FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of Requirement

For the Award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electrical Engineering

Under the Sincere Guidance of

Prof. K.P. YADAV

(Electrical Department)

Submitted By
AJEET KUMAR (1536120001)

ASHUTOSH PAL (1536120008)

SUDHANSHU MISHRA (1536120033)

UTKARSH RANJAN (1536120037)

Department of Electrical Engineering

R.R. GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

NH-24 BAKSHI KA TALAB, LUCKNOW

(Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW)

1
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the report entitled “FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK” which is submitted by us in partial fulfillment of
requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech in Electrical Engineering to R.R. GROUP
OF INSTITUTIONS , Lucknow comprises of our original work and due acknowledgement
has been made in the text to all our other material used under the supervision of our guides.

Date:

AJEET KUMAR (1536120001)

ASHUTOSH PAL(1536120008)

SUDHANSHU MISHRA(1536120033)

UTKARSH RANJAN(1536120037)

2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that report entitled

“FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK”

Submitted By

AJEET KUMAR

ASHUTOSH PAL

SUDHANSHU MISHRA

UTKARSH RANJAN

In partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electrical Engineering

R.R. GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS , LUCKNOW

is the record of candidates’ own work carried out by them under our supervision. The matter
embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted for the reward of any other
degree.

Prof. K.P. YADAV

( Electrical Department)
3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It brings us immense pleasure to finally complete the major project in partial fulfillment of
required for the award of degree of B.Tech. We extend our sincere gratitude toEr. P.S.
Parwal (Dean), Prof. Anand Rao,Head of Department(Electrical Engineering) and Prof.
K.P. Yadav, Electrical Department, for providing us this opportunity to complete major
project.

We also pay our sincere gratitude to Er. Tarun Gulrajani and Er. Indradev Bhartifor their
guidance to complete the project.

We would also like to thank all the staff members of the Project Laboratory for contributing to
the most pleasant working environment.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank our friends from whom we learned and
discovered many novel aspects about our project through the innumerable discussions we had
and timely help they have provided.

AJEET KUMAR (1536120001)

ASHUTOSH PAL(1536120008)

SUDHANSHU MISHRA(1536120033)

UTKARSH RANJAN(1536120037)

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

CHAPTER 1 7
INTRODUCTION: 1.1) WHAT IS FIRE FIGHTING 7
1.2) BLOCK DIAGRAM 7
1.3) COMPONENTS USED 7
1.4) NRF24L01 MODULE 7

B) NRF24L01+ BLOCK DIAGRAM 12

C) NRF24L01+ PINOUT 13

1.5) FUNCTIONAL DISCRIPTION 15

A) MODES OF OPERATION 15
1) STANDBY MODES 16
2) POWER DOWN MODE 17
1.6) DATA PIPES 17

1.7) DEVICE CONFIGURATION 18

A) SPI INTERFACE 18
B) SPI INSTRUCTION SET 18
B) CRYSTAL SPECIFICATION 19
C) INPUT CRYSTAL AMPLITUDE & CURRENT CONSUMPTION 19
CHAPTER 2 21
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 21
2.1) ATMEGA328P 21
2.2) POWER SUPPLY 30

5
Smoothing the Ripples using Filter 33
Regulating 12V DC into 5V DC using Voltage Regulator 34
230V TO 5V DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER: 35
2.3) SENSORS 35
SPECIFICATION 37
APPLICATION 37
 FIRE ALARM 37
SOFTWARE USED 40

CONCLUSION 45

6
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: 1.1) What is fire fighting

1.2) Block Diagram
1.3)Components Used
1.4)NRF24L01Module

7
ABSTRACT

Compared with the traditional techniques of forest fire detection, a wireless sensor network
paradigm based on a NRF24L01 technique is proposed. The proposedtechnique is in real
time, given the exigencies of forestfires. The architecture of a wireless sensor network
forforest fire detection is described. The hardware circuitryof the network node is designed
based on a ATmega 328p CONTROLLER and WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
MODULE.The process of data transmission is discussed in detail. Parameters that are
dangerous for forest area such as smoke , flame etc.can be measured using gas/smoke and
flame sensors respectively. From the information collected by the system, decisionsforfire
fighting or fire preventing can be made morequickly by the relevant government departments.

8
1.1) INTRODUCTION:

Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant
unwanted firesin buildings, vehicles, woodlands, etc. A firefighter suppresses fires to protect
lives, property and the environment. Firefighters typically undergo a high degree of technical
training.

The fundamental aim of this project is to develop an embedded system to design a wireless
Forest Fire monitoring system which enables to monitor the parameter in any Forest by
using NRF24L01 technology and display the parameter on the PC’s screen. The system
contains two parts. One is transmitter node and anotherone is receiver node. The transmitter
part consists of gas and flame sensors, power circuitary and NRF24L01 and the receiver part
consist of a PC interfaced with NRF24L01 through PC serial port.

Here we monitor flammable gasses and flames with the help of respective sensors.
The datafrom the sensors are collected by the micro controller andtransmitted to the
receiver section through wirelessmedium. All the parameters are viewed by the PC
usingprogram in the receiver side.

9
1.2)Block Diagram
The model of project consist of transmitter side as well as receiver side whose block
diagram is shown below :

a) Transmitter side

FLAME
SENSOR

SMOKE ATMEGA
SENSOR 328P

NRF24L01
TRANSMITTER

b) Reciever Side :

LCD

ATMEGA
328P
NRF24L01
RECIEVER BUZZER

10
1.3) Components Required

S.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS

1) Voltage Regulator
LM7805
2) Diode
IN4007
3) Capacitor
i) 1000uf
ii) 22pf
iii) 0.1uf
4) Resistor i)1 kohms

6) ATMEGA 328P

7) Flame Sensor SKU-DFR0076

8) Gas Sensor MQ2

10) Wireless Sensor Network NRF24L01+ module

1.4) Introduction toNRF24L01

NRF24L01 is a single chip 2.4GHz transceiver suitable for ultra low power wireless
applications. It is designed to operate in the worldwide ISM frequency band of 2.4000-
2.4835GHz.It has an SPI serial interface to communicate with a host
microcontroller.nRF24L01+ uses GFSK modulation. It has user

configurable parameters like output power, frequency channel, and air data rate. It supports
air data rate of 250kbps, 1Mbps, and 2Mbps. High data rate along with two power saving
modes makes nRF24L01+ ideal for ultra-low power system designs.It is drop-in compatible
with nRF24L01, and on-air compatible with nRF2401A, nRF2402, nRF24E1, and
11
nRF24E2.nRF24L01+ has 126 RF channels. It has 6 data pipe MultiCeiver™ for 1:6 star
networks.

It operates on a supply voltage in the range of 1.9 to 3.6V.

It can be used in wireless mice, keyboards, joysticks, for asset tracking systems, home
automation, etc.

a) Quick Reference Data

Parameter Value Unit

Minimum Supply 1.9 V
Voltage

Maximum Output 0 DBm

Power

Maximum Data Rate 2000 Kbps

Supply Current in TX 11.3 Ma

Mode @0dBm output
power

Supply Current in RX 12.3 Ma

Mode @2000kbps

Temperature Range -40 to +85 ℃

Sensitivity @1000kbps -85 DBm

b) NRF24L01+ Block Diagram

The NRF24L01+ module consists of eight pins out of which seven are connected to the
arduino board.
12
 The block diagram for it is shown below:

Block Diagram of NRF24L01+

c) NRF24L01+ Pinout

The power consumption of this module is just around 12mA during transmission, which is
even lower than a single LED. The operating voltage of the module is from 1.9 to 3.6V, but
13
the good thing is that the other pins tolerate 5V logic, so we can easily connect it to an
Arduino without using any logic level converters. Three of these pins are for the SPI
communication and they need to be connected to the SPI pins of the Arduino, but note that
each Arduino board have different SPI pins. The pins CSN and CE can be connected to any
digital pin of the Arduino board and they are used for setting the module in standby or active
mode, as well as for switching between transmit or command mode. The last pin is an
interrupt pin which doesn’t have to be used.

Pinout of NRF24L01+

14
d) Pin Functions

Pin Name Pin function Description

1 CE Digital Input Chip Enable Activates RX or TX mode

2 CSN Digital Input SPI Chip Select
3 SCK Digital Input SPI Clock
4 MOSI Digital Input SPI Slave Data Input
5 MISO Digital Output SPI Slave Data Output, with tri-state option
6 IRQ Digital Output Maskable interrupt pin
7 VDD Power Power Supply (+3V DC)
8 VSS Power Ground (0V)
9 XC2 Analog Output Crystal Pin 2
10 XC1 Analog Input Crystal Pin 1
11 VDD_PA Power Output Power Supply (+1.8V) to Power Amplifier
12 ANT1 RF Antenna interface 1
13 ANT2 RF Antenna interface 2
14 VSS Power Ground (0V)
15 VDD Power Power Supply (+3V DC)
16 IREF Analog Input Reference current
17 VSS Power Ground (0V)
18 VDD Power Power Supply (+3V DC)
19 DVDD Power Output Positive Digital Supply output for de-coupling purposes
20 VSS Power Ground (0V)

1.5) Functional Discription

a) Modes of operation

The nRF24L01 can be set in the following main modes depending on the level of the
following primary I/Os and configuration registers-

15
 PWR_UP PRIM_RX
CE FIFO state
register register
Mode
RX mode 1 1 1 -

TX mode 1 0 1 Data in TX FIFO

TX mode 1 0 10 Stays in TX mode until packet

transmission is finished

Standby-II 1 0 1 TX FIFO empty

Standby-I 1 - 0 No ongoing packet transmission

Power Down 0 - - -
Table 6 nRF24L01 main modes 1

An overview of the nRF24L01 I/O pins in different modes is given in Table 7.

b) Pin functions in the different modes of NRF24L01

Pin Name Direction TX RX Mode Standby Power Down

Mode Modes
CE Input High High Low -
Pulse
>10µs
CSN Input SPI Chip Select, active
low
SCK Input SPI Clock

MOSI Input SPI Serial Input

MISO Tri-state SPI Serial Output

Output
IRQ Output Interrupt, active low

Table7 NRF24L01+ I/O Pins

1)Standby Modes

Standby-I mode is used to minimize average current consumption while maintaining short
start up times. In this mode, part of the crystal oscillator is active. In Standby-II mode some
extra clock buffers are active compared to Standby-I mode. Standby-II occurs when CE is

16
held high on a PTX device with empty TX FIFO. The configuration word content is
maintained during Standby modes. SPI interface may be activated. For start up time see
Table 13.

2) Power Down Mode

In power down nRF24L01 is disabled with minimal current consumption. When entering this
mode the device is not active, but all registers values available from the SPI interface are
maintained during power down and the SPI interface may be activated (CSN=0). For start up
time see Table 13. The power down is controlled by the PWR_UP bit in the CONFIG
register.

1.6) Data Pipes

NRF24L01 configured as PRX can receive data addressed to 6 different data pipes in one
physical frequency channel. Each data pipe has its own unique address and can be
configured to have individual behavior.The data pipes are enabled with the bits in the
EN_RXADDR register. By default only data pipe 0 and 1 are enabled.

The address for each data pipe is configured in the RX_ADDR_Px registers. Always ensure
that none of the data pipes have the exact same address.

Data pipe 0 has a unique 40 bit configurable address. Data pipes 1-5 share the 32 most
significant address bits and have only the LSByte unique for each data pipe. Figure 7 shows
an example of how data pipes 0-5 are addressed. All pipes can have up to 40 bit address, but
for pipe 1-5 only the LSByte is different, and the
LSByte must be unique for all pipes.
Byte 4 Byte 3 Byte 2 Byte 1 Byte 0

Data pipe 0 (RX_ADDR_P0) 0xE7 0xD3 0xF0 0x35 0x77

D
ata pipe 1
(RX_ADDR_P1) 0xC2 0xC2 0xC2 0xC2 0xC2

Data pipe 2
(RX_ADDR_P2)

17
 Data pipe 3 (RX_ADDR_P3)

Data pipe 4 (RX_ADDR_P4)

D
a
t
Addressing data pipes 0-5 a

pipe 5 (RX_ADDR_P5)

When a packet has been received at one of the data pipes and the data pipe is setup to
generate acknowledgement, nRF24L01 will generate an acknowledgement with an address
that equals the data pipe address where the packet was received.

Some configuration settings are common to all data pipes and some are individual.

The following settings are common to all data pipes:

• CRC enabled/disabled (CRC always enabled when ESB is enabled)

• CRC encoding scheme
• RX address width
• Frequency channel
• RF data rate
• LNA gain
• RF output power

1.7) Device Configuration

All configuration of nRF24L01 is defined by values in some configuration

registers. All these registers are writable via the SPI interface.

a) SPI Interface

The SPI interface is a standard SPI interface with a maximum data rate of 10Mbps. Most
registers are readable.

b) SPI Instruction Set

The available commands to be used on the SPI interface are shown below. Whenever CSN is
set low the interface expects an instruction. Every new instruction must be started by a high
to low transition on CSN.
18
In parallel to the SPI instruction word applied on the MOSI pin, the STATUS register is
shifted serially out on the MISO pin.

1.8) Peripheral RF Information

a) Antenna output

The ANT1 & ANT2 output pins provide a balanced RF output to the antenna. The pins must
have a DC path to VDD, either via a RF choke or via the center point in a dipole antenna. A
load of 15Ω+j88Ω (simulated values) ) is recommended for maximum output power (0dBm).
Lower load impedance (for instance 50 Ω) can be obtained by fitting a simple matching
network between the load and ANT1 and ANT2.

b) Crystal Specification

Frequency accuracy includes initial accuracy (tolerance) and stability over temperature and
aging.

Crystal parameters

When the micro controller drives the nRF24L01 clock input, the requirement of load
capacitance CL is set by the micro controller only. The frequency accuracy of ±60 ppm is
still required to get a functional radio link. The nRF24L01 will load the crystal by 0.5pF at
XC1 in addition to the PBC routing.

c) Input crystal amplitude & Current consumption

The input signal should not have amplitudes exceeding any rail voltage, but any DC- voltage
within this is OK. Exceeding rail voltage will excite the ESD structure and the radio
performance is degraded below specification. If testing the nRF24L01 with a RF source with
no DC offset as the reference source, the input signal will go below the ground level, which

19
is not acceptable. The nRF24L01 crystal oscillator is amplitude regulated. To achieve low
current consumption and also good signal-to-noise ratio when using an external clock, it is
recommended to use an input signal larger than 0.4 V-peak. When clocked externally, XC2
is not used and can be left as an open pin.

An oscillator should be designed so that it has sufficient gain to operate over the entire
operating temperature and voltage range. The amplitude must always be sufficient to drive
the following gain and buffer stages under operating conditions.

Crystal oscillators provide reasonable accuracy, and development efforts for many years
have focused on minimizing power consumption.

Principle of crystal oscillator

20
 CHAPTER 2
Hardware Description

2.1) ATmega328p

2.2)Power Supply

2.3)Sensors

21
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM

2.1) ATmega328p

ATmega 328 has 1KB Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM).
This property shows if the electric supply supplied to the micro-controller is removed, even
then it can store the data and can provide results after providing it with the electric supply.
Moreover, ATmega-328 has 2KB Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). Other
characteristics will be explained later. ATmega 328 has several different features which make
it the most popular device in today’s market. These features consist of advanced RISC
architecture, good performance, low power consumption, real timer counter having separate
oscillator, 6 PWM pins, programmable SerialUSART, programming lock for software
security, throughput up to 20 MIPS etc. ATmega-328 is mostly used in Arduino. The further
details about ATmega 328 will be given later in this section.

ATmega 328p

a)Introduction

 ATmega328 is an 8-bit and 28 Pins AVR Microcontroller, manufactured by Microchip,

follows RISC Architecure and has a flash type program memory of 32KB.

 It has an EEPROM memory of 1KB and its SRAM memory is of 2KB.

 It has 8 Pin for ADC operations, which all combines to form PortA ( PA0 – PA7 ).

22
 It also has 3 builtin Timers, two of them are 8 Bit timers while the third one is 16-Bit
Timer.

 You must have heard of Arduino UNO, UNO is based on atmega328 Microcontroller. It’s
UNO’s heart.

 It opeates ranging from 3.3V to 5.5V but normally we use 5V as a standard.

 Its excellent features include the cost efficiency, low power dissipation, programming lock
for security purposes, real timer counter with separate oscillator.

 It’s normally used in Embedded Systems applications. You should have a look at
these Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems, we can design all of them using this
Microcontroller.

 The following table shows the key parameters of ATmega328:

Parameter Value
CPU type 8-bit AVR
Performance 20 MIPSat 20 MHz
Flash memory 32 kB
SRAM 2 kB
EEPROM 1 kB

Pin count 28 or 32 pin: PDIP-28, MLF-28,TQFP-32, MLF-32

Maximum operating frequency 20 MHz

Number of touch channels 16

Hardware QTouch Acquisition No

Maximum I/O pins 23

External interrupts 2
USBInterface No
USB Speed –

23
b) ATmega328p Pins

 ATmega-328 is an AVR Microcontroller having twenty eight (28) pins in total.

 All of the pins in chronological order, are listed in the table shown in the figure
given below.

24
c) ATmega328p Pinout

Through pinout diagram we can understand the configurations of the pins of any electronic
device, so you are working on any Engineering Project then you must first read the
components’ pinout.
 ATmega 328 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below

ATmega 328p Pinout

1. ATmega 328p Pin Description

1) Functions associated with the pins must be known in order to use the device
appropriately.

2) ATmega-328 pins are divided into different ports which are given in detail
below.

25
 VCC is a digital voltage supply.

 AVCC is a supply voltage pin for analog to digital converter.

 GND denotes Ground and it has a 0V.

 Port A consists of the pins from PA0 to PA7. These pins serve as analog
input to analog to digital converters. If analog to digital converter is not
used, port A acts as an eight (8) bit bidirectional input/output port.

 Port B consists of the pins from PB0 to PB7. This port is an 8 bit bidirectional
port having an internal pull-up resistor.

 Port C consists of the pins from PC0 to PC7. The output buffers of port C has
symmetrical drive characteristics with source capability as well high sink.

 Port D consists of the pins from PD0 to PD7. It is also an 8 bit input/output
port having an internal pull-up resistor.

All of the AVR ports are shown in the figure given below.

26
 ATmega 328p Ports

2. ATmega328p Architecture

 An architecture of a device presents each information about the particular device.

 ATmega-328 architecture is shown in the figure given below.

27
 ATmega328p Architecture

3. ATmega 328p Block Diagram

 Block diagram shows the internal circuitry and the flow of the program of any
device.

 ATmega 328 block diagram is shown in the figure given below.

28
 ATmega 328p Block Diagram

Features

 To perform any task we can select a device on the basis of its features. i.e whether its
features match to obtain the desired results or not.

 Some of the main features of an AVR Microcontroller ATmega328 are shown in the table
given in the figure below.

29
 i. Non programmable data and program memory.
ii. High Performance.
iii. Low power consumption.
iv. Fully static operation.
v. On chip analog comparator.
vi. Advanced RISC architecture.
vii. 32KB Flash memory.

ATmega 328p and Arduino

 ATmega-328 is the most micro-controller that is used while designing.

 ATmega 328 is the most important part of Arduino.
 The program is uploaded on the AVR micro-controller attached on Arduino.
 AVR attached on Arduino is shown in the figure given below.

Applications

 A complete package including ATmega 328 and Arduino can be used in several different
real life applications.

 It can be used in Embedded Systems Projects.

 It can also be used in robotics.

30
 Quad-copter and even small aero-plane can also be designed through it.

 Power monitoring and management systems can also be prepared using this device.

 i have designed this Home Security System using Arduino, you should have a look at it.

2.2)Power Supply

Most of the MCUs available works off a 5v power supply except their low voltage
versions. They need a clean and stable 5V power supply. This is achieved using the
7805 voltage regulator IC. We are using a Bridge Rectifier based Power supply
(Fig3.2).Also the MCUs have a separate power supply for its analog parts to increase
their accuracy and reduce noise. This must not be connected directly with the digital
supply but connected via an LC network with the Vcc.

Bridge rectifier based power supply

Step Down Transformer

The step-down converters are used for converting the high voltage into low voltage. The
converter with output voltage less than the input voltage is called as a step-down converter,
and the converter with output voltage greater than the input voltage is called as step-up

31
converter. There are step-up and step-down transformers which are used to step up or step
down the voltage levels. 230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a step-down transformer.
12V output of stepdown transformer is an RMS value and its peak value is given by the
product of square root of two with RMS value, which is approximately 17V.

220v-12v step down transformer

Step-down transformer consists of two windings, namely primary and secondary

windings where primary can be designed using a less-gauge wire with more number
of turns as it is used for carrying low-current high-voltage power, and the secondary
winding using a high-gauge wire with less number of turns as it is used for carrying
high-current low-voltage power. Transformers works on the principle of Faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic induction.

Convert AC to DC

230V AC power is converted into 12V AC (12V RMS value wherein the peak value is around
17V), but the required power is 5V DC; for this purpose, 17V AC power must be primarily
converted into DC power then it can be stepped down to the 5V DC. But first and foremost,
32
we must know how to convert AC to DC? AC power can beconverted into DC using one of
the power electronic converters called as Rectifier. There are different types of rectifiers,
such as half-wave rectifier, full-wave rectifier and bridge rectifier. Due to the advantages of
the bridge rectifier over the half and full wave rectifier, the bridge rectifier is frequently used
for converting AC to DC.
Bridge rectifier consists of four diodes which are connected in the form a bridge. We know
that the diode is an uncontrolled rectifier which will conduct only forward bias and will not
conduct during the reverse bias. If the diode anode voltage is greater than the cathode voltage
then the diode is said to be in forward bias. During positive half cycle, diodes D2 and D4 will
conduct and during negative half cycle diodes D1 and D3 will conduct. Thus, AC is
converted into DC; here the obtained is not a pure DC as it consists of pulses. Hence, it is
called as pulsating DC power. But voltage drop across the diodes is (2*0.7V) 1.4V; therefore,
the peak voltage at the output of this retifier circuit is 15V (17-1.4) approx.

Smoothing the Ripples using Filter

Filter is required to obtain pure DC power. The output of the diode bridge is a DC consisting
of ripples also called as pulsating DC. This pulsating DC can be filtered using an 15V DC can
be regulated into 5V DC using a step-down converter, but before this, it inductor filter or a
capacitor filter or a resistor-capacitor-coupled filter for removing the ripples. Consider a
capacitor filter which is frequently used in most cases for smoothing.

Filter

We know that a capacitor is an energy storing element. In the circuit, capacitor stores
energy while the input increases from zero to a peak value and, while the supply
voltage decreases from peak value to zero, capacitor starts discharging. This
charging and discharging of the capacitor will make the pulsating DC into pure DC,
as shown in figure.
33
Regulating 12V DC into 5V DC using Voltage Regulator

15V DC voltage can be stepped down to 5V DC voltage using a DC step-down

converter called as voltage regulator IC7805. The first two digits ‘78’ of IC7805 voltage
regulator represent positive series voltage regulators and the last two digits ‘05’
represents the output voltage of the voltage regulator.

IC7805 Voltage Regulator Internal Block

The block diagram of IC7805 voltage regulator is shown in the figure consists of an operating
amplifier acting as error amplifier, zener diode used for providing voltage reference, as
shown in the figure.

Zener Diode as Voltage Reference

Transistor as a series pass element used for dissipating extra energy as heat; SOA protection
(Safe Operating Area) and heat sink are used for thermal protection in case of excessive
supply voltages. In general, an IC7805 regulator can withstand voltage ranging from 7.2V to
35V and gives maximum efficiency of 7.2V voltage and if the voltage exceeds 7.2V, then
there is loss of energy in the form of heat. To protect the regulator from over heat, thermal
protection is provided using a heat sink. Thus, a 5V DC is obtained from 230V AC power.

34
We can directly convert 230V AC into 5V DC without using transformer, but we may require
high-rating diodes and other components that give less efficiency. If we have 230V DC
power supply, then we can convert the 230V DC into 5V DC using a DC-DC buck converter.

230v to 5v DC-DC Buck Converter:

Let us start with the DC regulated power supply circuit designed using a DC-DC buck
converter. If we have 230V DC power supply, then we can use a DC-DC buck converter for
converting the 230V DC into 5V DC power supply. The DC-DC buck converter consists of
Capacitor, MOSFET, PWM control, Diodes and Inductors. The basic topology of a DC-DC
buck converter is shown in the below figure.

DC to DC Buck Converter

Voltage drop across the inductor and the changes in electric current flowing through the
device are proportional to each other. Hence, the buck converter works on the principle of
energy stored in an inductor. The power semiconductor MOSFET or IGBT used as switching
element can be used to alternate the buck converter circuit between two different states by
closing or opening and off or on using the switching element. If the switch is in on state, then
a potential is created across the inductor due to in-rush current which will oppose the supply
voltage, thereby reducing the resultant output voltage. As diode is reverse biased, no current
will flow through the diode.

If the switch is open, then current through the inductor interrupts suddenly and the diode
starts conduction, thus a return path is provided to the inductor current. The voltage drop
across the energized inductor gets reversed, which can be considered as primary source of
output power during this switching cycle and this is due to the this quick change in the
current flow. The stored energy of the inductor is continuously delivered to the load and thus
inductor current will start to drop until the current rises to its previous value or the next

35
on state. The continuation of delivering energy to the load leads to drop in the inductor
current until the current rises to its previous value. This phenomenon is called as output ripple
which can be reduced to an acceptable value using a smoothing capacitor in parallel with the
output. Thus, DC-DC converter acts as step-down converter.

DC to DC Step-down Converter using PWM C

The figure shows the working principle of the DC to DC step-down converter controlled
using a PWM oscillator for high-frequency switching and a feedback is connected with an
error amplifier

2.3) Sensors :

a) SKU-DFR0076Flame Sensor

The flame sensor can be used to detect fire or other wavelength at 760 nm ~ 1100 nm light. In
the fire-fighting robot game, the flame plays an important role in the probe, which can be
used as the robot's eyes to find fire source or football. It can make use of fire-fighting robots,
soccer robots.

Flame sensor probe angle of 60 degrees, the special sensitivity of the flame spectrum, two M3
mounting holes to stabilize the module will not spin.

The flame sensor's operating temperature is -25 degrees Celsius to 85 degrees Celsius, in the
course of the flame it should be noted that the probe distance from the flame should not be
too close inorder to avoid damage.

36
The new version of analog sensor port pin mapping has been changed as the following two
features.Please check the tips for changing sensor cable pin mapping while using the I/O
Expansion shield. We will continue to update. For the inconvenience caused, please
understand.

Specification

 Supply Voltage: 3.3V to 5V

 Detection range: 20cm (4.8V) ~ 100cm (1V)

 Rang of Spectral Bandwidth : 760nm to 1100nm

 Responsive time : 15us

 Interface: Analog

 Size:22x30mm

Application

 Fire alarm

 Fire-fighting robot.

Connection Diagram

b) MQ2 Smoke Sensor

1. The MQ-2 Gas Sensor module detects gas leakage .

2. The MQ series of gas sensors use a small heater inside with an electrochemical sensor.
3. They are sensitive to a range of gasses and are used indoors at room temperature.
4. The output is an analog signal and can be read with an analog input of the Arduino

37
5. MQ-2 Smoke Sensor The MQ-2 smoke sensor is sensitive to smoke and to the following
flammable gases:
 LPG
 Butane
 Propane
 Methane
 Alcohol
 Hydrogen .

6.The resistance of the sensor is different depending on the type of the gas. The smoke
sensor has a built-in potentiometer that allows you to adjust the sensor sensitivity according
to how accurate you want to detect gas.

MQ2 sensor

Features

1. Wide detecting scope.

2. High sensitivity and fast response .
3. Long life and stable.
4.Simple drive circuit
38
 Due to its fast response time and high sensitivity, measurements can be taken as soon as
possible.
 The sensor sensitivity can be adjusted by using the potentiometer.

Application

1. Domestic gas leakage detector

2. Industrial Combustible gas detector
3. Portable gas detector

Interfacing of MQ2 with ATmega328p

Interfacing of gas sensor to arduino

39
 CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE USED

40
SOFTWARE’s USED

1.Java Runtime environment

2. Arduino IDE

JAVA Runtime Environent

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a set of software tools for development of
Java applications. It combines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), platform core classes and
libraries.
JRE is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK), but can be downloaded separately. JRE was
originally developed by Sun Microsystems Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oracle
Corporation.

Arduino IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to
write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party
cores, other vendor development boards.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version
2.The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++using special rules of code
structuring.[4] The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the
program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that
is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

 Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the
code into the Arduino Module.

 It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
41
 It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the
Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for
debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.

 A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

 Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and
accepts the information in the form of code.

 The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

 The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former
is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the
code into the given Arduino Module.

 This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

 The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections

1. Menu Bar
2. Text Editor
3. Output Pane

42
Screenshot of arduino IDE

43
\

CHAPTER -4

CONCLUSION

44
Conclusion

Wireless sensor networks are increasingly applied in the field of environmental and
ecological monitoring. Especially in difficult and harsh environments, it has advantages that
traditional monitor systems lack. In addition, wireless sensor technology has a broad
application background in the field of real-time forest firemonitoring. But given the
complexity and peculiar features of the forest, the system has not been extensively applied in
practical forest fire monitoring. To monitor flames and flammable gasses in the forest in a
more timely and precise way, we pointed out unique advantages of safety in data
transmission, flexibility in building the network, and low cost and energy requirements for a
forest fire monitoring system based on a NRF24L01 wireless sensor technology that we
designed. In other words, we propose this system as a first attempt and complement to
existing forest fire monitoring and prevention methods. It provides a solid basis in terms of
hardware for the application of advanced wireless sensor network technology. To extend the
potential of the system and improve forest fire monitoring technology, the problems of
energy consumption, nodes location and clock synchronization need to be addressed in the
future. These are some of the remaining problem areas to be considered, before the level of
forest fire monitoring can be improved.

Wireless sensor network technology normally deploys large number of small, low cost
sensors fairly densely that can observe and influence the physical world around them by
gathering physical information, transforming it into electrical signals, sending it to a remote
location to do some analysis, and deploying the results in different applications. By this way
there is no need to build towers or set up complicated communication links such as
microwave and satellite. It can be deployed anywhere even in inaccessible places.

This technology can provide real-time monitoring, where it can provide information at the
ignition instance or at very small delays, depending on the node used in wake-up/sleep
schedule.

This technology works on short communication links fashion. As a result, more accurate
information with less delay can be provided for the fire fighters.

45
Using this technology for forest fire application requires a large number of randomly
deployed nodes to provide a reliable network. Based on what has been discussed above, it can
define the key issues of this network for this application in the following points.

(i) Localisation: all the previous work used a GPS or fixed the nodes in a known
place.

(ii) Coverage: the nodes deployed randomly a full coverage almost impossible.

(iii) Network life span: For sensor nodes working on batteries, it is impossible to go
back to each node in the forest and recharge it again.

(iv) Fire detection method: this is the heart of the application; it should be precise and
reliable.

46
CHAPTER-5
REFERENCES

47
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