 kJ/kgK at 40°C is kept in a room at 20°C. It is cooled in the
following two ways: (i) Using a Carnot engine (executing internal number of cycles) with the room
itself as the cold reservoir; (ii) Naturally. In each case, Calculate the change in entropy of the block,
of the air of the room and of the universe. Assume that the metal block has constant specific heat.
Refer problem No. 14 (ii)
19

22 A reversible engine operates between temperatures T1 and T (T1>T). The energy rejected by this engine
is received by a second reversible engine at the same temperature T. The second engine rejects the heat
at temperature T2 (T2< T). Prove that T = (T1+T2)/2 if the engines produce the same output. [AU Apr
2015]
( ) ( )
23 (a) State and prove Carnot theorem. (8) [AU MAY2012]

(b) Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. Engine A rejecting heat directly to engine
B, receives 200 kJ at a temperature of 421°C from a hot source, while engine B is in communication
with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4°C. If the work output of A is twice that of B,
find (i)The intermediate temperature between A and B (ii)The efficiency of each engine and (iii)The
heat rejected to the cold sink. (8) [AU MAY2012]
T
A 1  W A
ww 
T H QH
1 T L W B
w.E B
W A 2W B
T
 T 
QL
a  T  2 1  L Q
1   Q H
 T H 


 T
syE
 T

T T H 2T L
 1 
3
416.26 ngi
40%
A
694
277.4
nee
B 1 
416.26
33.3%
W A A Q H 80kJ

rin
W B 40kJ g.n
24
Q L QT  W B 40kJ
change of entropy due to the mixing process. (8) [AU MAY2012]

et
(a) 2 kg of water at 90°C is mixed with 3 kg of water at 10°C in an isolated system. Calculated the
2 4.1890 T f 34.18T f 10

Tf = 42 °C
T f 
S1  m1C p ln  
1.1857kJ / K
T 1 
T f 
S 2  m1C p ln  
1.3433kJ / K
 2 
T
S mixing S1 S 2 157J / K
 
(b) Derive an expression for the change in entropy of a perfect gas during polytropic process in terms of
T1 and T2. (8) [AU DEC2011]
20

UNIT – III PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER PLANT

PART – A
1. Define a pure substance. Give examples. [AU Dec 2012] [AU Dec 2011] [AU Dec 2013]
A pure substance is a substance of constant chemical composition throughout its mass. e.g. H2O.
2. What are saturation states?
The state of a substance at which a phase transformation begins or ends.
3. What is the triple point of a substance?
The state at which all the 3 phases of a pure substance co-exist in equilibrium is called triple point.
4. What is the triple point of water? Give the values of properties at that point. [AU Nov 2009]
The state at which all the 3 phases of water co-exist in equilibrium is called triple point of
water. Temperature = 273.16 K and pressure = 4.587 mm Hg.
5. What is critical state ? Define the term critical pressure , critical temperature, and critical
volume of water. [AU May 2010]
The state at which the transition from liquid to vapour phase suddenly takes place. The pressure,
temperature and volume at critical state are known as critical pressure, critical temperature, and
critical volume. The corresponding values for water are: 221.2 bar, 374.15°C and 0.00317 m3/kg
6. What is normal boiling point of a substance?
Boiling point of a substance at a pressure of 760mmHg.
ww
7. Draw the p-T diagram for water and label all salient points. [AU Nov 2014]
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
8. Draw the p-T diagram for a pure substance. [AU May 2014]
rin
g.n
et
9. What do you understand by the terms ‘super heating’ and ‘subcooling’? [AU May 2012]
Heating steam beyond its saturation temperature and cooling of liquid below saturation
temperatures are known as superheating and subcooling.
10. State the advantages of using superheated steam in turbine.
Superheated steam’s greatest value lies in its tremendous internal energy that can be used for
kinetic reaction through mechanical expansion against turbine blades and reciprocating pistons,
that produces rotary motion of a shaft.
11. Define sub cooled liquid. [AU Nov 2010]
The state of a pure substance at which the temperature is less than the saturation temperature
corresponding to the pressure is known as sub-cooled liquid state.
12. What is meant by latent heat of vaporization? [AU Nov 2009]
The amount of heat transfer required to cause evaporation of unit mass of a substance from
saturated liquid state to saturated vapour state is known as latent heat of vaporization.
1

13. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram on p-v coordinates with relevant constant property
lines for water. / How is Triple point represented in the P-v diagram? [AU Dec 2013]
14. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram on T-v coordinates for water with relevant constant
property lines.
ww
w.E
15. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substances on T-S plot with relevant
constant property line. [AU May 2009]
a syE
16. Why Rankine cycle is modified? ngi
nee
The work obtained at the end of the expansion is very less. The work is too inadequate to
overcome the friction. Therefore the adiabatic expansion is terminated at the point before the end
rin
of the expansion in the turbine and pressure decreases suddenly, while the volume remains
constant.
17. Name the various vapour power cycle.
Carnot cycle and Rankine cycle.
g.n
18. Define efficiency ratio.
et
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of the ideal cycle efficiency is termed as efficiency
ratio.
19. Define overall efficiency.
It is the ratio of the mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel. It is also defined as the
product of combustion efficiency and the cycle efficiency.
20. Define specific steam consumption of an ideal Rankine cycle.
It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.
21. Name the different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump.
22. Define dryness fraction (or) What is the quality of steam?
It is defined as the ratio of mass of the dry steam to the mass of the total steam.
23. Define enthalpy of steam.
It is the sum of heat added to water from freezing point to saturation temperature and the heat
absorbed during evaporation.
24. How do you determine the state of steam?
If V>vg then super-heated steam, V= vg then dry steam and V< vg then wet steam.
2

25. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main disadvantage
is lowering the back pressure in release the wetness of steam. Isentropic compression of a very
wet vapour is very difficult.
26. What is quality of steam? / What do you understand from the word ‘Dryness Fraction’?
[AUMay2011]
The ratio of mass of vapour to the mass of mixture of vapour and liquid water.
27. Why are the temperature and pressure dependent properties in the saturated mixture
region? [AU Nov 2010]
During the phase transformations of a pure substance, the pressure and temperature remain
constant. Therefore, in the saturated mixture region, the temperature and pressure are dependent
properties.
28. Why cannot a throttling calorimeter measure quality of steam, if the steam is very wet?
If the steam is very wet, even after throttling it may remain wet and the state can’t be located with
pressure and temperature measurement. Therefore the quality can’t be found.
29. Superheated steam at 30 bar and 300°C enters a turbine and is expanded to 5 bar and
ww quality 0.974 dryness. Compute the loss in availability for the adiabatic process if the
atmospheric temperature is 27°C.
Loss in availability = Irreversibility, I = T0 (Ssystem + Ssurroundings)
[AU Apr 2015]
w.E
For adiabatic process Ssurroundings = 0, Therefore here, I = 300 [cp ln (T2/T1) – R ln (p2/p1)]
I = 300 [1.616 × ln (393/573 – 0.461 × ln (5/30)] = 65.01 kJ/kg
30. Find the mass of 0.7 m3 of wet steam at 150ºC and 90% dry. [AU May 2013]
a syE
31. Determine the enthalpy and sp. volume of steam at a pressure of 6 bar having a quality of
0.85.
ngi
h 3= hf + x hfg = 1213.35+.85x1571.0 = 2548.7 kJ/kg ; v = x X vg = 0.85x 0.03244 = 0 .027574
m /kg
32. What are the major components in a steam power plant?
nee
rin
g.n
et
33. What are the four processes that make up the simple ideal Rankine cycle? [AU Nov 2010]
Process 1–2: Isentropic expansion of the working fluid through the turbine from saturated vapor
at state 1 to the condenser pressure.
Process 2–3: Heat transfer from the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure through the
condenser with saturated liquid at state 3.
Process 3–4: Isentropic compression in the pump to state 4 in the compressed liquid region.
Process 4–1: Heat transfer to the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure through the boiler
to complete the cycle.
34. Why is Carnot cycle not a realistic model for steam power plants?
[AU Nov 2009,May 2010,Dec 2011]
Heat addition in steam power plants does not take place at constant temperature in the boiler when
superheated steam is used in turbine. Condensation process cannot be ended in such a way that at
the end of pumping saturated liquid state is reached in case of Carnot cycle in two-phase region.
3

35. Show Rankine cycle on T-s diagram.
36. What is the purpose of reheating?

The purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of the steam passing out of the later
stages of the turbine.
37. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine cycle efficiency.
Since the average temperature during heating will then be low.
38. What are the advantages of reheating? [AU Nov 2010] [AU Nov 2014]
 It increases the turbine work.
 It increases the heat supply.
ww  It increases the efficiency of the plant.

 It reduces the wear on the blade because of low moisture content in LP state of the turbine.
w.E
39.What are the disadvantages of reheating?
Reheating increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction, increases the cost of
the plant due to the reheats and its very long connections.
a
40. Show Reheat Rankine cycle on T-s diagram.
syE
ngi
nee
rin
41. Write down the expression for efficiency of Rankine cycle without considering pump work.
g.n
et
42. What do you understand by specific steaming rate? State its unit. [AU May 2012]
The rate of steam required to produce unit power output. Its unit is kg/kW· hr
43. Define heat rate.
The rate of heat input required to produce unit power output.
44. What are the methods of improving the performance of Rankine cycle?
[AU May2011, APRIL2014]
 Lowering the condenser pressure.
 Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
 Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
 Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
45. Why is reheat necessary?
To operate the boiler at high pressures without exceeding the moisture content at turbine exhaust.
46. What is regeneration in Rankine cycle?
Using a part of steam bled at an intermediate pressure for heating the feed water to reduce heat
input.
47. What is the effect of regeneration of a steam power plant? [AU May 2009]
Regeneration does not affect work output, however the efficiency of the plant increases as the
temperature of heat addition is decreased.
48. Why is excessive moisture in steam undesirable in steam turbine [AU Nov 2009]
It may erode the turbine blades.
4


PART – B
1. A vessel having a capacity of 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam
at a temperature of 245°C. The mass of the liquid present is 10 kg. Find the following :
(i) The pressure, (ii) The mass, (iii) The specific volume, (iv) The specific enthalpy, (v) The
specific entropy, and (vi) The specific internal energy.
From steam tables, corresponding to 245°C :
psat = 36.5 bar,
vf = 0.001239 m3/kg,
vg = 0.0546 m3/kg
hf = 1061.4 kJ/kg,
hfg = 1740.2 kJ/kg,
sf = 2.7474 kJ/kg K
sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
(i) The pressure = 36.5 bar (or 3.65 MPa). (Ans.)
(ii) The mass, m :
Volume of liquid, Vf = mfvf
= 10 × 0.001239
= 0.01239 m3
ww Volume of vapour, Vg = 0.05 – 0.01239

= 0.03761 m3
w.E
∴ Mass of vapour,
a = 0.688 kg
∴ The total mass of mixture,
syE
m = mf + mg
= 10 + 0.688
(iii) The specific volume, v :

Quality of the mixture, ngi
= 10.688 kg. (Ans.)
nee
rin
v = vf + x vfg
= 0.001239 + 0.064 × (0.0546 – 0.001239) g.n
(Since vfg = vg − vf )
(iv) The specific enthalpy, h :

h = hf + x hfg
3
= 0.004654 m /kg. (Ans.)
= 1061.4 + 0.064 × 1740.2

et
= 1172.77 kJ/kg. (Ans.)
(v) The specific entropy, s :
s = sf + x sfg
= 2.7474 + 0.064 × 3.3585
= 2.9623 kJ/kg K. (Ans.)
(vi) The specific internal energy, u :
u = h – pv
= 1155.78 kJ/kg
2. A pressure cooker contains 1.5 kg of saturated steam at 5 bar. Find the quantity of heat which
must be rejected so as to reduce the quality to 60% dry. Determine the pressure and temperature
of the steam at the new state.
Solution. Mass of steam in the cooker = 1.5 kg
Pressure of steam, p = 5 bar
Initial dryness fraction of steam, x1 = 1
Final dryness fraction of steam, x2 = 0.6
5


Heat to be rejected :
Pressure and temperature of the steam at the new state :
At 5 bar. From steam tables,
ts = 151.8°C ;
hf = 640.1 kJ/kg ;
hfg = 2107.4 kJ/kg ;
vg = 0.375 m3/kg
Thus, the volume of pressure cooker
= 1.5 × 0.375
= 0.5625 m3
Internal energy of steam per kg at initial point 1,
u1 = h1 – p1v1
= (hf + hfg) – p1vg1 (Since v1 = vg1)
–3
= (640.1 + 2107.4) – 5 × 10 × 0.375 × 10
5
= 2747.5 – 187.5
= 2560 kJ/kg
Also, V1 = V2 (V2 = volume at final condition)
i.e., 0.5625 = 1.5[(1 – x2) vf2 + x2vg2]
ww = 1.5 x2vg2
= 1.5 × 0.6 × vg2
(Since vf 2 is negligible)
w.E
From steam tables corresponding to 0.625 m3/kg,
p2 ~ 2.9 bar,
a ts = 132.4°C,
syE
hf = 556.5 kJ/kg,
hfg = 2166.6 kJ/kg
Internal energy of steam per kg, at final point 2,
u2 = h2 – p2v2
ngi
= (hf2 + x2hfg2) – p2xvg2 (Since, v2 = x vg 2)
= (556.5 + 0.6 × 2166.6) – 2.9 × 105 × 0.6 × 0.625 × 10–3
= 1856.46 – 108.75
= 1747.71 kJ/kg. nee
Heat transferred at constant volume per kg
= u2 – u1
rin
= 1747.71 – 2560
= – 812.29 kJ/kg
Thus, total heat transferred g.n
= – 812.29 × 1.5
= – 1218.43 kJ. (Ans.)
Negative sign indicates that heat has been rejected.
et
3. A spherical vessel of 0.9 m3 capacity contains steam at 8 bar and 0.9 dryness fraction. Steam is
blown off until the pressure drops to 4 bar. The valve is then closed and the steam is allowed to
cool until the pressure falls to 3 bar. Assuming that the enthalpy of steam in the vessel remains
constant during blowing off periods, determine :
(i) The mass of steam blown off ;
(ii) The dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling ;
(iii) The heat lost by steam per kg during cooling.
Solution. Capacity of the spherical vessel, V = 0.9 m3

Pressure of the steam, p1 = 8 bar
Dryness fraction of steam, x1 = 0.9
Pressure of steam after blow off, p2 = 4 bar
Final pressure of steam, p3 = 3 bar.
6


(i) The mass of steam blown off :
The mass of steam in the vessel
The enthalpy of steam before blowing off (per kg)

= hf1 + x1hfg1 = 720.9 + 0.9 × 2046.5 ...... at pressure 8 bar
ww
= 2562.75
Enthalpy before blowing kJ/kg after blowing off
off = Enthalpy
∴ 2562.75 = (hf2 + x2hfg2) at pressure 4 bar
w.E = 604.7 + x2 × 2133 ...... at pressure 4 bar
a
Now the mass of steam in the vessel after blowing off,
syE [vg2 = 0.462 m3 / kg.......at 4 bar]
ngi
Mass of steam blown off, m = m1 – m2
= 4.167 – 2.122
nee
= 2.045 kg. (Ans.)
(ii) Dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling, x3 :
As it is constant volume cooling
∴ x2vg2 (at 4 bar) = x3vg3 (at 3 bar)
rin
0.918 × 0.462 = x3 × 0.606
g.n
(iii) Heat lost during cooling :
Heat lost during cooling = m (u3 – u2), where u2 and u3 are the internal energies of steam before
starting cooling or after blowing and at the end of the cooling.
et
∴ u2 = h2 – p2x2vg2
= (hf2 + x2hfg2) – p2x2vg2
= (604.7 + 0.918 × 2133) – 4 × 105 × 0.918 × 0.462 × 10–3
= 2562.79 – 169.65
= 2393.14 kJ/kg
u3 = h3 – p3x3vg3
= (hf3 + x3hfg3) – p3x3vg3
= (561.4 + 0.669 × 2163.2) – 3 × 105 × 0.699 × 0.606 × 10–3
= 1946.4
= – 127.07
2073.47kJ/kg
∴ Heat transferred during cooling

= 2.045 (1946.4 – 2393.14)
= – 913.6 kJ.
i.e., Heat lost during cooling = 913.6 kJ. (Ans.)
7


4. Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 10 bar and a
temperature of 300°C. Also find the change of internal energy if this steam is expanded to 1.4 bar
and dryness fraction 0.8.
Solution. At 10 bar, 300°C. From steam tables for superheated steam.
hsup = 3051.2 kJ/kg (Tsup = 300 + 273 = 573 K)
and corresponding to 10 bar (from tables of dry saturated steam)
Ts = 179.9 + 273 = 452.9 K ;
vg = 0.194 m3/kg
To find vsup., using the relation,
= 0.245 m3/kg.
Internal energy of superheated steam at 10 bar,
u1 = hsup – pvsup
= 3051.2 – 10 × 105 × 0.245 × 10–3
= 2806.2 kJ/kg. (Ans.)
ww At 1.4 bar. From steam tables ;

hf = 458.4 kJ/kg,
hfg = 2231.9 kJ/kg ;
w.E vg = 1.236 m3/kg

Enthalpy of wet steam (after expansion)
h = hf + x hfg
a = 458.4 + 0.8 × 2231.9
syE
= 2243.92 kJ.
Internal energy of this steam,
u2 = h – pxvg
ngi
= 2243.92 – 1.4 × 105 × 0.8 × 1.236 × 10–3
= 2105.49 kJ
nee
Hence change of internal energy per kg
u2 – u1 = 2105.49 – 2806.2
= – 700.7 kJ. (Ans.)
5.
Negative sign indicates decrease in internal energy.
The following data refer to a simple steam power plant : rin
Calculate :
(i) Power output of the turbine.
g.n
(ii) Heat transfer per hour in the boiler and condenser separately.
et
(iii) Mass of cooling water circulated per hour in the condenser. Choose the inlet temperature of
cooling water 20°C and 30°C at exit from the condenser.
(iv) Diameter of the pipe connecting turbine with condenser.
8


Solution.
(i) Power output of the turbine, P :
At 60 bar, 380°C : From steam tables,
...By interpolation
= 3123.5 kJ/kg
At 0.1 bar , hf2 = 191.8 kJ/kg,
hfg2 = 2392.8 kJ/kg (from steam tables)
and x2 = 0.9 (given)
∴ h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 191.8 + 0.9 × 2392.8
= 2345.3 kJ/kg
Power output of the turbine = ms (h1 – h2) kW,
[where ms = Rate of steam flow in kg/s and h1, h2 = Enthalpy of steam in kJ/kg]
ww Hence power output of the turbine = 2162 kW. (Ans.)
w.E
a syE
ngi
(ii) Heat transfer per hour in the boiler and condenser :
At 70 bar : hf4 = 1267.4 kJ/kg
nee
At 65 bar, 400°C :
= 3167.6 kJ/kg rin
∴ Heat transfer per hour in the boiler,
Q1 = 10000 (ha – hf4 ) kJ/h g.n
= 10000 (3167.6 – 1267.4) = 1.9 × 107 kJ/h. (Ans.)
At 0.09 bar : hf3 = 183.3 kJ/kg
Heat transfer per hour in the condenser,
et
Q1 = 10000 (h2 − hf3)
= 10000 (2345.3 – 183.3) = 2.16 × 107 kJ/h. (Ans.)
(iii)ass of cooling water circulated per hour in the condenser, mw :
Heat lost by steam = Heat gained by the cooling water
Q2 = mw × cpw (t2 – t1)
2.16 × 107 = mw × 4.18 (30 – 20)
= 1.116 × 107 kg/h. (Ans.)

(iv) Diameter of the pipe connecting turbine with condenser, d :
Here, d = Diameter of the pipe (m),

C = Velocity of steam = 200 m/s (given),
ms = Mass of steam in kg/s,
x2 = Dryness fraction at ‘2’, and
9


vg2 = Specific volume at pressure 0.1 bar (= 14.67 m3/kg).
Substituting the various values in eqn. (i), we get
d =0.483 m or 483 mm. (Ans.)
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
10


6. In a steam turbine steam at 20 bar, 360°C is expanded to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser,
where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler.
Assume ideal processes, find per kg of steam the net work and the cycle efficiency.
Solution. Boiler pressure, p1 = 20 bar (360°C)

Condenser pressure, p2 = 0.08 bar
From steam tables :
At 20 bar (p1), 360°C : h1 = 3159.3 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.9917 kJ/kg-K
At 0.08 bar (p2) : h3 = hf (p2) = 173.88 kJ/kg,
s3 = sf (p2) = 0.5926 kJ/kg-K
hfg (p2) = 2403.1 kJ/kg
sg (p2) = 8.2287 kJ/kg-K
vf (p2) = 0.001008 m3/kg
∴ sfg (p2) = 7.6361 kJ/kg-K
Now s1 = s2
6.9917 = sf (p2) + x2 sfg (p2)
= 0.5926 + x2 × 7.6361
ww x2 = 0.838
h2 = hf (p2) + x2 hfg (p2)
= 173.88 + 0.838 × 2403.1
w.E = 2187.68 kJ/kg.
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
Net work, Wnet :
Wnet = Wturbine – Wpump g.n
Wpump = hf4 – hf (p2) (= hf3 )
= vf (p2) (p1 – p2)
= 0.00108 (m3/kg) × (20 – 0.08) × 100 kN/m2
et
= 2.008 kJ/kg
[and hf4 = 2.008 + hf (p2) = 2.008 + 173.88 = 175.89 kJ/kg]
Wturbine = h1 – h2
= 3159.3 – 2187.68
= 971.62 kJ/kg
∴ Wnet = 971.62 – 2.008
= 969.61 kJ/kg. (Ans.)
Cycle efficiency, ηcycle :
Q1 = h1 – hf4
= 3159.3 – 175.89
= 2983.41 kJ/kg
∴
= 0.325 or 32.5%. (Ans.)

11

7. A Rankine cycle operates between pressures of 80 bar and 0.1 bar. The maximum cycle
temperature is 600°C. If the steam turbine and condensate pump efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.8
respectively, calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency. Relevant steam table extract is
given below.
ww
w.E
a
At 80 bar, 600ºC :
syE
h1 = 3642 kJ / kg ;
ngi
Since s1 = s2, s1 = 7.0206 kJ / kg K.
∴ 7.0206 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
nee
= 0.6488 + x2 × 7.5006
= 0.85
rin
Now, h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 191.9 + 0.85 × 2392.3 g.n
Actual turbine work
= 2225.36 kJ/kg
= ηturbine × (h1 − h2 )
et
= 0.9 (3642 – 2225.36)= 1275 kJ/kg
Pump work = vf ( p2 )( p1 − p2 )
( – )
= 10.09 kJ/kg
Specific work (Wnet ) = 1275 – 10.09
= 1264.91 kJ / kg. (Ans.)
where, Q1 = h1 – hf4
But hf4 = hf3 + pump work
= 191.9 + 10.09
= 202 kJ/kg
∴ Thermal efficiency, ηth =

= 0.368 or 36.8 %. (Ans.)
12

8. A simple Rankine cycle works between pressures 28 bar and 0.06 bar, the initial condition of
steam being dry saturated. Calculate the cycle efficiency, work ratio and specific steam
consumption.
From steam tables,
At 28 bar : h1 = 2802 kJ/kg,
s1 = 6.2104 kJ/kg K
At 0.06 bar : hf2 = hf3 = 151.5 kJ/kg,
hfg2 = 2415.9 kJ/kg,
sf2 = 0.521 kJ/kg K,
sfg2 = 7.809 kJ/kg K
vf = 0.001 m3/kg
Considering turbine process 1-2, we have :
s1 = s2
6.2104 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
= 0.521 + x2 × 7.809
x2 = 0.728
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
ww
= 151.5 + 0.728 × 2415.9
= 1910.27 kJ/kg
w.E
a syE
ngi
∴ Turbine work, Wturbine = h1 – h2
= 2802 – 1910.27
nee
= 891.73 kJ/kg
Pump work, Wpump = hf4 – hf3
= vf (p1 – p2)
rin
= 2.79 kJ/kg
g.n
[Since, hf4 = hf3 + 2.79 = 151.5 + 2.79 = 154.29 kJ/kg]
∴ Net work, Wnet = Wturbine – Wpump
= 891.73 – 2.79
= 888.94 kJ/kg
et
Cycle efficiency
= 0.3357 or 33.57%. (Ans.)
= 0.997. (Ans.)
Specific steam consumption =
= 4.049 kg/kWh.
13


9. In a Rankine cycle, the steam at inlet to turbine is saturated at a pressure of 35 bar and the
exhaust pressure is 0.2 bar. Determine :
(i) The pump work, (ii) The turbine work, (iii) The Rankine efficiency, (iv) The condenser heat
flow, (v) The dryness at the end of expansion. Assume flow rate of 9.5 kg/s.
Solution. Pressure and condition of steam, at inlet to the turbine,
Exhaust pressure, pp21 =
= 0.2
35 bar,
bar x = 1
Flow rate, ̇ = 9.5 kg/s
From steam tables :

At 35 bar : h1 = hg1 = 2802 kJ/kg,
ww sg1 = 6.1228 kJ/kg K

At 0.26 bar : hf = 251.5 kJ/kg,
hfg = 2358.4 kJ/kg,
w.E vf = 0.001017 m3/kg,

sf = 0.8321 kJ/kg K,
sfg = 7.0773 kJ/kg K.
a
(i) The pump work :
Also hf4 – hf3 == PumpsyE

Pump work = (p4 – p3) vf
(35 – 0.2) 5
work×=103.54
× 0.001017
kJ/kg J or 3.54 kJ/kg
ngi
∴ hf4 = 251.5 + 3.54
= 255.04 kJ/kg
nee
Now power required to drive the pump
= 9.5 × 3.54 kJ/s or 33.63 kW. (Ans.)
(ii) The turbine work :
s1 = s2 = sf2 + x2 × sfg2
6.1228
x2 == 0.747
0.8321 + x2 × 7.0773
rin
∴ h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 251.5 + 0.747 × 2358.4 g.n
= 2013 kJ/kg
∴ Turbine work = ̇ (h1 – h2)
= 9.5 (2802 – 2013)
= 7495.5 kW. (Ans.)
et
It may be noted that pump work (33.63 kW) is very small as compared to the turbine work
(7495.5 kW).
(iii) The Rankine efficiency :
= 0.3093
(iv) The condenser heat flow : or 30.93%. (Ans.)
The condenser heat flow = ̇ (h2 – hf3 )

= 9.5 (2013 – 251.5)
= 16734.25 kW. (Ans.)
(v) The dryness at the end of expansion, x2 :
The dryness at the end of expansion,
x2 = 0.747 or 74.7%. (Ans.)
14

10 A steam turbine is fed with steam having an enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg. It moves out of the turbine
. with an enthalpy of 2100 kJ/kg. Feed heating is done at a pressure of 3.2 bar with steam enthalpy
of 2500 kJ/kg. The condensate from a condenser with an enthalpy of 125 kJ/kg enters into the
feed heater. The quantity of bled steam is 11200 kg/h. Find the power developed by the turbine.
Assume that the water leaving the feed heater is saturated liquid at 3.2 bar and the heater is direct
mixing type. Neglect pump work.
At 3.2 bar, hf2 = 570.9 kJ/kg.
ww Consider m kg out of 1 kg is taken to the feed heater
w.E
Energy balance for the feed heater is written as :
mh2 + (1 – m) hf5 = 1 × hf2
m × 2100 + (1 – m) × 125 = 1 × 570.9
a – 125mm==570.9
2100 m + 125 1975
syE
570.9– 125
∴ m = 0.226 kg per kg of steam supplied to the turbine
∴ Steam supplied to the turbine per hour
ngi
Net work developed per kg of steam
nee
= 49557.5 kg/h
= (h1 – h2) + (1 – m) (h2 – h3)
= 600
909.6+ kJ/kg
309.6 rin
= (3100 – 2500) + (1 – 0.226) (2500 – 2100)
=
∴ Power developed by the turbine

g.n
11
.
= 12521.5 kW. (Ans.)
et
In a single-heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400°C and the exhaust
pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct contact type which operates at 5 bar. Find :
(i) The efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle.
(ii) The increase in mean temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to
the Rankine cycle (without regeneration).
Pump work may be neglected.
15

From steam tables :

At 30 bar, 400°C : h1 = 3230.9 kJ/kg,
s1 = 6.921 kJ/kg K = s2 = s3,
At 5 bar : sf = 1.8604,
sg = 6.8192 kJ/kg K,
ww hf = 640.1 kJ/kg
Since s2 > sg, the state 2 must lie in the superheated region. From the table for superheated steam
t2 = 172°C,
w.E At 0.1 bar :

h2 = 2796 kJ/kg.
sf = 0.649,
sfg = 7.501,
a syE
hf = 191.8,
hfg = 2392.8
Now, s2 = s3
i.e., 6.921 = sf3 + x3 sfg3
ngi = 0.649 + x3 × 7.501

x3 = 0.836
nee
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3
= 191.8 + 0.836 × 2392.8
= 2192.2 kJ/kg
Since pump work is neglected
hf4 = 191.8 kJ/kg = hf5
rin
Energy balance for heater gives
hf6 = 640.1 kJ/kg (at 5 bar) = hf7
m (h2 – hf6 ) = (1 – m) (hf6– hf5) g.n

– 640.1)
m (27962155.9 (1 – m)
m == 448.3 (640.1m– 191.8) = 448.3 (1 – m)
– 448.3
∴ m = 0.172 kg et
∴ Turbine work, WT = (h1 – h2) + (1 – m) (h2 – h3)
= (3230.9 – 2796) + (1 – 0.172) (2796 – 2192.2)
= 434.9 + 499.9 = 934.8 kJ/kg
Heat supplied, Q1 = h1 – hf6
= 3230.9 – 640.1
= 2590.8 kJ/kg.
(i) Efficiency of cycle, ηcycle :
= 0.3608 or 36.08%. (Ans.)
Steam rate =
= 3.85 kg/kWh. (Ans.)
16

(ii)
= 484.5 K
= 211.5°C.
Increase in Tm1 due to regeneration
= 238.9 – 211.5
= 27.4°C. (Ans.)
WT (without regeneration)
= h1 – h3
= 3230.9 – 2192.2
= 1038.7 kJ/kg
Steam rate without regeneration
= 3.46 kg/kWh
∴ Increase in steam rate due to regeneration
ww = 3.85 – 3.46
= 0.39 kg/kWh. (Ans.)
w.E ηcycle (without regeneration) =

= 0.3418 or 34.18%. (Ans.)
Increase in cycle efficiency due to regeneration
a = 36.08 – 34.18
syE
= 1.9%. (Ans.)
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS (16 MARKS)
ngi
1. A power generating plant uses steam as a working fluid and operate at a boiler pressure of 50 bar,
nee
dry saturated and a condenser pressure of 0.05bar. determine the cycle efficiency, work ratio and
specific steam consumption for Rankine cycle. (16)[AU APR 2015]
From steam tables,

At 28 bar : h1 = ………... kJ/kg,
rin
s1 = ……….. kJ/kg K
At 0.05 bar : hf2 = hf3 = ……kJ/kg,
hfg2 = ………….kJ/kg, g.n
sf2 = ……..........kJ/kg K,
sfg2 = ………….. kJ/kg K
vf = ……………m3/kg
Considering turbine process 1-2, we have :
et
s1 = s2
s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
x2 = ?
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg
h2 = …….kJ/kg
17


∴ Turbine work, Wturbine = h1 – h2
=……………. kJ/kg
Pump work, Wpump = hf4 – hf3
= vf (p1 – p2)
[Since, hf4 ==hf3……………kJ/kg
+ 2.79 = ……….kJ/kg]
∴ Net work, Wnet = Wturbine – Wpump

= …………… kJ/kg
Cycle efficiency
2. A steam power plant operates on a theoretical reheat cycle. Steam at 25 bar pressure and 400 ºC is
supplied to the high pressure turbine. After its expansion to dry state the steam is reheated at a
constant pressure to its original temperature. Subsequent expansion occurs in the low pressure
turbine to a condenser pressure of 0.04 bar. Considering feed pump work, make calculation to
determine (i) quality of steam at entry to condenser (ii) thermal efficiency (iii) specific steam
consumption. (16)[AU APR 2015]
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
18


3. Explain steam formation with relevant sketch and label all salient points and explain every point in
detail.
(16)[AU DEC 2014]
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
19

4. In a Rankine cycle, the steam at inlet to turbine is saturated at a pressure of 35 bar and the exhaust
pressure is 0.2 bar. Determine (i) The pump work (ii) The turbine work (iii) The Rankine
efficiency (iv) The condenser heat flow (v) The dryness at the end of expansion. Assume flow rate
wwof 9.5 kg/s.
Solution. Pressure and condition of steam, at inlet to the turbine,

[AU DEC 2014]
w.E Exhaust pressure, pp21 =

= 0.2
35 bar,
bar x = 1
a
Flow rate,
syE
̇ = 9.5 kg/s
ngi
nee
From steam tables : rin
At 35 bar : h1 = hg1 = 2802 kJ/kg,
sg1 = 6.1228 kJ/kg K g.n
At 0.26 bar : hf = 251.5 kJ/kg,
hfg = 2358.4 kJ/kg,
vf = 0.001017 m3/kg,
sf = 0.8321 kJ/kg K,
et
sfg = 7.0773 kJ/kg K.
(i) The pump work :
Pump work = (p4 – p3) vf
(35 – 0.2)
Also hf4 – hf3 == Pump
5
work×=103.54
× 0.001017
kJ/kg J or 3.54 kJ/kg
∴ hf4 = 251.5 + 3.54

= 255.04 kJ/kg
Now power required to drive the pump
= 9.5 × 3.54 kJ/s or 33.63 kW. (Ans.)
(ii) The turbine work :
s1 = s2 = sf2 + x2 × sfg2
6.1228
x2 == 0.747
0.8321 + x2 × 7.0773
∴ h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 251.5 + 0.747 × 2358.4
= 2013 kJ/kg
20


∴ Turbine work = ̇ (h1 – h2)
= 9.5 (2802 – 2013)
= 7495.5 kW. (Ans.)
It may be noted that pump work (33.63 kW) is very small as compared to the turbine work (7495.5
kW).
(iii) The Rankine efficiency :
= 0.3093 or 30.93%. (Ans.)

(iv) The condenser heat flow :
The condenser heat flow = ̇ (h2 – hf3 )

= 9.5 (2013 – 251.5)
= 16734.25 kW. (Ans.)
(v) The dryness at the end of expansion, x2 :
The dryness at the end of expansion,
ww x2 = 0.747 or 74.7%. (Ans.)

5. A vessel having a capacity of 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at
w.E
a temperature of 245°C. The mass of the liquid present is 10 kg. Find the following :(i) The
pressure, (ii) The mass, (iii) The specific volume, (iv) The specific enthalpy, (v) The specific
entropy, and (vi) The specific internal energy. (16)[AU MAY 2014]
a
From steam tables, corresponding to 245°C :
syE
psat = 36.5 bar,
vf = 0.001239 m3/kg,
vg = 0.0546 m3/kg
ngi
hf = 1061.4 kJ/kg,
hfg = 1740.2 kJ/kg, sf
= 2.7474 kJ/kg K
(i) The pressure

(ii) The mass, m :
nee
sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
= 36.5 bar (or 3.65 MPa). (Ans.)
Volume of liquid, Vf = mfvf

= 10 × 0.001239 rin
= 0.01239 m3
Volume of vapour, Vg = 0.05 – 0.01239
= 0.03761 m3 g.n
∴ Mass of vapour,
et
= 0.688 kg
∴ The total mass of mixture,

m = mf + mg
= 10 + 0.688
= 10.688 kg. (Ans.)
(iii) The specific volume, v :
Quality of the mixture,
v = vf + x vfg
= 0.001239 + 0.064 × (0.0546 – 0.001239) (Since vfg = vg − vf )
= 0.004654 m3/kg. (Ans.)
21


(iv) The specific enthalpy, h :
h = hf + x hfg
= 1061.4 + 0.064 × 1740.2
= 1172.77 kJ/kg. (Ans.)
(v) The specific entropy, s :
s = sf + x sfg
= 2.7474 + 0.064 × 3.3585
= 2.9623 kJ/kg K. (Ans.)
(vi) The specific internal energy, u :
u = h – pv
= 1155.78 kJ/kg.
6. A steam power plant operates on a theoretical reheat cycle. Steam at boiler at 150bar,
550 °C expands through the high pressure turbine. It is reheated at a constant pressure of 40 bar to
550 °C and expands through the low pressure turbine to a condenser at 0.1 bar. Draw T-s and h-s
diagram. Find (i) Quality of steam at turbine exhaust (ii) Cycle efficiency (iii) Steam Rate in
kg/kWh. (16)[AU MAY 2014]
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
22

ME6301 Engineering Thermodynamics Mechanical Engineering 2015-2016
7. Steam at 480C, 90 bar is supplied to a Rankine cycle. It is reheated to 12 bar and 480C. The
minimum pressure is 0.07 bar. Find the work output and cycle efficiency using steam tables with and
without considering pump work. (16) [AU DEC 2013]
From steam tables :
At 12 bar (p1), 480°C : h1 =
s1 =
At 0.07 bar (p2) : h3 = hf (p2) =
s3 = sf (p2) =
hfg (p2) =
sg (p2) =
vf (p2) =
∴ sfg (p2) =
Now s1 = s2 = sf (p2) + x2 sfg (p2)
ww
Net work, Wnet :
h2 = hf (p2) + x2 hfg (p2)
w.E Wnet = Wturbine – Wpump

= vf (p2) (p1 – p2)
a and
Wturbine =W
h
∴ Wnet =
f4 = – h2+ hf (p2)
h1pump
syE
(Ans.)
Cycle efficiency with considering pump work, ηcycle :
Q1 = h1 – hf4
ngi
∴
nee
Cycle efficiency without considering pump work
Wnet = Wturbine
Q1 = h1 – hf4
rin
∴
g.n
8. (i) Steam initially at 0.3 Mpa, 250C is cooled at constant volume. At what temperature will the
steam become saturated vapour? What is the steam quality at 80C? Also find what is the heat
transferred per kg of steam in cooling from 25oC to 80C. (12)
At 0.3 Mpa, tsat = 133.55 Co
[AU DEC 2013]
et
Since t > tsat, Super-heated Steam
From superheated table, at 0.3 MPa, 250oC,
v = 0.7964 m3/kg
h = 2967.6 kJ/kg
v1 = v2 = v3 = 0.7964 m3/kg
From steam tables,
vg = 0.8919, tsat = 120oC
vg = 0.7706, tsat = 125oC
by interpolation, for vg = 0.7964 m3/kg, tsat = 123.9oC
St.Joseph’s College of Engineering/ 22 ISO 9001:2008

St.Joseph’s Institute of Technology

o
Steam became saturated vapour at 123.9 C (Ans)
at 80oC, vf = 0.001029 m3/kg, vg = 3.0407 m3/kg
hf = 334.91 kJ/kg, hfg = 2308.8 kJ/kg, Psat = 47039 kPa
v1 = v2 = vf+x2 vfg
x2 = 0.234 (Ans)
h2 = hf + x hfg = 875.9 kJ/kg
h1 = 2967.6 kJ/kg
Q1-2 = (h2 – p2v2) – (h1 – p1v1) = -1890.2 kJ/kg (Ans)
(ii) When will you call a vapour superheated? Give example. Also when will you call a liquid as
compressed liquid? Give example. (4) [AU DEC 2013]
When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is said to exist as
superheated vapor.
If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the existing pressure,
it is called either a subcooled liquid or a compressed liquid
9. (i) Steam at 30 bar and 350 °C is expanded in a non-flow isothermal process to a pressure of 1 bar.
The temperature and pressure of the surroundings are 25 °C and 100 kPa respectively.
Determine the maximum work that can be obtained from this process per kg of steam. Also find
ww the maximum useful work. (10) [AU MAY 2013]
w.EGiven: non-flow system (closed system)

System at state 1:
p1= 30 bar
a T1=350 °C (super-heated steam since sat T=

Find V1 from table 3
syE
System at state 2:
°C for 30 bar sat pr.)
ngi
p2= 1 bar
T2= T1 = 350 °C (super-heated steam since sat T= °C for 1 bar sat pr.)
Find V2 from table 3
nee
Surrounding is at are 25 °C and 100 kPa
rin
Consider mass of steam as 1 kg. Find maximum work that can be obtained from this process per
kg of steam.
Wmax = W1-2 = mRT ln(V2/ V1)

g.n
Maximum useful work. [reversible adiabatic (isentropic) work]
Find h1
On Based on condition S1 = S2,
et
Condition of steam at 2
find X2 and h2
Maximum useful work is W1-2 =( h 1- h 2)
(ii) With the aid of T-v diagram explain various phases of conversion of ice at -20°C to steam at
125°C. (6) [AU MAY2013]

ww
w.E
10. a syE
(i) With the help of a schematic diagram, explain the regenerative Rankine cycle and derive the
expression for its efficiency. Also represent the process in p-v and T-s diagram. (8) [AU
MAY2013]
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
(ii) Steam at 50 bar, 400 °C expands in a Rankine cycle to 0.34 bar. For a mass flow rate of 150
kg/sec of steam, determine i) Power developed, ii) Thermal efficiency, iii)Specific steam
consumption. (8) [AU MAY2013]
Mass Flow Rate = 150 kg/sec
From steam tables :
At 50 bar (p1), 400°C : h1 =
s1 =
At 0.34 bar (p2) : h3 = hf (p2) =
s3 = sf (p2) =
hfg (p2) =
sg (p2) =
vf (p2) =

∴ sfg (p2) =
Now s1 = s2 = sf (p2) + x2 sfg (p2)
h2 = hf (p2) + x2 hfg (p2)
Net work, Wnet :
Wnet = Wturbine – Wpump
= vf (p2) (p1 – p2)
and
Wturbine =W
h f4 = – h2+ hf (p2)
h1pump
∴ Wnet = (Ans.)
Power = Mass flow rate X (h1-h2)
Cycle efficiency with considering pump work, ηcycle :
Q1 = h1 – hf4
∴
Cycle efficiency without considering pump work
ww
Wnet = Wturbine
Q1 = h1 – hf4
w.E ∴
11.
a
(i) Explain the phase transformation that takes place when ice (solid) is heated continuously till
syE
superheated steam is obtained. Name the different states involved. Sketch the transformation on
a ‘temperature’ vs ‘heat added’ diagram. (8) [AU DEC2012]
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
(ii) A vessel of volume 0.04 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 250°C. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the pressure, mass, the
specific volume, the enthalpy, the entropy and the internal energy. (8) [AU DEC2012]
o
From Table 1, at 250 C

12. (i) Define specific steam consumption, specific heat rate and work ratio. (6) [AU DEC2012]
Specific Steam consumption = 3600 / Wnet
Specific heat rate: The rate of heat input required to produce unit power output.
Work ratio = Wnet/WTurbine
(ii) Steam enters the turbine at 3 Mpa and 400°C and is condensed at 10kPa. Some quantity of
steam leaves the turbine at 0.5 Mpa and enters feed water heater. Compute the fraction of the
steam extracted per kg of steam and cycle thermal efficiency. (10) [AU DEC2012]
From steam tables :
At 30 bar, 400°C : h1 = 3230.9 kJ/kg,
s1 = 6.921 kJ/kg K = s2 = s3,
At 5 bar : sf = 1.8604,
ww sg = 6.8192 kJ/kg K,
hf = 640.1 kJ/kg
w.ESince s2 > sg, the state 2 must lie in the superheated region. From the table for superheated steam
t2 = 172°C,
h2 = 2796 kJ/kg.
a At 0.1 bar :
syE
sf = 0.649,
sfg = 7.501,
hf = 191.8,
ngi
hfg = 2392.8
Now, s2 = s3
i.e., 6.921 = sf3 + x3 sfg3
nee
x3 = 0.836
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3
Since pump work is neglected

= 2192.2 kJ/kg
rin
Energy balance for m heater
hf4 = 191.8 kJ/kg = hf5
hf6 = 640.1 kJ/kg (at 5 bar) = hf7
gives g.n
(h2 – hf6 ) = (1 – m) (hf6– hf5)
∴ m = 0.172 kg
∴ Turbine work, WT = (h1 – h2) + (1 – m) (h2 – h3)

et
= 934.8 kJ/kg
Heat supplied, Q1 = h1 – hf6
= 2590.8 kJ/kg.
Efficiency of cycle, ηcycle :
= 0.3608 or 36.08%. (Ans.)

Steam rate = 3.85 kg/kWh. (Ans.)
13. (i) Define the following terms pertaining to pure substances like water: i)Sensible heating, ii)Latent
heating, iii)Saturation states, iv)Saturation pressure, v)Saturation temperature, vi)Triple point,
vii)Dryness fraction, viii)Superheated steam and Degree of super heat. (16) [AU MAY2012]


Sensible heating:
The heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in its temperature is called
sensible heat
Latent heating:
Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in
phase.
Saturation states:
The term saturation defines a condition in which a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together
at a given temperature and pressure
Saturation pressure:
The pressure at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given temperature is called the
saturation pressure.
Saturation temperature:
The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given pressure is called the
saturation temperature or boiling point
Triple point:
triple point, defined as the state in which all three phases may be present in equilibrium
ww Dryness fraction:
quality x as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture
w.E
Superheated steam:
When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is said to exist as
superheated vapor.
a
Degree of super heat:
syE
The temperature difference between superheated vapour and saturated liquid is called degree of
superheat.
14.
ngi
(i) In a steam generator compressed liquid water at 10 MPa, 30°C enters a 30 mm diameter tube at
the rate of 3 litres/sec. Steam at 9MPa, 400°C exits the tube. Find the rate of heat transfer to the
water.(8) [AU MAY2012]
Given: nee
In boiler Pressurized water enters at section 1 (p1=100 bar, 30°C)
At section 2 it exits the tube as Steam at 90 bar, 400°C.
rin
Check the condition of water at 1. (find v1)
g.n
From volume flow rate find mass flow rate of water
and find h1
Check the condition of water at 2. (find h2)
Find H.T rate Q = m(h2- h1) in kJ/min
et
(ii) Steam at 20 bar, 360°C is expanded in a steam turbine to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser,
where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler.
i)Assuming ideal processes find the net-work and the cycle efficiency per kg of steam. ii)If the
pump and the turbine have 80% efficiency, find the percentage reduction in the net-work and
cycle efficiency. (8) [AU MAY2012]
At 20 bar, 360ºC :
h1 = kJ / kg ;
s =
Since s1 = s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
1 kJ / kg K.
Now, h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2 = kJ/kg

Actual turbine work
= ηturbine × (h1 − h2 )
= kJ/kg
Pump work = vf ( p2 )( p1 − p2 )

= kJ/kg
Specific work (Wnet ) = kJ / kg. (Ans.)
where,
But Q = hh1f3 –+hpump
hf41 = f4 work = kJ/kg
∴ Thermal efficiency, ηth = %. (Ans.)
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

UNIT IV IDEAL AND REAL GASES, THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS

PART – A
1. Define Ideal gas.
It is defined as a gas having no forces of intermolecular attraction. These gases will follow the gas
laws at all ranges of pressures and temperatures.
2. Define Real gas.
It is defined as a gas having the forces of attraction between molecules and the gas molecules tend to
be very small at reduced pressures and elevated temperatures.
3. What is equation of state? [Nov/Dec 2012]
The relation between the independent properties such as pressure, specific volume and temperature for
a pure substance is known as the equation of state.
4. State Boyle’s law.
It states that volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies inversely as the absolute pressure when
temperature is constant.
ww
5. State Charle’s law.
It states that if any gas is heated at constant pressure, its volume changes directly as its absolute
temperature.
w.E
6. Explain the construction and give the use of generalized compressibility chart.
The general compressibility chart is plotted with Z versus Pr for various values of Tr. This is
constructed by plotting the known data of one of mole gases and can be used for any gas. This chart
asy
gives best results for the regions well removed from the critical state for all gases.
7. What do you mean by reduced properties?
The ratios of pressure, temperature and specific volume of a real gas to the corresponding critical
En
values are called the reduced properties.
8. Explain law of corresponding states.
gin
If any two gases have equal values of reduced pressure and reduced temperature, then they have same
values of reduced volume.
9. What is compressibility factor?
ee
The gas equation for an ideal gas is given by (PV/RT) = 1, for real gas (PV/RT) is not equal to 1.
(PV/RT) = Z for real gas is called the compressibility factor.
rin
10. How does the Vander Waal’s equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state?
The ideal gas equation pV=mRT has two important assumptions,
1. There is little or no attraction between the molecules of the gas.
g.n
2. The volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligibly small compared to the volume of
the gas.
et
This equation holds good for low pressure and high temperature ranges as the intermolecular attraction
and the volume of the molecules are not of much significance. As the pressure increases, inter
molecular forces of attraction and repulsion increases and the volume of the molecules are not
negligible. The real gas deviates considerably from the ideal gas equation [p+ (a/V2)] (V-b) = RT
11. Explain Joule-Kelvin effect. What is inversion temperature?
When a gas (not ideal gas) is throttled, the temperature increases up to a point and then decreases. This
is known as Joule Kelvin effect. The temperature at which the slope of a throttling curve in T-p
diagram is zero is inversion temperature.
12. Write down the Berthelot equation of state for a real gas. [May/June 2006]
13. State any one application of Clapeyron equation. [May/June 2006]

Clapeyron equation can be applied in chemistry and chemical engineering for transitions between a
gas and a condensed phase. This equation also has its application in climatology a nd meteorology.

14. Sketch a skeleton compressibility chart with constant reduced temperature characteristics and
indicate uses of this chart. [Nov/Dec 2006, Nov/Dec 2009]
ww
w.E
asy
En
The Generalized Compressibility Chart can be used for constant property processes: constant
temperature processes follow a TR line, constant pressure processes follow a v rtical PR line, and
gin
constant specific volume processes follow a vR' line.
15. What are reduced properties? Give their significance? [May/June 2007, Nov/Dec 2006]
ee
Reduced properties of a fluid are a set of variables normalized by the fluid's state properties at its
critical point. These dimensionless thermodynamic coordinates, taken together with a
rin
substance's compressibility factor, provide the basis for the simplest form of the theorem of
corresponding states.
16. State the laws of perfect gas.
g.n
[May/June 2007]
Boyle's Law states that, at co nstant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given
mass of an ideal gas is always constant.
et
Charles' Law, or the law of volumes, states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure,
the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
17. What does the Joule-Thomson coefficient represent? [Nov/Dec 2009]

Joule-Thomson coefficient is a measure of the rate of change of temperature with respect to pressure
as a gas is expanded through a valve or orifice without any heat transfer to or from the surroundings.
18. One kg of an ideal gas is heated from 18°C to 93°C. Taking R = 269 Nm/kg K and =
1.2 for the gas, Find the change in internal energy. [AU Apr 2015]
U = m cvT, cv = R/(-1) = 0.269/0.4 = 0.6725 kJ/kg K
U = 1× 0.6725×(93-18) = 50.4375 kJ

PART - B
1. Derive Maxwell relations.
Ans:
dU Tds pdV
dH dU pdV VdP Tds VdP
dF dU TdS SdT pdV SdT dG 
dH TdS SdT VdP SdT
Since U,H,F and G are thermodynamic properties and exact differentials of the type
dz Mdx Ndy,
ww M 
 
N 
 
w.E

y x  x y

Applying this to the four equations,
T  P 
 

  asy
V S
V 
S V
En
T 
 
 
P S  S P gin
P 

S 
 

T V V T

ee rin
V  S 
 g.n

T P

P T
 
These four equations are known as maxwell’s

relation.
et
2. 1 kg of air at a pressure of 8 bar and a temperature of 100°C undergoes a reversible polytropic process
following the law pv1.2 = constant. If the final pressure is 1.8 bar, determine:
(a) The final specific volume, temperature and increase in entropy;
(b) The work done and the heat transfer.
Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.4.
(c) Repeat (a), assuming the process to be irreversible and adiabatic between end states.
Ans:
a) v2 = 0.461 m3, T2 = 290.9 K, S2 – S1 = -0.178 kJ/kg K
b) W12 = 527.85 kJ, Q12 = -468.9 kJ
c) v2 = 0.386 m3, T2 = 243.5 K, S2 – S1 = 0

3. A container of 3 m3 capacity contains 10 kg of CO2 at 27°C. Estimate the pressure exerted by CO2 by
using
(a) Perfect gas equation
(b) Vander Waals’ equation
(c) Beattie Bridgeman equation
Ans:
a) Perfect gas equation
Pv = RT, R=Ru/M
b) Vander Waals’ equation
ww c) Beattie Bridgeman equation
w.E Where,
asy
En
4. Derive entropy equations (Tds Equations).
Ans:
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

5. Derive equations for internal energy and enthalpy. [Nov/Dec 2012]

Ans:
The general relation for du is
Differentiate each term in this equation with respect to P and T = constant.

The general relation for dh is
6. Derive Tds equation taking T and V as independent variables. [Nov/Dec 2012]
ww Ans: Refer to Q. No. 4.

7. i. Explain law of corresponding states.
w.E Ans: If any two gases have equal values of reduced pressure and reduced temperature, then they
have same values of reduced volume.
asy
ii. State the real gas equation of state as virial expansions and deduce an expression for
compressibility factor Z in terms of virial coefficients. [May/June 2007]
En
Ans: The virial expansion, also called the virial equation of state, is the most interesting and
versatile of the equations of state for gases. The virial expansion is a power series in powers of the
variable, n/V, and has the form,
gin
ee
8. Derive Clausius – Clapeyron equation from the appropriate Maxwell relation.
Using Maxwell relations deduce 2 important Tds equations.
Ans: rin
[May/June 2007]
S  S  g.n

dS   dV
V T
S 
dS   dV

T V
dT
et
V T
P 
dS   dV
T V
S 2 S 1 dP V 2 V 1
dT
dP S 2 S 1  S

dT V 2 V 1 V
du TdS PdV

dh du PdV
dh
ds  T
h
S  
L
T
T
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Refer Q. No. 4 for TdS equations.
Find ee
9. A mixture of ideal gas consists of 3 kg of N2 and 5 kg of CO2 at a pressure of 300 kPa and at 20°C.
(a) The mole fraction of each constituent,

rin
g.n
(b) Equivalent molecular weight of the mixture,
(c) Equivalent gas constant of the mixture,
(d) The partial pressures and partial volumes,
(e) Volume and density of the mixture and Cp and Cv of the mixture.
Assume, the value of CP/Cv for CO2=1.286, for N2=1.4.
Ans: (Refer P. K. Nag - Pg. No. 368)
et
a) Mole fraction:
N2 = 0.485, CO2 = 0.515
b) Equivalent molecular weight of the mixture:
M = 36.25 kg/kg mol
c) Equivalent gas constant of the mixture:
R = 0.229 kJ/kg K
d) The partial pressures and partial volumes:
N2 = 145.5 kPa, CO2 = 154.5 kPa
N2 = 0.87 m3, CO2 = 0.923 m3
e) Volume and density of the mixture and Cp and Cv of the mixture:
V = 1.79 m3, Density = 4.46 kg/m3, Cp = 0.92 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.69 kJ/kg K

10. i.Deduce the Maxwell relations from thermodynamic property relations.

ii. Using Maxwell relations deduce Clausius - Clapeyron equation. [May/June
2007]
Ans: Refer Q. No. 1 and Q. No. 8.
11. Using the Clapeyron equation, estimate the value of the enthalpy of vaporization of refrigerant R-
134a at 293K, and compare it with the tabulated value.
ii. Show that Cp-Cv=R for an ideal gas. [Nov/Dec 2009]
Ans: i)
P 
h fg TV fg 
T sat
m3
v fg v g v f 0.035969 0.035153 0.035153
ww dP
  646.18 504.58 17.70 kPa
kg
w.E dT sat 24 16 K

hfg = ( 293) ( 0.035153) (17.7) = 182.4 kJ/kg
table value of hfg at 20 C is 182.27 kJ/kg
Ans: ii)
asy
P  RT En
V
P  RT gin
P

V T
2
 
V
2
2

V ee rin
V  R 

T P
 
P 

g.n
T 
2
V  P 

T P V T
 T 
2
R  

 P 
P 
R
V 
et
Therefore,
C p CV R.
12. i. Show that the Joule-Thomson coefficient of an ideal gas is zero.
ii. Using the cyclic relation and the first Maxwell relation, derive the other three Maxwell relations.
[Nov/Dec 2009]
Ans: i)
For ideal gas
V  RT
P

 V  R
  
 T P P
Ans: ii)
P,S,V in cyclic relation
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
13. i.Explain how real gases deviate from an ideal gas behaviour.
En
Ans:
gin
Real gases deviate from the ideal gas law due to the effects of intermolecular interactions and
non-zero volume.
work?
Ans:
ee
ii. Why does isothermal compression need minimum work and adiabatic compression need maximum
rin
g.n
et
In isothermal compression all the work done on the gas during the process is
transformed in to an internal energy increase where W=Q. This heat is taken away from the
gas by cooling. Thus in isothermal compression, considered to be ideal, no energy would be
imparted to the gas, since its function is simply to raise the pressure of the gas and not its
temperature.
iii. A certain quantity of air initially at a pressure of 8 bar and 280°C has a volume of 0.035 m3. It
undergoes a cycle consisting of the following processes:
a. Expands at constant pressure to 0.1 m3
b. Follows polytropic process with n = 1.4 and
c. A constant temperature process which completes the cycle.
Evaluate the heat received and rejected in the cycle and cycle efficiency. [April/May 2010]
Ans:

Using ideal gas equation of state
m P1V 1  800 0.035 0.1764kg

RT 1 0.287 553
T2 V 2  0.1
T1 V1 0.035
T 2 1580K
P 2 39.42
P3
ww Q
Q
12 mC P T 2 T 1182.09kJ
w.E 2 3 U PdV 26kJ

Q31 102.86kJ
asy
Heat received in the cycle
Q1 182kJ
Heat rejected in the cycle En

Q2 26 102.8 128.8kJ
The efficiency of the cycle gin
14. i. Derive the Clapeyron equation.
ee rin
Ans: Refer to Q. No. 8.
g.n
ii. Over a certain range of pressures and temperatures the equation of a certain substance is given by
ோோ ோ
the relation‫= ݒ‬
ோ
− ,where C is constant. Derive an expression for:
ோ3 et
The change of enthalpy and the change of entropy of this substance in an isothermal process.
[April/May 2010]
Ans:

b) Using second Tds equation
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
15. Using the ideal-gas equation of state, verify
ee
a. The cyclic relation and
b. The reciprocity relation at constant Pressure.
rin
Ans:
a) Cyclic relation g.n

The ideal gas equation of state PV= RT
et
Cyclic relation for an ideal gas as
P V T  1

  
V T T P P V

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
16. Show that the Internal Energy of an ideal gas and an incompressible substance is a function of
temperature only, u=u(T)
Ans:
et

ww
17.
w.EDerive the expression

ቁோቁோ‫ݑ‬ቁቀ
ோ
= ቀ߲ℎோ߲‫ݒ‬ቁ
ோ
for p, v, T.
asy
Ans: Derive using Maxwell relations and energy equation.
18. i. Derive Clausius-Clapeyrons equation. What assumptions are made in this equation?
Ans: Refer to Q. No. 8
En
Assumptions made are the vapor pressure behaves as an ideal gas and the enthalpy of
vaporization is independent of temperature.
gin
ee
ii. Consider an ideal gas at 303 K and 0.86 m3/kg. As a result of some disturbance the state of the gas
changes to 304 K and 0.87 m3/kg. Estimate the change in pressure of the gas as the result of this
disturbance.
rin
Ans:
g.n
P  RT
dP 
V
P 
 dT 
P 
dV
et
T V V T
 R  RT 
dP  dT  2 dV
V  V 







ww
w.E
asy
En 
gin
19. From the basic principles, prove the following
Ans:
First Tds equation
ee rin
g.n
Second Tds equation
et
Equating the first and second Tds relations

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin డ௦
20. Verify the validity of Maxwell’s relation, ቀ ቁ
డ௩
= −ቀ ቁ
for Steam at 300°C and 500 kPa.
Ans: ee డோ ோ డோ ோ [AUMay 2013]
rin
g.n
et

UNIT V
GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRY
PART - A
1. Explain Dalton’s law of partial pressure.
The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the constituents. The
partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas would expect if it occupied alone that
volume occupied by the mixtures at the same temperatures.
m = mA+mB+mC+……. = mi, mi - mass of the constituent.
P = pA+pB+pC+……. = pi, pi - partial pressure of the constituent.
2. State Avogadro’s Law.
The number of moles of any gas is proportional to the volume of gas at a given pressure and
temperature.
3. What is partial pressure?
The partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas would exert if it occupied alone
ww that volume occupied by the mixtures at the same temperature.

4. Deduce the expression for the molecular weight of the mixture of two non-reacting ideal gases.
[May 2007]
w.E
5. Define ‘Mole fraction’.
asy [May/June 2009]
Mole fraction describes the number of molecules (or moles) of one component divided by total the
En
number of molecules (or moles) in the mixture.
6. In a gas mixture, which component will have the higher partial pressure - the one with the higher
gin
mole number or the one with the larger molar mass?
The one with the larger molar mass will have higher partial pressure.
[Nov/Dec 2009]
ee
7. Using the definitions of mass and mole fractions derive a relation between them. [Nov/Dec 2010]
Mass fraction, is the ratio of one substance with mass to the mass of the total mixture
rin
.
The mole fraction, can be calculated using the formula

g.n
where is the molar mass of the component and
8. What is humidification and dehumidification?

et
is the average molar mass of the mixture.
The addition of water vapour into air is humidification and the removal of water vapour from air is
dehumidification.
9. Differentiate absolute humidity and relative humidity.
Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air. Relative humidity is the
ratio of the actual mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air at the given temperature to the
maximum mass of water vapour it can with hold at the same temperature. Absolute humidity is
expressed in terms of kg/kg of dry air. Relative humidity is expressed in terms of percentage.
10. What is effective temperature?
The effective temperature is a measure of feeling warmth or cold to the human body in response to the
air temperature, moisture content and air motion. If the air at different DBT and RH condition carries
the same amount of heat as the heat carried by the air at temperature T and 100% RH, then the
temperature T is known as effective temperature.

11. Define Relative humidity.

It is defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour (pw) in a mixture to the saturation
pressure (ps) of pure water at the same temperature of mixture.
12. Define specific humidity.
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour (ms) in a given volume to the mass of dry air in
a given volume (ma).
13. Define degree of saturation.
It is the ratio of the actual specific humidity and the saturated specific humidity at the same
temperature of the mixture.
14. What is dew point temperature?
The temperature at which the vapour starts condensing is called dew point temperature. It is also
equal to the saturation temperature at the partial pressure of water vapour in the mixture. The dew
point temperature is an indication of specific humidity.
15. What is meant by dry bulb temperature (DBT)?
ww The temperature recorded by the thermometer with a dry bulb. The dry bulb thermometer cannot
affect by the moisture present in the air. It is the measure of sensible heat of the air.
16. What is meant by wet bulb temperature (WBT)?
w.E
It is the temperature recorded by a thermometer whose bulb is covered with cotton wick (wet)
saturated with water. The wet bulb temperature may be the measure of enthalpy of air. WBT is the
lowest temperature recorded by moistened bulb.
17. Define dew point depression.
asy
It is the difference between dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature of air vapour mixture.
18. What is meant by adiabatic saturation temperature (or) thermodynamic wet bulb temperature?
En
It is the temperature at which the outlet air can be brought into saturation state by passing through the
water in the long insulated duct (adiabatic) by the evaporation of water due to latent heat of
vapourisation.
19. What is psychrometer?
gin
ee
Psychrometer is an instrument which measures both dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature.
20. What is psychrometric chart?
rin
It is the graphical plot with specific humidity and partial pressure of water vapour in y axis and dry
bulb temperature along x axis. The specific volume of mixture, wet bulb temperature, relative
g.n
humidity and enthalpy are the properties appeared in the psychrometric chart.
21. Define sensible heat and latent heat.
Sensible heat is the heat that changes the temperature of the substance when added to it or when
occurred by adding the heat or by abstracting the heat.

22. What are the important psychrometric processes?
1. Sensible heating and sensible cooling,
et
abstracted from it. Latent heat is the heat that does not affect the temperature but change of state
2. Cooling and dehumidification,

3. Heating and humidification,
4. Mixing of air streams,
5. Chemical dehumidification,
6. Adiabatic evaporative cooling.
23. What is meant by adiabatic mixing?
The process of mixing two or more stream of air without any heat transfer to the surrounding is
known as adiabatic mixing. It takes place in air conditioning system.
24. What are the assumptions made in Vander Waal’s equation of state?
1. There is no inter molecular forces between particles.
2. The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison with the gas.

25. Define coefficient of volume expansion.

The coefficient of volume expansion is defined as the change in volume with the change in
temperature per unit volume keeping the pressure constant.
26. State Helmholtz function.
Helmholtz function is the property of a system and is given by subtracting the product of absolute
temperature (T) and entropy (S) from the internal energy (U).
Helmholtz function = U – TS
27. What are thermodynamic properties?
Thermodynamic properties are pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), internal energy (U),
enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Helmholtz function and Gibbs function
28. Define throttling process.
When a fluid expands through a minute orifice or slightly opened valve, the process is called as
throttling process. During this process, pressure and velocity are reduced.
29. Define Molecular mass.
ww Molecular mass is defined as the ratio between total mass of the mixture to the total number of moles
available in the mixture.
30. Define psychrometry.
w.E
The science which deals with the study of behavior of moist air (mixture of dry air and water vapour)
is known as psychrometry.
31. Show cooling and dehumidification process on a skeleton psychrometric chart and indicate the
asy
SHL &LHL (sensible & latent heat load). [May/June 2006]
En
gin
ee rin
32. Sketch the sensible heating process on a skeleton psychrometric chart.
g.n [Nov/Dec 2006]
et
33. What is the difference between dry air and atmospheric air? [Nov/Dec 2009]
The difference between dry air and atmospheric air is that atmospheric air contains water vapor but
dry air contains no water vapor. Moisture content is zero in dry air.
34. When are the dry-bulb and dew-point temperatures identical? [Nov/Dec 2009]
The dry-bulb and dew-point temperatures are identical when the air is saturated.

35. Define specific humidity. How does it differ from relative humidity? [April/May 2010]
Specific humidity is a ratio of the water vapor content of the mixture to the total air content on a
mass basis whereas relative humidity of air can be expressed by partial vapor and air pressure -
density of the vapor and air - or by the actual mass of the vapor and air.
36. What is evaporative cooling? Will it work in humid climates? [April/May 2010]
It is defined as the reduction in temperature resulting from the evaporation of a liquid, which
ww removes latent heat from the surface from which evaporation takes place and it will not work in
humid climates.
37. When is humidification of air necessary? [May/June 2013]
w.E
Humidification of air is the process of adding moisture to the air and it is necessary to provide human
comfort.
PART – B
air at 20°C. Calculate :

asy
1. A vessel of 0.35 m3 capacity contains 0.4 kg of carbon monoxide (molecular weight=28) and 1 kg of
(a) The partial pressure of each constituent,
En
(b) The total pressure in the vessel.
The gravimetric analysis of air is to be taken as 23.3% oxygen (molecular weight = 32) and
gin
76.7% nitrogen (molecular weight = 28).
Hint:
ee
Gravimetric analysis specifies the mass of each component.
Find molar mass, mass fraction and finally calculate partial pressure and total pressure.
rin
2. A vessel contains at 1 bar and 20°C a mixture of 1 mole of CO2 and 4 moles of air. Calculate for the
mixture :
g.n
(a) The masses of CO2, O2 and N2, and the total mass;
(b) The percentage carbon content by mass;
(c) The apparent molecular weight and the gas constant for the mixture;
(d) The specific volume of the mixture.
The volumetric analysis of air can be taken as 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen.
Hint:
Volumetric analysis specifies the volume of each component.
et
Find molar mass, mass fraction, molecular weight and finally calculate specific volume.
3. A mixture of ideal gases consists of 4 kg of nitrogen and 6 kg of carbon dioxide at a pressure of 4
bar and a temperature of 20°C. Find:
(a) The mole fraction of each constituent,
(b) The equivalent molecular weight of the mixture,
(c) The equivalent gas constant of the mixture,
(d) The partial pressures and partial volumes,
(e) The volume and density of the mixture, and
(f) The cp and cv of the mixture.
If the mixture is heated at constant volume to 50°C, find the changes in internal energy, enthalpy and
entropy of the mixture. Find the changes in internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of the mixture if the
heating is done at constant pressure.
Take γ for CO2 = 1.286 and for N2 = 1.4. [Nov / Dec 2012]

Ans:
Refer P. K. Nag Pg. 368
4. A vessel of 1.8 m3 capacity contains oxygen at 8 bar and 50°C. The vessel is connected to another
vessel of 3.6 m3 capacity containing carbon monoxide at 1 bar and 20°C. A connecting valve is
opened and the gases mix adiabatically. Calculate :
(a) The final temperature and pressure of the mixture ;
(b) The change of entropy of the system. Take: For oxygen Cv = 21.07 kJ/mole K.
For carbon monoxide Cv = 20.86 kJ/mole K.
Hint:
The mole numbers have to be determined using characteristic gas equation.
System under consideration is adiabatic. Hence W = 0 and Q = 0.
Change in internal energy = [mCv(Tf - Ti)]Nitrogen + [mCv(Tf - Ti)]Oxygen = 0 (for finding final
temperature of the mixture)
For final pressure of the mixture, use PV = NRuT
wwChange in entropy of the system is associated with mixing process is the sum of changes in entropy of
each constituent.
5. A tank of 0.2 m3 capacity contains O2 at 15 bar and 400 ºC. A second tank of 0.5 m3 contains N2 at 20
w.E
bar and 300 ºC. The two tanks are connected together and allowed to mix. The heat lost during
mixing is 50 kJ. Determine the final pressure, final temperature of the mixture and net entropy change
due to mixing. [AU APR 2015]
Ans:
asy
Refer previous problem and discard adiabatic mixing concept since heat lost, Q is given as 50 kJ.
6. The pressure and temperature of mixture of 4 kg of O2 and 6 kg of N2 are 4 bar and 27°C respectively.
En
For the mixture determine the following :
(a) The mole fraction of each component;
(b) The average molecular weight;
(c) The specific gas constant;
gin
ee
(d) The volume and density;
(e) The partial pressures and partial volumes.
Ans:
Refer Q. No. 3 (Same methodology) rin
g.n
7. A volumetric analysis of a gaseous mixture yields the following results: CO2=12%, O2=4%, N2=82%,
CO=2%. Determine the analysis on mass basis and determine the molecular weight and the gas
constant on mass basis for the mixture. Assume ideal gas behavior.
Hint:
Calculate molecular weight of each constituent. et
[May/June 2007]
Multiply individual volume of each constituent by its molecular weight to get relative weight of each
constituent.
8. The critical temperature, pressure and volume of Neon gas is 44.5K, 27.3bar, 0.0416 m3/kg.mol. For a
reduced pressure and temperature of 2 and 1.3, compressibility factor (z) is 0.7. What are the
corresponding specific volume, pressure and temperature if the molecular weight is 20.183? Calculate
the reduced volume. [May/June 2009]
Hint:
Use generalized compressibility chart (Refer P. K. Nag Pg. 371)
9. Two vessels A and B, both containing nitrogen are connected by a valve – which is opened to allow
the contents to mix and achieve an equilibrium temperature of 27°C. Before mixing the following
information is known about the gases in two vessels.
Vessel A vessel B
P = 1.5 Mpa P = 0.6 Mpa
T = 50 °C T = 20 °C

Contents = 0.5 kg mol Contents = 2.5 kg

Calculate the final equilibrium process, and the amount of heat transferred to the surroundings. If the
vessel had been perfectly insulated – Calculate the final temperature and pressure which would have
been reached. Take γ = 1.4. [May/June 2009]
Ans:
Refer P. K. Nag Pg. 360
10. A rigid tank contains 2 kmol of CO2 gas at 300K and 15Mpa. Estimate the volume of the tank on the
basis of
i. The ideal-gas equation of state,
ii. Compressibility factors and Amagat’s law and
iii. Compressibility factors and Dalton’s law. [Nov/Dec 2010]
Ans:
Ideal-gas equation of state
ww pV = nRuT
For the rest, use compressibility chart and determine compressibility factor Z.
11. An insulated rigid tank is divided into two compartments by a partition. One compartment contains 7
w.E
kg of Oxygen gas at 40°C and 100kPa, and the other compartment contains 4 kg of nitrogen gas at
20C and 150kPa. Now the partition is removed, and the two gases are allowed to mix. Determine,
a. The mixture temperature and
Ans: asy
b. The mixture pressure after equilibrium has been established. [Nov/Dec 2010]
En
Refer methodology adopted for Q. No. 4.
12. The sling psychrometer in a laboratory test recorded the following readings :
gin
Dry bulb temperature = 35°C
Wet bulb temperature = 25°C.
Calculate the following:
ee
(i) Specific humidity (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Vapour density in air (iv) Dew point temperature(v)
Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air. Take atmospheric pressure = 1.0132 bar.
Ans:
rin
For finding the partial pressure of vapour, using the equation :
Corresponding to 25ºC (from steam tables),
(pvs)wb = 0.0317 bar g.n
Substituting the values in the above equation, we get
(i) Specific humidity:

= 0.0317 – 0.0065 = 0.0252 bar et
= 0.01586 kg/kg of dry air
(ii) Relative humidity:
[pvs = 0.0563 bar corresponding to 35ºC, from steam

tables]
= 0.447 or 44.7%
(iii) Vapour density:
From characteristic gas equation

pvVv = mvR vTv
where vapour density,
= 0.0177 kg/m3

(iv) Dew point temperature:
Corresponding to 0.0252 bar, from steam tables (by interpolation),

= 21.2°C
(v) Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air:
h = cptdb + Whvapour
= 1.005 × 35 + 0.01586 [hg + 1.88 (tdb – tdp)]
(where hg = 2565.3 kJ/kg corresponding to
35ºC tdb)
= 76.27 kJ/kg of dry air
13. i. One kg of air at 35°C DBT and 60% R.H. is mixed with 2 kg of air at 20°C DBT and 13°C dew
ww point temperature. Calculate the specific humidity of the mixture.

Ans:
For the air at 35°C DBT and 60% R.H. :
w.E Corresponding to 35ºC, from steam tables,

pvs = 0.0563 bar
Relative Humidity
pv = φ pvs = 0.0338 bar
φ = 0.0214 kg/kg of dry air
asy
Corresponding to 0.0338 bar, from steam tables, = 26.1ºC
En
Enthalpy, h = cptdb + Whvapour
gin
= 1.005 tdb + W [hg + 1.88 (tdb – tdp)]
ee
For the air at 20°C DBT and 13°C dew point temperature :
pv is the vapour pressure corresponding to the saturation pressure of steam at 13ºC.
= 0.00935 kg/kg of dry air rin

Enthalpy, h = cptdb + Whvapour
g.n
= 1.005 × 20 + 0.00935 [hg + 1.88 (tdb – tdp)]
et
Now enthalpy per kg of moist air = 58.54 kJ/kg of moist air
Mass of vapour/kg of moist air = 0.01316 kg/kg of moist air
Specific humidity of mixture = 0.01333 kg/kg of dry air
ii. 90 m3 of air per minute at 20°C and 75% R.H. is heated until its temperature becomes 30°C.
Calculate: (i) R.H. of the heated air. (ii) Heat added to air per minute.
Ans:
For air at 20°C and 75% R.H.:
pvs = 0.0234 bar (from steam tables, at 20ºC) pv = φ × pvs
= 0.01755 bar
= 15.5ºC
= 0.0109 kg/kg of dry air
Enthalpy, h1 = cptdb + Whvapour
= 1.005 × 20 + 0.0109 [hg + 1.88 (tdb – tdp)]

Relative humidity of heated air:

For air at 30°C DBT:
Since the saturation pressure of water vapour at 30ºC is higher than the saturation pressure of
water vapour at 20ºC so it is sensible heating, where pv is same after heating. Relative humidity=
0.412 or 41.2% (pvs= 0.0425 bar, corresponding to 30ºC)
(iii) Heat added to air per minute :
Enthalpy, h2 = cptdb + Whvapour
= 1.005 × 30 + 0.0109 × [hg + 1.88 (tdb – tdp)]

3
Mass of dry air in 90 m of air supplied = 106.5 kg/min
Amount of heat added per minute = 106.5 (h2 – h1) = 1114 kJ
14. A certain sample of moist air exists at 35 °C DBT and 20 °C dew point temperature. The atmospheric
ww pressure is 760 mm of mercury. Calculate the relative humidity and saturation ratio.[AU APR 2015]
Hint:
Use psychrometric chart to get saturation values and refer Q. No. 12. (i).
w.E
15. 40 m3 of air at 35°C DBT and 50% R.H. is cooled to 25°C DBT maintaining its specific humidity
constant. Determine: (i) Relative humidity (R.H.) of cooled air; (ii) Heat removed from air.
Hint:
asy
Use psychrometric chart to get saturation values and refer Q. No. 12. (ii).
16. 120 m3 of air per minute at 35°C DBT and 50% relative humidity is cooled to 20°C DBT by passing
through a cooling coil. Determine the following :
En
(i) Relative humidity of out coming air and its wet bulb temperature.
(ii) Capacity of cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration.
gin
(ii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour.
Hint:
ee
Find mass flow rate and locate the process in psychrometric chart.
Capacity of cooling coil is the difference of enthalpy. (1 TR = 3.5 kW)
Amount of water vapour removed is the difference of specific humidity.
17. It is required to design an air-conditioning plant for a small office room rin
for following winter conditions :
Outdoor conditions - 14ºC DBT and 10ºC WBT g.n
Required conditions
Amount of air circulation
Seating capacity of office
-
-
-
20ºC DBT and 60% R.H.
0.30 m3/min./person.
60. et
The required condition is achieved first by heating and then by adiabatic humidifying.
Determine the following :
(i) Heating capacity of the coil in kW and the surface temperature required if the by pass factor of
coil is 0.4.
(ii) ) The capacity of the humidifier. Solve the problem by using psychrometric chart.
Ans:
Locate the points ‘1’ and ‘3’ on the psychrometric chart.
Draw a constant enthalpy line through ‘3’ and constant specific humidity line
through ‘1’.
Locate the point ‘2’ where the above two lines intersect.
From the psychrometric chart : h1= 29.3 kJ/kg
h2 = h3 = 42.3 kJ/kg
tdb2 = 24.5ºC, vs1 = 0.817 m3/kg

The mass of air circulated per minute

= 22.03kg/min.
(i) Heating capacity of the heating coil
ww = ma(h2 – h1)
= 22.03 (42.3 – 29.3)
w.E = 286.4 kJ/min.
= 4.77 kJ/s or 4.77 kW
(iii)
asy
(ii) Coil surface temperature = 32.8 ºC
Capacity of humidifier = 2.379 kg/h
18. It is required to design an air-conditioning system for an industrial process for the following hot and
wet summer conditions :
En
Outdoor conditions ...... 32ºC DBT and 65% R.H.
gin
Required air inlet conditions ...... 25ºC DBT and 60% R.H.
Amount of free air circulated ...... 250 m3/min.
ee
Coil dew temperature ...... 13ºC.
The required condition is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating.
Calculate the following :
(i) The cooling capacity of the cooling coil and its by-pass factor.
rin
g.n
(ii) Heating capacity of the heating coil in kW and surface temperature of the heating coil if the
by-pass factor is 0.3.
(iv) The mass of water vapour removed per hour. Solve this problem with the use of psychrometric
Ans:
chart.
et
Locate the points ‘1’, ‘5’ and ‘3’ as shown on psychrometric chart.
Join the line 1-5.

Draw constant specific humidity line through ‘3’ which cuts the line 1-5 at
point ‘2’. The point ‘2’ is located in this way.
From psychrometric chart :

h1 = 82.5 kJ/kg, h2 = 47.5 kJ/kg
h3 = 55.7 kJ/kg, h5 = 36.6 kJ/kg
W1 = 19.6 gm/kg, W3 = 11.8 gm/kg
tdb2 = 17.6ºC,
vs1 = 0.892 m3/kg.
The mass of air supplied per minute = 280.26 kg/min
The capacity of the cooling coil = 42.04 TR
The heating capacity of the heating coil
= ma (h3 – h2)
= 280.26 (55.7 – 47.5)
ww = 2298.13 kJ/min = 38.3 kW

The mass of water vapour removed per hour = 131.16 kg/h
19. i. For the atmospheric air at room temperature of 30ºC and relative humidity of 60% determine partial
w.Epressure of air, humidity ratio, dew point temperature, density and enthalpy of air.
ii. Show the processes of adiabatic mixing on a sketch of skeleton psychrometric chart and explain the
process. [Nov/Dec 2012]
Ans: (i)
asy
At 30ºC from steam table,
Saturation pressure = 0.0425 bar
En
Partial pressure of vapour = Relative humidity ×
pv, sat = 0.0255 bar
gin
Partial pressure of air = Total pressure of mixture – Partial pressure of
ee
vapour = 0.9875 bar
Partial pressure of air = 0.9875 bar

ω = 0.01606 kg/kg of dry air.
rin
g.n
Humidity ratio = 0.01606 kg/kg of dry air
Dew point temperature may be seen from the steam table. The saturation temperature
approximated as 21.4ºC by interpolation.

Dew point temperature = 21.4ºC
Density of mixture = Density of air (ρa) + Density of vapour (ρv)
et
corresponding to the partial pressure of vapour is 0.0255 bar. Dew point temperature can be
= ρa + ρv
= ρa + ω · ρa
= ρa (1 + ω)
= 1.1835
Density = 1.1835 kg/m3
Enthalpy of mixture, h = Cp · T + ω (hg at 30ºC + 1.860 (30 –

21.4)) = 71.2 kJ/kg of dry air
Enthalpy of mixture = 71.2 kJ/kg of dry air

(ii) Adiabatic Mixing:

Air-conditioning processes often require the mixing of two air streams, especially in the case
where outside fresh air is mixed with the return air in the system. The two streams are
assumed to have different dry bulb temperatures and different humidity ratios. Usually this
mixing is adiabatic with regard to heat transfer to the surroundings.
We can find the conditions of the mixed air stream by again looking at a mass balance of the
air and water. For the air:
a1 m
m a2 m
a3
and for the water: 1 ma1  2 ma2  3 ma3

 
a3
 1ma1 a2
2m
We can eliminate m to get: 3 
ma1 ma2
ww a1  h3 h2
We can also obtain: m
w.E ma3 h1 h2
asy
Note that condensation can occur sometimes when the two streams are mixed.
20. i. Describe the adiabatic saturation process and deduce the expression for specific humidity of
unsaturated air.
Ans:
En
gin
Adiabatic saturation process is the process in which a steady stream of unsaturated air of
unknown specific humidity is passed through a long insulated channel that contains a pool of water.
As the air flows over the water, some water will evaporate and mix with the airstream. The moisture
ee
content of air will increase during this process, and its temperature will decrease, since part of the
latent heat of vaporization of the water that evaporates will come from the air. If the channel is long
rin
enough, the airstream will exit as saturated air (100 percent relative humidity) at the exit
temperature.
Expression for specific humidity of unsaturated air: g.n

The degree of saturation can be expressed as:
μ = φ (pa - pws) / (pa - pw)
where, μ = degree of saturation
et
φ = relative humidity (%)
pw = vapor pressure (mbar)
pws = saturation vapor pressure at the actual dry bulb temperature (mbar)
pa = atmospheric pressure of moist air (mbar)
ii. Define: specific humidity, relative humidity and dew point. [May/June 2007]
Ans:
Refer Part – A Q. No. 11, 12 & 14.
21. i. Explain the following: Dew point, adiabatic saturation process, dry bulb temperature and relative
humidity.
Ans:
Refer Q. No. 21 & Part – A Q. No. 15.

ii. What is the lowest temperature that air can attain in an evaporative cooler if it enters at 1 atm, 320
K, and 40 % R.H? [Nov/Dec 2006]
22. Consider a room that contains air at 1 atm, 308 K and 40% R.H. Using the Psychrometric chart,
determine: the specific humidity, the enthalpy, the wet-bulb temperature, the dew-point temperature
and the specific volume of the air. [Nov/Dec 2009]
Hint:
Locate the point in psychrometric chart and read the property values.
23. An air-conditioning system is to take in outdoor air at 283 K and 30% R.H at a steady rate of 45
m3/min and to condition it to 298 K and 60 % R.H. The outdoor air is first heated to 295 K in the
heating section and then humidified by the injection of hot steam in the humidity section. Assuming
the entire process takes place at a pressure of 100 kPa, determine (i) the rate of heat supply in the
heating section and (ii) the mass flow rate of the steam required in the humidifying section.
[Nov/Dec 2009]
ww Hint:
Identify the process, use psychrometric chart and adopt the method used for solving Q. No. 17.
w.E
24. i. Explain the process of cooling and dehumidification.
ii.Explain with an example evaporative cooling.
Ans:
[April/May 2010]
asy
(i) Cooling with Dehumidification
We can use dehumidification to get rid of some of the moisture in the air, which will lower the relative
En
humidity. This can be accomplished by lowering the air temperature below the dew point and letting
some of the moisture condense out. Typically the moisture condenses on the outside of the refrigerant
gin
tubing. This process is assumed to occur as simple cooling first and then condensation.
While the moisture is condensing the air is assumed to remain saturated. The air is assumed to leave
the cooling section at the final dew-point temperature. To analyze this, first we realize that the mass
conservation of mass for water gives that: ee

of the dry air does not change throughout this process. The water mass does change, however. The
rin
3 ma3 mw2 1 ma1
w2 1 3 ma

a1 ma3 , m
g.n
or, because m
An energy balance gives (no work) et

Q ma3 h3 mw2 hw2 ma1 h1 ma h3 h1 ma 1 3 hw2
Conventional cooling systems operate on a refrigeration cycle, and they can be used in any part of
the world. But they have a high initial and operating cost. In desert (hot and dry) climates, we can
avoid the high cost of cooling by using evaporative coolers, also known as swamp coolers.
Evaporative cooling is based on a simple principle: As water evaporates, the latent heat of
vaporization is absorbed from the water body and the surrounding air. As a result, both the water and
the air are cooled during the process.
(ii) Evaporative Cooling

Here the energy removed from the warm air is used to evaporate water. This method adds moisture to
the air stream while cooling it, and so would be useful in regions where the warm air has a low
humidity. This process is considered to be adiabatic because little heat is lost to the environment.
Again we can apply conservation of mass of air and water, and conservation of energy. We find that
the mass of water added is just the mass of air times the difference in humidity ratio (identical to that
for a humidifier). The difference is that here the water is liquid and has low enthalpy, therefore not
changing that of the air stream much. Thus, this process is considered constant enthalpy or constant
wet bulb temperature.
25. Two streams of air 25° C, 50% RH and 25° C, 60% RH are mixed adiabatically to obtain 0.3 kg/s of
dry air at 30° C. Calculate the amounts of air drawn from both the streams and humidity ratio of the
mixed air.
Hint:
m1/m2 = (ω3 – ω2) / (ω1 - ω3)
ww Property values are to taken from psychrometric chart.

26. A 5m x 5m x 3m room contains air at 25°C and 100 kPa at a relative humidity of 75 percent.
w.E
Determine
a. The partial pressure of dry air,
b. The specific humidity,
c. The enthalpy per unit mass of the dry air, and
asy
d. The masses of the dry air and water vapour in the room [April/May 2010]
Hint:
En
Calculate the volume of room air and use psychrometric chart.
gin
27. The dry and the wet-bulb temperatures of atmospheric air at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) pressure are
measured with a sling Psychrometer and determined to be 25°C and 15°C respectively. Determine
a. The specific humidity,
b. The relative humidity and
ee
c. The enthalpy of the air using thermodynamic relations
Hint: rin [Nov/Dec 2010]
Refer Q. No. 12 (Same method)

g.n
28. i. What is sensible heat? How is the sensible heat loss from a human body affected by the
et
a. Skin temperature
b. Environment temperature, and
c. Air motion
ii. Saturated air leaving the cooling section of an air-conditioning system at 14°C at a rate of 50
m3/min is mixed adiabatically with the outside air at 32°C and 60 percent relative humidity at
a rate of 20 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing process occurs at a pressure of 1 atm,
determine the specific humidity, the relative humidity, the dry bulb temperature, and the
volume flow rate of the mixture. [AU Nov 2010]
Hint:
(i) Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system that changes
the temperature, and some macroscopic variables of the body, but leaves
unchanged certain other macroscopic variables, such as volume or pressure.
(ii) Refer Q. No. 25
29. i. Derive the sensible heat factor for cooling and dehumidification process. Also explain the process.
One kg of air at 40 °C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity is mixed with 2 kg of air
at 20 °C dry bulb temperature and 20 °C dew point temperature. Calculate the temperature and
specific humidity of the mixture.

��
Prove that specific humidity of air is �= 0.622
�
�−�
�
ii. With the aid of model psychometric chart explain the following processes.
a. Adiabatic mixing
b. Evaporative cooling [May/June 2013]
Hint:
(i) We can use dehumidification to get rid of some of the moisture in the air, which
will lower the relative humidity. This can be accomplished by lowering the air
temperature below the dew point and letting some of the moisture condense out.
Typically the moisture condenses on the outside of the refrigerant tubing. This
process is assumed to occur as simple cooling first and then condensation. While
the moisture is condensing the air is assumed to remain saturated. The air is
assumed to leave the cooling section at the final dew-point temperature.
For problem, use adiabatic mixing of air streams concept on psychrometric chart.
ww Derive specific humidity from partial pressures of air and water vapour.
(ii) Refer Q. No. 19 (ii) and Q. No. 24 (ii)
w.E
30. (i) Explain the process of cooling and dehumidification of air (8)
asy
(ii) Draw the psychometric chart and show any two psychometric process on it
(iii) What is moist air and saturated air
(4)
(4)
Ans:
(i) Refer Q. No. 24 (ii) En
(ii)
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
(iii)Moist air – Mixture of dry air and water vapour, Saturated air – Air containing
maximum amount of water vapour at a given temperature.

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Note: non-flow process is a process undergone by a closed system.

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26. Define enthalpy of a system. rin

29. What is PMM1? [AU May 2009] [AU Nov 2010]

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ww maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion.

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the mass of air entering the vessel.

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rin (16)[AU MAY2011]

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Resistance at 25° C is 75Ω

assumptions (16)[AU DEC2009]

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