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Objectives

-to find the relation between pressure and volume for the expansion of air in
pressure vessel- this expansion is a thermodynamic process

Boyle's Law
Boyle's Law states that the pressure (P) of a gas is inversely proportional to the
volume (V). This law is valid as long as the temperature and the amount of gas
are constant. Any units will work here:

PV=k(constant)PV=k(constant)

The constant, kk, will depend on the number of moles and the temperature. As
long as those two state functions are constant, kk will be a constant and Boyle's
Law will hold. Below is a plot of pressure vs volume (aka: a PV plot). Note the
shape of the plot, this is a classic inverse relationship.

Most Boyle's Law problems have an initial set of conditions (P1 and V1) and
then a final set of conditions (P2 and V2). BOTH conditions must satisfy Boyle's
Law and therefore:

P1V1=P2V2P1V1=P2V2

Any units will work here for pressure and volume - just make sure the units are
the same on each side of the equation.
Below is a Boyle's Law applet like the syringe we played with in class that
allows you to explore the relationship between pressure and volume along with
a graph of the data.

Isentropic Process

A process that does not have a change in entropy is an isentropic process.


Though very similar to a reversible adiabatic process, an isentropic process is
not necessarily reversibly adiabatic, but a reversibly adiabatic process is always
isentropic.

In real life there are no processes that are truly isentropic or adiabatic, since
those two processes are ideal processes. However, there are some engineering
devices that can be considered essentially adiabatic. They are pumps, turbines,
nozzles, and diffusers to name a few. So when studying these devices an
isentropic model can be used. Below is an image of an isentropic process on a
T-s diagram, and an adiabatic process on an h-s diagram for a steady flow
device.
The h-s diagram is used to relate the first and second law for a steady flow
device since enthalpy is a primary property of the first law of thermo dynamics,
while entropy accounts for irreversibility during an adiabatic process.

Isothermal process

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process, in which the temperature of


the system remains constant (T = const). The heat transfer into or out of the
system typically must happen at such a slow rate in order to continually adjust
to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange. In each of these states
the thermal equilibrium is maintained.
For an ideal gas and a polytropic process, the case n = 1 corresponds to
an isothermal (constant-temperature) process. In contrast to adiabatic process, in
which n = κ and a system exchanges no heat with its surroundings

(Q = 0; ∆T≠0),

in an isothermal process there is no change in the internal energy (due to ∆T=0)


and therefore

ΔU = 0 (for ideal gases) and Q ≠ 0.

An adiabatic process is not necessarily an isothermal process, nor is an


isothermal process necessarily adiabatic.
In engineering, phase changes, such as evaporation or melting, are isothermal
processes when, as is usually the case, they occur at constant pressure and
temperature.
Isothermal Process and the First Law

The classical form of the first law of thermodynamics is the following equation:

dU = dQ – dW

In this equation dW is equal to dW = pdV and is known as the boundary work.


In isothermal process and the ideal gas, all heat added to the system will be used
to do work:

Isothermal process (dU = 0):

dU = 0 = Q – W → W=Q (for ideal gas)

The isothermal process can be expressed with the ideal gas law as:

pV = constant
or

p1V1 = p2V2

On a p-V diagram, the process occurs along a line (called an isotherm) that has
the equation p = constant / V.

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