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Introduction
Atmospheric & Vaccum distillation (AVU)
Fludized catalytic cracking unit (FCCU)
Continues catalytic Reforming unit (CCRU)
Merox Unit
Propylene recovery unit (PRU)
Bitumen blowing Unit (BBU)
Diesel hydro desulphurization unit (DHDS)
Diesel hydro treatment unit (DHDT)
Once through hydro cracker unit (OHCU)
Hydrogen generation unit (HGU)
Amine recovery unit (ARU)
Sulfur recovery unit (SRU)
Motor spirit quality unit (MSQU)
Prime G
Process Flow of Mathura Refinery
ABOUT
Mathura Refinery, the Sixth refinery of Indian Oil
Commissioned in 1982 with a capacity of 6.0 MMTPA to
meet the demand of petroleum products in north
western region of the country. Refinery is located 154KM
away from Delhi. The major secondary unit provided
were Fluidised catalytic cracking unit (FCCU), Vis-breaker
unit (VBU), and Bitumen Blowing unit (BBU). A Diesel
hydro desulphurization unit (DHDS) commissioned in
1999 for production of HSD with low sulfur content of
0.25% wt (max). with the commissioning of Once
Through Hydro Cracker unit (OHCU) in july 2000, capacity
of Mathura Refinery was increased to 8.0 MMTPA.
Diesel hydro-treating unit (DHDT) & MS quality
upgradation unit (MSQU) was installed with world class
technology from UOP in 2005 for production of Euro-III
grade HSD & MS w.e.f. For upgrading environment
standards, old Sulphur Recovery units (SRU) were
replaced with new sulphur Recovery units with 99.9%
recovery in the year 1999.
Products
Indane Gas
Auto Gas
Natural Gas
Petrol/Gasoline
Diesel/Gas oil
ATF/Jet fuel
SERVO lubricants & greases
Marine Fuels & Lubricants
Kerosene
Bitumen.
Indian OIL is not only the largest commercial enterprise in the
country it is the flagship corporate of the Indian Nation. Besides
having a dominant market share, Indian oil is widely recognized
as India’s dominant energy Brand and customers perceive
Indian oil as a reliable symbol for high quality products and
services.
Benchmarking quality, quantity and service to world class
standards is a philosophy that Indian Oil adheres to ensure that
customers get truly global experience in India. Our continued
emphasis is on providing fuel management solutions to
customers who can then benefit from our expertise in efficient
sourcing and least cost supplies keeping in mind their usage
patterns and inventory management.
Retail Brand template of Mathura refinery are XtraCare(urban),
Swagat(highway) and Kissan Seva Kendras(rural) are widely
recognized as pioneering brands in the Petroleum retail
segment. Indian Oil;s leadership extends to its energy brands
Indane LPG, Servo Lubricants, Autogas LPG, XtraPremium
Banded Petrol, Xtramile Branded Diesel, XtraPower Fleet card,
Indian Oil Aviation and XtraRewards cash customer loyalty
programme.
OIL Movement And Storage (OM&S)
Oil movement and storage (OM&S) having two sub division OM&S1 and
OM&S2.
OM & S 1
Functions of OM&S 1
Products
Light Distillates
Heavy Ends
ISD-0.1%
Gross Fuel Loss-6.64%
Natural Gas-2.90%
Net Fuel & Loss -3.74%
OM&S 2
Waste water,oily water &oil spillages from pump.slabs & tank farmsis
brought to the effluent treatment plant where oils is separated and is
pumped to slop tanks.
Naptha (101-104,123&124)
Aviation Turbine Fuel (301-305)
Superior Kerosene Oil (401-405)
Diesel (501-509&513)
Heavy Vaccum Gas Oil (851-853&503)
Vaccum Slop (707&708)
Furnace Oil (703-712)
Crude Tank (001-006)&(007-008)
Operating
conditions:
System Description:
In the newer designs for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit, cracking takes
place using a very active zeolite-based catalyst in a short-contact time
vertical or upward sloped pipe called the "riser". Pre-heated feed is
sprayed into the base of the riser via feed nozzles where it contacts
extremely hot fluidized catalyst at 1230 to 1400 °F (665 to 760 °C). The
hot catalyst vapourizes the feed and catalyzes the cracking reactions
that break down the high molecular weight oil into lighter components
including LPG, gasoline, and diesel. The catalyst-hydrocarbon mixture
flows upward through the riser for just a few seconds and then the
mixture is separated via cyclones. The catalyst-free hydrocarbons are
routed to a main fractionator for separation into fuel gas, LPG, gasoline,
light cycle oils used in diesel and jet fuel, and heavy fuel oil.
During the trip up the riser, the cracking catalyst is "spent" by reactions
which deposit coke on the catalyst and greatly reduce activity and
selectivity. The "spent" catalyst is disengaged from the cracked
hydrocarbon vapours and sent to a stripper where it is contacted with
steam to remove hydrocarbons remaining in the catalyst pores. The
"spent" catalyst then flows into a fluidized-bed regenerator where air
(or in some cases air plus oxygen) is used to burn off the coke to restore
catalyst activity and also provide the necessary heat for the next
reaction cycle, cracking being an endothermic reaction. The
"regenerated" catalyst then flows to the base of the riser, repeating the
cycle.
The gasoline produced in the FCC unit has an elevated octane rating but
is less chemically stable compared to other gasoline components due to
its olefin profile. Olefins in gasoline are responsible for the formation of
polymeric deposits in storage tanks, fuel ducts and injectors. The FCC
LPG is an important source of C3-C4 olefins and isobutane that are
essential feeds for the alkylation process and the production of
polymers such as polypropylene.
In this process Heavy Gas Oil cut (Raw Oil) from Vacuum Distillation
Section of AVU is catalytically cracked to obtain more valuable light and
middle distillates. The present processing capacity of the unit is about
1.48 MMT/Yr. It consists of the following sections:
Cracking section
Catalytic section,
Fractionation section
Gas concentration section.
CO boiler
The unit is designed to process two different types of feed i.e. Arab Mix
HVGO and Bombay High HVGO.
Product Yields:
Feed for the Reforming unit (94 m3/hr at 14 kg/cm2 and 110 oC) is
received directly from hydrotreater stripper after heat exchanger. The
filters must be provided for the protection of the welded plate
exchanger. Feed is filtered to remove any foreign particles. At the D/S
of the feed filter, chloriding agent and water injection are done. CCl4
solution of 1% in reformate is dosed by pump. Dosing @ 1 ppm wt CCl4
in feed is done when continuous regeneration unit is down. Water
injection (not on regular basis) is done to maintain Cl-OH equilibrium on
the catalyst when regenerator is out of service.
Feed mixed with recycle H2 stream gets preheated in PACKINOX
exchanger from 91oC to 451oC by the effluent from 3rd Reactor which
gets cooled down from 497o C to 98oC.
Due to the endothermic nature of the reforming reactions, the overall
reforming is achieved in stages with inter stage heater provided to raise
the temperature. There are three Reactors (15R-1, R-2 & R-3) each
provided with reaction heater.
Merox Unit (Mercaptan Oxidation)
Chemical reactions:
RSH + 1/4 O2 = ½RSSR + ½H2O
The MEROX process efficiently and economically treats petroleum
fractions to remove mercaptan sulfur (MEROX extraction) or to
convert mercaptan sulfur to less-objectionable disulfides (MEROX
sweetening). This process can be used to treat liquids such as liquefied
petroleum gases (LPG), natural-gas liquids (NGL), naphtha, gasoline,
kerosene, jet fuels, and heating oil. It can also be used to treat gases
such as natural gas, refinery gas, and synthetic gas in conjunction with
conventional pre-treatment and post-treatment processes.
Straight-run LPG, gasoline and kerosene fractions obtained from
atmospheric distillation may contain hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans,
the extent of which mainly depends upon the type of crude processed.
Similar products from secondary processes such as FCC also contain
hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to a greater degree compared to
straight-run products. Hydrogen sulfide is corrosive and should be
removed in order to meet specifications on corrosion rate. The
specification for LPG, gasoline, Kerosene and ATF include copper strip
corrosion test which is a measure of rate of corrosion on copper
containing materials. Mercaptans are substances with obnoxious odor
and, therefore, in order to handle and store them, mercaptan level will
have to be brought down to an acceptable odor level. The
specifications of above products include 'Doctor Test' which must be
negative and is generally related to the extent of mercaptan present.
Hydrogen-sulfide can be easily removed by washing with dilute caustic
solution. However, for reducing the mercaptan level many processes
are available like:
Strong alkali-wash
Copper sweetening
Doctor sweetening
MEROX process
Hydro desulphurization
The Merox process licensed by M/S Universal Oil Products Co., (UOP),
USA, is for the chemical treatment of LPG, gasolene and distillates to
remove mercaptans into disulphides. The removal of mercaptans may
be either partial or full. The chemical treatment is based on the ability
of Merox catalysts to promote the oxidation of mercaptan to disulphide
using air as the source of oxygen. The overall reaction is as follows:
PRETREATMENT
EXTRACTION SECTION
As previously stated, low molecular weight marcaptans are caustic
soluble and can easily be removed by washing with caustic in a counter
current tower. Improved extraction is favored by:
Low temperature.
This is not a reversible reaction and the reaction rate is speeded up by:
SWEETENING
As can be seen from reactions, the oxidation is carried out only in the
presence of alkali solution.
POST TREATMENT
The product from the merox reactor will at times contain caustic haze.
Post treatment is required if the product is to go to storage, clear and
bright. In most cases provision of caustic settler and sand filter is
adequate to remove caustic haze. However, for treatment of ATF,
which has to meet stringent specification caustic must be removed by
water wash after caustic settling. Water wash removes entrained
caustic as well as water soluble surfactants, Water wash is followed by
a salt filter to remove entrained water and part of the dissolved water.
This may be followed by clay filter to remove copper and water
insoluble surfactants, if present in feed.
MEROX CATALYSTS
There are two types of Merox catalyst, each one being used for specific
service. Catalyst FB is to be used on units equipped with solid bed
sweetening reactors. Catalyst WS is used for liquid-liquid sweetening in
mixers. This is a caustic dispersible catalyst. This is also used for
oxidation of extraction caustic in oxidisers.
Propylene Recovery Unit (PRU)
Objective: To produce propylene from cracked LPG.
For the purpose of description unit has been divided into following
major sections:
1) Feed surge drum and depropanizer section i.e.separation of C4’S from
C3’S.
2) COS Hydrolyser
C3’S.
4) Propane-Propylene splitter section.
Product Yields:
Product Quality:
The DHDS unit treats different gas oils from various origins, straight run
or cracked products. The feed is a mixture of products containing
unsaturated components (diolefins, olefins), Aromatics, Sulfur
compounds and Nitrogen compounds. Sulfur and nitrogen contents are
dependent upon the crude.
The purpose of DHDS Unit is to hydro-treat a blend of straight run gas
oil and cracked gas oil (TCO) for production of HSD of sulfur content
less than 500 ppm wt.
The Hydrodesulphurization reaction releases H2S in gaseous
hydrocarbon effluents. This H2S removal is achieved by means of a
continuous absorption process using a 25% wt. DEA solution.
In addition to the desulphurization, the diolefins and olefins will be
saturated and a denitrification will occur. Denitrification improves the
product stability. The hydrogen is supplied from the hydrogen unit.
Lean amine for absorption operation is available from Amine
Regeneration Unit (ARU). Rich Amine containing absorbed H2S is sent
to ARU for amine regeneration.
CATALYSTS
Catalysts used for this process are HR-945 and HR-348/448.The HR-945
is a mixture of nickel and molybdenum oxides on a special support.
Nickel has been selected because it boosts the hydrogenating activity.
The HR-348 and HR-448 are desulphurization catalysts; it consists of
cobalt and molybdenum oxides dispersed on an active alumna. Its fine
granulometry and large surface area allow a deep desulphurization
rate.
Different catalysts based on Nickel and Molybdenum Oxide are used to
enhance the rate of reactions.
Products Yields:
Products Yields:
Wild naphtha feed from existing DHDS unit is processed along with
DHDT wild naphtha in a stabilizer located inside DHDT battery limits for
producing single naphtha product.
Processes in DHDT:
Hydrodesulfurization:
Hydrodesulfurization reactions are fast and take place in single
step.
Hydrogenation:
Hydrocracking:
Metal removal
Coking
Once Through Hydro-Cracker Unit (OHCU)
Hydrocracking is a extremely versatile catalytic process in which feed
stock ranging from Naphtha to vaccum residue can be processed in
presence of hydrogen and catalyst to produce almost any desired
product lighter than feed. Thus if the feed is Naphtha it can be
converted into LPG if feed is VGO it can produce LPG, Naphtha, ATF,
Diesel.
Process configuration
Depending upon the feed quality, product mix desired and the capacity
of unit, following process flow configuration can be adopted for
hydrocracker.
Products of HCU
LPG
Heavy naphtha
ATF/SKO
high Speed Diesel
Process Description
In Hydrocracker the VGO feed is subjected to cracking in reactor over
catalyst beds in presence of Hydrogen at pressure of 185Kg/cm2 and
temperature from 365-441 C. the cracked products separated in
fractionator. Light ends are recovered in Debutanizer column. The
process removes almost all S and N from feed by converting them into
H2S and NH3 respectively, thus the product obtained are free of sulfur
and nitrogen compound and saturated. Therefore except for mild NaOH
wash for LPG , post treatment is not required for other products.
UNITS OF HCU
Fractionation section
It is used to separate reaction section products into sour gas, un-
stabilized liquid naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene and diesel.
Furthermore, bottom containing un-converted product servers as feed
to the FCC unit or is sent to tankage. The sour gas and un-stabilized
naphtha are sent to the light end section to make fuel gas, LPG and light
naphtha.
Catalyst :
Co-Mo for Hydrotreater
ZnO/K2Co3 for H2S and Chloride adsorber
NiO for Preformer
Ni for Reformer
CuO for HT/LT Shift reactors
Adsorbents(molecular sieves) for PSA Adsorbers
Operating Conditions :
HGU-I:
FEED
The desulphurization takes place in two steps. The first catalyst in the
desulphurization system is a cobalt-molybdenum hydrogenation
catalyst.
R1 – S – R2 + 2H2 → R1 – H + R2 – H + H2S
Having passed the hydrogenation catalyst in the first reactor the
hydrogenated process feed is sent to the sulphur absorbers. Here the
H2S formed is absorbed by the ZnO absorption catalyst.
ZnO + H2S → ZnS + H2O
REFORMING SECTION:
PRE-REFORMER
The mixture of gas and steam (the process gas) is heated to
approximately 490OC. The preheated process gas passes the pre-
converter, where all higher hydrocarbons are converted into methane,
hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
TUBULAR REFORMER
The pre-converted process gas is further preheated to approximately
650°C in the reformer feed preheat coil before it is sent to the tubular
reformer containing 126 catalyst tubes maintained at desired
temperature. The reformer effluent leaves the tubes at a temperature
of approximately 930° C.
HGU-II:
Feed predesulfurization
Feed desulfurization
Pre-reforming
Reforming
High Temperature shift Reaction
Low Temperature shift reaction
HGU-II Furnace has top fired burners. HGU-II has 12 PSA Drums.
Process:
Air residue having boiling point 530oC (TBP) is obtained from North
Rumaila crude. Air blowing of vacuum residue at high temperature
considerably increases the contents of gums and asphaltenes at the
expense of conversion of a portion of hydrocarbon into condensed oil.
Bitumen is a colloidal solution of asphaltenes and associated high
molecular gums in the medium formed by oils and low molecular gums.
Asphaltene content in the bitumen influences its solidity and softening
point. The higher the asphaltene content, the more solid is the
bitumen. Gums increase bitumen binding properties and elasticity.
Amine Recovery Unit (ARU)
INTRODUCTION :
Diethanol amine almost saturated with H2S (rich amine) and received
at battery limit from DHDS, FCC, OHCU unit is processed in unit ARU to
separate out H2S and amine solution (lean amine), which is obtained as
bottom product from ARU. H2S and other light components present in
the rich amine are separated out as overhead product.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The rich amine containing absorbed H2S and CO2 from amine absorber
and LPG MEROX units enter the amine flash column at a pressure of
about 5 kg/cm2 and temperature of 55\OC. Height of flash column is
approximately 11.4 in. and dia. = 500 mm at the top and 1600 mm at
the bottom of section. Top section is packed with raschig rings. Rich
amine at 5 kg/cm2 is flashed into the column to a pressure of 2.8
kg/cm2. The bottom section contains four single pass valve trays.
Because of flashing, hydrocarbons in the amine get liberated, thereby
reducing the quantity of hydrocarbons going with sour gas to sulphur
unit, which spoils the catalyst.
The liberated hydrocarbons from the top of the column enter the flare
header through a pressure control valve. The column top pressure is
maintained at 2.8 kg/cm2. When column pressure rises, a valve opens
and lets off the liberated hydrocarbons to flare and when pressure
drops pressure valve opens for fuel gas (FG) to enter the column.
A slipstream reflux of lean amine solution is fed into the top of column
above the packing to reabsorb any H2S liberated during flashing from
the bottom of the flash column.
REGENERATION
Operating Conditions:
Temperature Range : 195-320 Deg C
Pressure: 0.56 kg/cm2(g)
Product Yield:
Claus Reactions
The main reaction (PARTIAL OXIDATION) in the main burner is :
H2S + 3O2------> SO2+ H2O +heat
The major part of the residual H2S combines with the SO2 to form
sulphur, according to the equilibrium reaction :
Feed: C5-85 Deg C cut Naphtha /FCC gasoline(70-90 deg C cut)/ Lt.
Reformate
Processes:
Operating conditions:
Products Yield:
Prime G Unit
Objective: Removal of sulfur from FCC gasoline with minimum octane
loss to meet norms of EURO-IV in MS.
Technology: Prime G
Process:
Selective Hydrogenation Unit (SHU)
Gasoline Splitter Unit(GSU)
Hydro-desulphurization Unit (HDU)
SHU Reactor: Feed comes from Heart cut of FCC. Only Diolefins are
hydrotreated and light mercaptans are converted into heavy
mercaptans. Now this product is sent to splitter unit, where it is split
into Light cut naphtha(LCN) & Heavy cut naphtha(HCN)
Gasoline splitter Unit: splits the products from SHU reactor into LCN
and HCN.
Products yield:
Sl. No. Products wt%
1 LCN 23
2 heart Cut 15
3 HCN 62
FLOW SHEET OF MATHURA REFINERY