The body system that provides support, stability, shape,
and movement to the body. muscles bones joints
10 Facts about the Musculoskeletal System: A review of the
Anatomy & Physiology: 1. The Skeletal System Consists Of More Than Bones
Joint: The point at which two (or more) bones meet;
can be fixed, slightly movable, or freely movable. Ligaments: Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone at a joint; help stabilize the joint, keeping it from moving 4. Some Bones outside of its intended range of motion. Produce Red Tendons: Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone; Blood Cells When muscle contracts, the tendon acts on the bone, Red bone marrow causing movement. is soft tissue Fascia: Connects muscles to other muscles located in Cartilage: Soft connective tissue found between joints; acts networks of as a shock absorber to reduce friction spongy bone Bursa: A flat, fluid-filled sac found between a bone and a tissue inside some tendon or muscle. It forms a cushion to help the tendon or bones. In adults muscle slide smoothly over the bone. the red marrow in Synovial joint: Joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that bones of the is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, filled cranium, with synovial fluid and surrounds the bones' articulating vertebrae, scapulae, sternum, ribs, pelvis, and at the surfaces. epiphyseal ends of the large long bones produce blood Enthesis: The connective tissue between tendon or cells. ligament and bone 5. Bones Are Grouped into the Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton which protects vital organs 2. The Adult Human Skeleton Is Made Up of 206 Bones The axial skeleton consists of: 3. Interactions Between the Skeleton, Muscles, and 1. the skull Nerves Move the Body 2. the vertebral column (spine Somatic signals are sent from the cerebral cortex to nerves 3. the thoracic (rib cage associated with specific skeletal muscles. Most signals The appendicular skeleton consists of: travel through spinal nerves that connect with nerves that 1. the pectoral girdle (shoulders): innervate skeletal muscles throughout the body. 2. upper and lower limbs (arms and legs) When a muscle fiber receives a signal from the nervous 3. the pelvic girdle (hip bones) system, myosin filaments are stimulated, pulling actin filaments closer together. This shortens sarcomeres within a fiber, causing it to contract. Extension: increasing the angle between two bones Abduction: moving away from the body’s midline. Adduction: moving toward the body’s midline. Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing backward or down. Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing forward or up. Elevation: moving a body part up. Depression: moving a body part down. Protraction: moving a bone forward without changing the angle. Retraction: moving a bone backward without changing the angle. Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward. Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward. Dorsiflexion: bringing your foot upward toward your shin. Plantar flexion: depressing your foot. 6. What percent body weight is composed of muscle? 40-50% 10. Muscle Actions Have Prime Movers, Synergists, Over 600 Skeletal Muscles Stabilizers, and Antagonists (NO PICS KASE GANUN HAHA) Prime movers/ agonist: is the muscle that provides the primary force driving the action. Antagonist: is in opposition to a prime mover in that it provides some resistance and/or reverses a given movement. Prime movers and antagonists are often paired up on opposite sides of a joint, with their prime mover/antagonist roles reversing as the movement changes direction. Synergists. One or more synergists are often involved in an action. Synergists are muscles that assist the prime mover in its role. Stabilizers. Stabilizers act to keep bones immobile when needed. Your back muscles, for example, are stabilizers 7. The body contains three types of muscle tissue when they are keeping your posture sturdy. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated. These are the muscles that attach to bones LIFESPAN CONSIDERATIONS: and control conscious Palpate the clavicles of newborns. A mass and crepitus movement. may indicate a fracture experienced during vaginal delivery. Smooth muscle is Infants should be able to sit without support by 8 months involuntary and non- of age, crawl of 7 to 10 months, and walk by 12 to 15 striated. It is found in the months. hollow organs of the body, Check muscle strength by holding the infant lightly under such as the stomach, the arms with feet placed lightly on a table. intestines, and around blood Pronation of the feet are common 12-30mos. vessels. Bowleg is normal for about 1 year after beginning to walk Cardiac muscle is Genu valgus (knock knee) is normal in preschool and early involuntary and striated. It is pre-school children. found only in the heart and is Lordosis is common in children before age 5. specialized to help pump Children should be assessed for scoliosis by age 12. blood throughout the body. Children at risk for injury r/t physical activity should be 8. Muscles have 5 properties assessed for nutritional status, physical conditioning and excitable/irritable -capable of receiving and responding to safety precautions. stimulation from the nerves Athletic adolescent girls are at risk for delayed menses, contractible- capable of shortening after receiving osteoporosis and eating disorders. stimulation extensible-can be stretched without damage DISEASES: (WALANG PICS KASE CREEPY NA HO elasticity-return to its original resting shape and length MASYADO HAHAHA) adaptability- can be changed in response on how it is used A. Gangrene (hypertrophy thru work out) Gangrene of the first to fourth toes of the right foot in a 9. Muscles Act on Synovial Joints to Move the Body person with diabetes Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones B. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Or polydactylism also known as hyperdactyly, is a Inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective congenital physical anomaly resulting in supernumerary tissue. The disorder is bilateral and symmetrical fingers characterized by heat, redness, swelling and painful motion T. Dupuytren contracture of the affective joints. Is a progressive tightening of the bands of fibrous tissue C. Bursitis (called fascia) inside the palms, causing a curling in of the Bursitis is painful inflammation of a bursa (a flat, fluid-filled fingers that eventually can result in a claw-like hand. sac that provides cushioning where skin, muscles, tendons, U. Hand abscess and ligaments rub over bones). Is an accumulation of pus affecting the hand, usually D. Ingrown Toenail (Onychocryptosis, Unguis Incarnatus) caused by a bacterial infection. Results when the toenail grows into the nail fold. V. Herpetic whitlow E. Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) Is a viral infection of the fingertip. Is a common cutaneous condition in which fungus infects W. Carpal tunnel syndrome the skin of the foot Is a painful compression (pinching) of the median nerve as F. Clubfoot it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Is a deformity in which a foot is turned inward, often so severely that the bottom of the foot faces sideways or even Subjective Data: History & Present Illness: upward. 1. JOINTS G. Knock Knees Ask: Pain Are angular deformities at the knee, in which the head of Ask: Stiffness the deformity points inward. Ask: Swelling, heat, redness H. Bowlegs Ask: Limitation of Movement Is a condition in which the knees stay wide apart when a 2. MUSCLES person stands with the feet and ankles together. Ask: Pain/Cramping I. Ankylosing Spondylitis Ask: Weakness Chronic progressive inflammation of spine, sacroiliac and 3. BONES larger joints of the extremities, leading to bony ankylosis Ask: Pain and deformity. Ask: Deformity J. Lordosis Ask: Accidents or trauma Also called swayback, the spine of a person with lordosis Ask: numbness, tingling, limping curves significantly inward at the lower back. 4. FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT (ADL) K. Kyphosis Ask: Problems create any limits on ADLs Kyphosis is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper If YES: Bathing-turning faucents back (more than 50 degrees of curvature). Toileting-urinating, removing bowels, wipe self L. Scoliosis Dressing-doing buttons, pulling dress or sweater over head, A person with scoliosis has a sideways curve to their spine. pulling up pants, tying shoes The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped. Grooming-brushing teeth, shaving, brushing har, applying M. Osteoporosis make-up Decrease in skeletal bone mass occurring when rate of Eating-preparing meals, bringing food to mouth, drinking bone resorption is greater than that of bone. Mobility- walking, walking up & down the stairs, getting N. Osteoarthritis in/out of bed Noninflammatory, localized, progressive disorder involving Communicating-talking, using phone, writing deterioration of articular cartilages and subchondral bone 5. SELF-CARE BEHAVIORS and formation of new bone at joint surfaces Ask: Any occupational hazards O. Ectrodactyly, split hand, cleft hand Ask: Exercise program (pain) Involves the deficiency or absence of one or more central Ask: Recent weight gain digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split Ask: Medications for MS system hand/split foot malformation (SHFM). Ask: Chronic disability or crippling illness P. Ganglia 6. Infants and Children Are swellings that occur over joints or on coverings of Ask: Trauma during labor and deliver (forceps?) tendons in the hands and wrists and that contain a jellylike Ask: Baby resuscitation fluid. Ask: Motor milestones Q. Swan-neck deformity Ask: Broken bones, dislocations Is a bending in (flexion) of the base of the finger, a Ask: Medications for MS straightening out (extension) of the middle joint, and a Ask: Chronic disability or crippling illness bending in (flexion) of the outermost joint. 7. Adolescents R. Radial dysplasia Ask: Sports Is an under-development, abnormal development, or Ask: Special equipment, training program absence of the structures on the radial side (“thumb side”) Ask: Daily warm-up of the forearm, wrist and/or hand. Ask: Actions when getting hurt S. Polydactyly 8. Aging adult Ask: Change in weakness Ask: Increase in falls or stumbling Quadriceps. Patient is supine, knee partially extended; Ask: Use any mobility aids patient resists while you attempt to flex the knee. Ankles and feet. Patient resists while you attempt to OBJECTIVE DATA: dorsiflex the foot and again when you flex the foot. Purpose: Assess function for ADL f. Inspect the skeleton for Screen for any abnormalities structure. Equipment: g. Palpate the bones to Tape measure locate any areas of Goniometer edema or tenderness. Skin marking pen h. Inspect the joint for Approach: swelling. Make pt comfortable i. Palpate each joint for Orderly tenderness, smoothness Head to Toe of movement, swelling, Proximal to distal crepitation, and presence of nodules. Support each joint at rest Firm support, gentle movement, gentle return to a relaxed TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT state NECK: PIVOT JOINT Compare corresponding paired joints SHOULDER: BALL & SOCKET JOINT ELBOW: HINGE JOINT MUSCLES a. Inspect the muscles for size. For any discrepancies, WRIST: CONDYLOID JOINT measure the muscle with tape. b. Inspect for contractures. HAND AND FINGERS: c. Inspect tremors. Metacarpophalangeal Joints: CONDYLOID JOINTS d. Palpate muscles at rest Interphalangeal Joints: HINGE JOINT e. Palpate for flaccidity, spasticity, smoothness of movement. Thumb: SADDLE JOINT Normal: Equal strength on each body side Deviations from N: 25% or less of normal strength HIP: BALL & SOCKET JOINT KNEE: HINGE JOINT ANKLE: HINGE POINT
FOOT: PLANAR/GLIDING JOINT
TOES: Metatarsophalangeal Joints: HINGE JOINTS Interphalangeal Joints: HINGE JOINT Intertarsal Joints: PLANAR/GLIDING JOINT TRUNK: PLANAR/GLIDING JOINT Patient turns the head to one side against the resistance of your hand. Repeat with the other side. Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting Patient shrugs the shoulders against the resistance of your into a ring formed by the other bone. This structure allows hands. rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around Biceps: Patient fully extends arm and tries to flex it while its own axis. NECK you attempt to keep arm in flexion. Triceps: Patient flexes arm and tries to extend it against your attempt to keep it in flexion. Wrist and finger muscles. Patient spreads the fingers and resists as you attempt to push the fingers together. Grip strength: Patient grasps your index and middle fingers while you try to pull them out. Hip muscles. Patient in supine, legs extended. Raises one leg at a time while you attempt to hold it down. Hip abduction. Supine, legs extended. Place hand on Ball-and-socket joints possess a rounded, ball-like end of lateral surface of each knee; patient spreads the legs apart one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. This against your resistance. organization allows the greatest range of motion, as all Hip adduction. Place your hands between the knees; movement types are possible in all directions. SHOULDER patient brings the legs togethen against your resistance. & HIP Hamstrings. Patient is supine, both knees bent. Patient resists while you attempt to straighten the legs. In hinge joints, the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone. In this way, one bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge of a door. ELBOW, KNE, ANKLE METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS, INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS Planar/Gliding joints have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. The range of motion is limited in these joints and does not involve rotation. FOOT, INTERTARSAL JOINTS, TRUNK
Condyloid/ellipsoidal joints consist of an oval-shaped
end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes. WRIST, METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS
Saddle joints are so named because the ends of each
bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together. Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion. THUMB