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USING SAP-2000
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INTRODUCTION
Modern software for design of building provides a strong tool for analyzing complex structures.
However, it is important to know the capability as well as limitation of these tools along with
strong theoretical knowledge of structural behavior. To properly use computers we must know
two things,
(1) The language which it can understand properly
(2) The expected outcome of command given to it which can be validated
It should be noted that a correct input in proper format given to computer will only fetch a
correct solution.
To model a building we must know the inputs to be given to software like material properties,
equilibrium and compatibility equations, energy and work principals, incompatible elements,
boundary conditions, general constraints, analysis methods, design principal and philosophy.
Without knowing these parameters and proper input format, software will always give wrong and
misleading results.
Information regarding grade of concrete, main steel and secondary steel to be used in
construction must be known. If more than one grade of material is to be used, the properties
should be defined separately. Other significant properties of material such as modulus of
elasticity, mass, weight, poisons ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion, material damping and
stress-strain curve must also be known. Tentative sizes of members for initial analysis should be
fixed, for beams based on deflection criteria as per codal provisions and for columns axial load
from corresponding tributary area.
Load Calculation and Linear Analysis
Gravity load on building depends on material and usage of building. Calculation of dead load
should be based on IS 875-1978 (Part-1) and imposed load on building should be calculated
based on IS 875-1978 (Part-2). For distribution of gravity load on slab yield line pattern should
be used. Earthquake load on a building can be applied in three ways, viz. as equivalent static
method, using response spectrum and using time history. IS 1893-2002 (Part-1) discusses these
methods for load application. Wind load, Snow load and other loads should be calculated as per
relevant codal provisions. Following flow charts (Figure 1 to 3) based on codal provisions
discusses the three primary loads i.e. Dead Load, Live Load and Wind Load. For Earthquake,
equivalent static load calculation procedure is shown in Figure 4(a), Figure 4(b) shows response
spectrum analysis. Analysis is performed after application of these loads on building and mass
source. Various linear and nonlinear analysis procedures are shown in Figure 5.
In limit state design of reinforced concrete structures IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 suggests to use
following load combinations:
1.5 (DL + IL)
1.2 (DL + IL ± EL)
1.5 ( DL ± EL)
0.9 DL ± 1.5 EL
Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or maximum sea
waves, therefore while designing structure earthquake should not be combined with wind,
maximum flood or maximum sea waves. Structural members should be designed for
combination giving severe most loading.
While designing for dynamic load the value of elastic modulus of materials, where ever required,
may be taken for static analysis unless a more definite value is available for use in such
condition. Other provisions should be considered as per codal guidelines.
Plan of the building and sectional elevations of different RC frames are shown in figure.
The size of the beams and columns are given in table.
Trial Section
Column Beam
C 300 X 500 Bx 300 X 500
By 300 X 600
Slab thickness: 125
(Note: All dimensions in mm.)
1.2 General
Other relevant data are as follows:
Grade of concrete: M20
Grade of steel: Fe 415
Live load on roof: 1.5 kN/m2 (Nil for earthquake)
Figure 9 Quick Grid lines form Figure 10 Define Grid Data form
Notice that the “Plan” view is active in Fig 11. When the window is active, the display
title bar is highlighted. Set a view active by clicking anywhere in the view window. Note
that the Global Axes are displayed as well, and that Z positive is in the “up” direction.
When SAP2000 refers to the direction of gravity, this is in the negative Z direction, or
“down”.
Use the Define menu > Materials command to add, modify, or delete a material property
definition. The material property definitions are then used in defining the structural objects
(Frame sections, cable sections, tendon sections, area sections, solid properties).
Defining a frame section makes the section available for assignment to selected frame objects.
The Define menu > Frame Sections command can be used to (a) import sections from
predefined databases, (b) define frame section properties on the basis of their dimensions, (c)
review and modify section properties, and (d) delete section properties.
A. Click the Define menu > Section Properties > Frame Sections command, which will
display the Frame Properties form (Fig.14).
B. Click the Add New Property button, which will display form shown in Fig. 14
Figure 17:Reinforcement Data form for Column Figure 18:Reinforcement Data form for Beam
1. In Rebar Material Area, Select HYSD415 from list as a rebar material of Longitudinal
Bars and Confinement Bars (Ties).
2. In Design Type Area, Select Beam (M3Design only) option, this will display
reinforcement data form (Fig.18) for beam.
3. In Concrete Cover to Rebar Center Area, Type 0.03 Top and Bottom edit box.
4. Click the OK buttons on Reinforcement Data form, Rectangular section form and frame
properties form.
In this Step, Frame objects with the associated column and beam sections list are drawn using the
grids and snap-to options, and generated using Edit menu commands.
Draw Frame Objects (XZ Plane)
Make sure that the X-Z Plane @ Y= 0 views is active (see Step1-D for directions on how to
make a view active). This view should be in the left window. Also check that the Snap to Points
and Grid Intersections command is active. This will assist in accurately positioning the frame
objects. This command is active when its associated button is depressed. Alternatively, use
the Draw menu > Snap to > Points and Grid Intersections command. By default, this
command is active.
A. Click the View menu > Set 2D View command.
B. In the Set 2D View form click on the X-Z plane option. Type 0 into the Y = edit box
to display the Side view at Y = 0, and click OK.
C. Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or use the Draw menu > Draw
Frame/Cable/Tendon command. If you accessed the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon
command via the Draw menu, the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button will depress
verifying your command selection. The Properties of Object pop-up form for frames
will appear as shown in Fig.19. If the Properties of Object form is covering any part
of the model in either view, click on the title bar and drag it out of the way.
Object button , to leave the Draw mode and go to the Select mode. Then click the
Edit menu > Undo Frame Add command, and repeat Items C-D.
F. Repeat Item E to draw additional columns along the Grid line X=4, and X=7. These
members form the columns of XZ frame at Y = 0. Right click to stop drawing.
G. Click in the Section drop-down list on the Properties of Object form (Fig. 19) and
scroll down to Bx 300 X 500. Single click on it to assign the auto select list Bx 300 X
500 to the members you will draw.
H. Repeat Item E to draw beams along grid line Z=3, Z=6, Z=9 and Z= 12. These
members form the complete XZ frame at Y = 0.
I. Click the Select Object button, or Press the Esc key on the key-board to exit the
Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command.
A. Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or use the Draw menu > Draw
Frame/Cable/Tendon command. The Properties of Object pop- up form for frames will
appear as shown in Fig.19.
B. Click in the Section drop-down list on the Properties of Object form (Fig. 19) and scroll
down to By 300 X 600. Single click on it to assign the auto select list By 300 X 600 to
the members you will draw.
C. Draw beams along Grid line Z=3, Z=6, Z=9 and Z= 12. These members form the
complete YZ frame at X = 0. Right click to stop drawing.
D. Click the Select Object button, or Press the Esc key on the key-board to exit the
Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command.
Add Restraints
In this step, supports for the frame are defined. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is
active, and that the program is in the Select mode.
A. Select the support nodes i.e. nodes at Z=0.
B. Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to bring up the Joint Restraints
form (Fig. 20).
C. Click the Fixed support button to assign restraints in the Translation and Rotation
in 1, 2 and 3 directions. Click OK to accept the changes.
mistake in selecting, press the Clear Selection button, and try again. Use the Move
12. Use the Move Up in list and Move Down in List buttons to change floor
level.
B. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance from End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 2 in second Distance edit box and type 6.25 in second Load edit box.
c. Type 3 in third Distance edit box and type 6.25 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
D. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance from End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 4.7 in second Load edit box.
c. Type 3.5 in third Distance edit box and type 4.7 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
E. Select the beams having 5m length in X-Y Plane along line X=7 at level Z= 3, 6, 9 & 12.
F. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance from End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 4.7 in second Load edit box.
c. Type 3.5 in third Distance edit box and type 4.7 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
G. Select all the beams having 4m length in X-Y Plane along line Y=0, Y=5, and Y=10.
H. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
I. Select the beams having 4m length in X-Y Plane along line Y=5, at level Z= 3, Z=6, Z=9,
& Z=12.
J. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance from End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 2 in second Distance edit box and type 6.25 in second Load edit box.
c. Type 4 in third and fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in third and fourth Load
edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
K. Select all the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line Y=0, Y=5 and Y=10 at
level Z= 3, Z=6, Z=9, & Z=12.
L. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance from End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 4.7 in second Load edit box.
c. Type 3 in third and fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in third and fourth Load
edit box.
M. Select all the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line Y=5 at level Z= 3, Z=6,
Z=9, & Z=12. .
N. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance from End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 4.7 in second Load edit box.
c. Type 3 in third and fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in third and fourth Load
edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
In the similar way assign the remaining area loading (i.e. LIVE load, Dead F.F., Dead R.T. &
live ROOF) corresponding to their appropriate load values.
3. In Function File area, click the Browse button in this area and pick the text file that
includes the response spectrum data (Refer Appendix). The path of the selected file
will display in the File Name display box. Click the View File button to display the
selected file in WordPad.
4. In Header lines to skip area, Type 5.
5. In the Values are: select the Period vs Values option.
6. Click the Display graph button, which will display Response spectrum as shown in
Fig. 26.
7. Click the Convert to User Defined button, which will display Response Spectrum
Definition form (Fig. 32).
8. Click the OK buttons on the Response Spectrum Function Definitions and the
Define Response spectrum functions forms to exit all forms.
E. Click the File menu > Save command, or the Save button, to save your model.
A. Click the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command or the Run Analysis button, to
bring up the Set Load Cases to Run form (Fig. 35).
B. Click the Run Now button on the set load cases to run form, which will display SAP
Analysis Monitor (Fig. 36). The program will create the analysis model from your object-
based SAP2000 model. Data will scroll in this window as the program runs the analysis.
This information may be accessed at a later time by going to the File menu > Show
Input/output Text Files command and selecting the file with the LOG extension.
A. Click the Display Menu > Show Tables command, which will display Choose tables
for Display Window (Fig. 36).
B. Check the Structural Output Option.
C. Click OK button on the Choose Tables for Display, which will display tables Base
Reactions and Modal Information.
D. Note Base reactions for DEAD, DEAD SLAB, DEAD WALL, DEAD FF and DEAD
RT, LIVE and LIVE ROOF and compare it with manual load calculations.
E. Also note the Base Shear ( X VB ) in X Direction (Global FX force for EQ – X Load
Case) and Base Shear ( Y VB ) in Y Direction (Global FY force for EQ – Y Load
Case).
F. Calculate Base shear in X direction (VBX ) and Base shear in Y direction (VBY ) as
V x V y
per IS 1893: 2002 provisions, and calculate b and b .
Vb x Vb y
G. Click the Define menu > Load Cases command, which will display the Analysis
Cases form.
H. In Cases area, click the RSA X Case Name and click Modify/Show Case button,
which will display Analysis Case Data- Response Spectrum form.
Z I V x
I. In the load applied area, type the value of g X b in scale factor edit
2 R Vb x
box and Click OK button on the Analysis Case Data – Response Spectrum form.
Z I Vb y
L. In the load applied area, type the value of g X in scale factor edit
2 R b
V y
box and Click OK button on the Analysis Case Data – Response Spectrum form.
M. Repeat the step 11 and 12A-12C and Check the base shear in X & Y direction. Now
base shear in X & Y direction should match with base shear in X & Y direction as per
IS 1893:2002 provisions.
A. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is active. Then click on the XZ View
button to reset the view to an elevation.
Deformed Shape command or the Show Deformed Shape button, to bring up the
Deformed Shape form (Fig. 40).
1. Select MODAL from the Case/Combo Name drop-down box.
2. Check the Cubic Curve check box.
3. Click the OK button to display first Mode shape shown in (Fig.42). Click the Start
6. Click the Left Arrow button on the status bar at the bottom of the screen to view
the previous mode shape.
7. Click the Options menu > Sound command to turn the sound associated with the
animation off or on.
E. Right click on any joint to display the Joint Displacements results form (Fig.43)
F. Click the Show Undeformed Shape button to remove the displayed mode shape.
3. When finished viewing the detailed information, click the Close button in the
upper right-hand corner of the Concrete Design Information {Code} form to close it.
4. Click the OK button to close the Concrete Beam Design Information form.
2. Select Load Case Type > Static and Analysis Type> Nonlinear.
3. Add all dead loads and appropriate percentage (%) of live load.
4. Other parameters – default.
Deformation Controlled Hinge Load carrying Capacity as Drops Load After Point E.
5. The hinges should be assigned at both the ends which means at the relative distance of 0
and 1 and form as shown in Figure 54 will appear.
NOTE- The SAP 2000 non-linear pre-defined non-linear hinge properties corresponding to
Caltrans hinge model and FEMA 356 hinge model. So depending upon the requirement the
adequate auto hinge type should be used. Apart from this SAP 2000 also provides user definition
of hinges. In the Figure 53 & 55 in select FEMA 356 table depending upon the member to hinge
is to be assigned appropriate table should be selected. The beams should be assigned M3 hinges
while columns should be assigned P-M2-M3 hinges since column consists of interaction between
axial load and bending moment. The V value in the hinge properties for beams form previously
defined gravity load case should be used as shown in Figure 53. The transverse reinforcement is
confirming box should be active if frame is designed as SMRF (Special Moment Resisting
Frame) else it should not be active. The hinge properties are dependent on member capacity;
hence reinforcing ratio should be used from current design.
4. In pushover load case for other parameters, to modify the steps at which results needs to be
saved click Modify the Results Saved for non-linear static load case form will appear as
shown in Figure 61. In this form Multiple Steps should be selected in order to save the
results at the intermediate steps. In this form for each stage Minimum and Maximum
number of saved steps should be kept 1000 and 5000 in order to avoid solution converge.
NOTE- It is important to note that the non-linear parameters affect the solution control; hence
the results obtained using different solution control parameters and hinge unloading method may
deviate slightly, hence no unique solution is obtained for some problems.
Note: Similarly pushover analysis can be done along another direction i.e. X
N/mm2
N/mm2