Study on the Effects of Different Levels of Humidity and Rooting Media

on the Root Development of Miniature Rose Stem Cuttings

Alice Biag; Dayanara Elias; Genaro Macasieb Jr.

Benguet State University-College of Engineering and Applied Technology
Alicemanodon19@gmail.com; dayanara.elias1997@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of humidity and rooting media on the root
development of miniature rose stem cuttings. The statistical factorial analysis was used in the study consisting
of two factors: (A) represented by the three different levels of humidity, specifically, 60-70%, 71-80% and 81-
90% and (B) represented by two rooting media, sand with 25% vermicast and soil with 25% compost.

The general objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of Miniature Rose cuttings as
affected by different levels of humidity and rooting media. Specifically it aims to determine the most suitable
level of humidity, the best propagation media, the relationship between different levels of humidity with the
different rooting media and the minimum number of days in propagating miniature rose stem cuttings. It is to
conduct the study for 25 days with prepared bill of materials.

A nursery was prepared consisting 3 installed tunnels for the 3 humidity levels all under 45% shading
each attached with a 6 inches exhaust fan to maintain temperature and a misting system composed of a
reciprocating pump to maintain the relative humidity using an arduino micro-controller as a sensor for both. A
total of 270 Miniature rose stem cuttings 3 to 4 inches long are sharply cut, sticked, observed and recorded for
its longest root length, number of primary roots, number of cuttings without callus and root formation, number
of new leaves formed and number of days till it can be transplanted. The data gathered was analyzed through
the factorial analysis with CRD for the ANOVA and the treatment means were analyzed using LSD (Least
Significance Difference) to test the significance of the differences among means.

Results in terms of the average length of longest roots of miniature rose stem cuttings, the average
number of its primary roots, the average number of cuttings without callus and root formation and the average
number of new leaves formed, shows significant similarity having the 60-70% humidity level and the medium
sand with 25% vermicast both with the greatest desirable results increasing from 15 days till after 25 days. The
analysis of variance in terms of the number of primary roots and the number of new leaves formed, shows
significance in the interaction between the different levels of humidity level and the rooting media. This
implies both the humidity levels and the media have dependent effects on each terms.

In terms of root development and leaf proliferation, the miniature rose stem cuttings performed best
under 60-70% relative humidity level at medium sand with 25% vermicast. The different levels of humidity
and rooting media has also affected the propagation duration to 10 days lesser than by traditional farmers.

KEYWORDS
levels of humidity, rooting media, miniature rose stem cuttings, arduino micro-controller
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Rose is a perennial flower shrub or a shrubby vine of
the genus Rosa within the family Rosaseae that
contains approximately 2000 species and more than
20,000 varieties. Miniature roses (Rosa cheninsis
minima) came originally from China and are a form
of Rosa cheninsis with hundreds of different varieties
of miniature roses like Red ace, Snow bride, Yellow
sin blaze and Minnie pearl.
Miniature roses are small plants with
miniature leaves and flowers that reach a maximum
height of only 6 inches. Miniature Rose plants do well
in temperatures between 60-75 degrees F (16-24
degrees C) and very susceptible to frost but available
year round from various sources. These are popular
since it requires less care and space adopted for the
production of colourful effects and for cut flower
purposes, edging beds, as borders, in containers, and
for rock gardens.
Plant propagation is creating new plants
from existing plants, this can be done using seeds,
bulbs, taking cuttings from existing plants, and
dividing roots. Taking stem cuttings is the most
popular way of propagating ornamental plants and
woody shrubs as these root well through cuttings.
Cuttings will not root if planted with their polarity
(natural direction of growth) reversed [19].
Humidity is of crucial importance because
the little plants have no roots to begin with. A covered
propagator acts as a mini greenhouse maintaining
ideal levels of humidity around the young plants.
Regular misting of the clones is also very helpful.
The rooting medium determines the amount
of water and air available to the base of the cutting,
which will influence the rates of transpiration and
respiration respectively as well as the other metabolic
processes in the cutting base. An ideal rooting
medium provides physical support and aeration and
holds sufficient moisture for the cuttings. Materials
commonly used are coarse sand, a mixture of one part
peat and one part perlite (by volume), or one part peat
and one part sand (by volume). Vermiculite by itself
is not recommended because it compacts and tends to
hold too much moisture. Media should be watered
while being used [2].
There have been no studies conducted to
determine the best levels of relative humidity and
rooting media on the rooting of miniature rose stem
cuttings. To satisfy the growing market demands for
this new ornamental plant, development of an
accelerated propagation method is required in regards
to suitable humidity and rooting media especially on
its rooting property.
This study is important to evaluate the
rooting characteristics of miniature rose cuttings as
affected by different levels of relative humidity and
rooting media. This can be used as basis for a quality
production that hasten the duration for propagation in
less than a month with more supply.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study is to evaluate the
performance of Miniature Rose cuttings as affected
by different levels of humidity and rooting media.
Specifically, it aims to:
1. To determine the most suitable level of humidity on
the root development of miniature rose stem cuttings;
2. To identify the best propagation media based on the
root establishment of miniature rose stem cuttings;
3. To determine the relationship between different
levels of humidity with the different rooting media;
4. To determine the minimum number of days in
propagating miniature rose stem cuttings;
5. To prepare the project bill of materials.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Nursery Preparation
2.1.1 Seedbed and Tunnel
A tunnel covered with transparent polyethylene film
and 1 layer 45% green shade net was installed. A
black plastic was covered underneath the soil for the
propagation trays. The area was installed with 3
tunnels for the 3 humidity levels, all under 45%
shading and the rooting media was placed in alternate
position. The tunnel dimensions have a length of 3
meters, 1 meter width and a height of 1 meter.
Figure 1. Seedbed and Tunnel
2.1.2 Exhaust Fan
A 6 inches exhaust fan was attached at one end of the
nursery and at the other end was a hole for the air to
enter. The exhaust fan automatically opens whenever
the temperature increases to meet set temperature.
Figure 2. Exhaust Fan
 An arduino micro-controller was also
installed as sensor for humidity and temperature. The
temperature was set not lower than 20℃ and not
higher than 30℃ which are controlled by the sensors.
Figure 3 (a). Figure 3 (b). Arduino
Temperature and microcontroller
humidity sensor
2.1.3 Misting System
A misting system was installed in the nursery. It was
composed of three reciprocating pump wherein each
tunnel has individual pump which helped the misting
nozzles automatically open to produce mist once the
sensor sensed the condition of the humidity inside the
tunnel. There were six mist nozzles in each tunnel for
the six propagation trays; drum-as a source of water;
water lines; and other reservoir needed.
Figure 4 .a. Mist Figure 4.b. 1.5 hp
nozzles reciprocating pump
Figure 4.c. Reservoir
2.2 Preparation of Planting Material
Miniature rose stem cuttings were taken from the
parent plant at a farm at Alapang, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Ideal cuttings include a mature stem, 3 to 4
inches long with 2 or more leaves attached. The
cuttings were properly cut by a sharp cutter to avoid
pathogen accumulation at the tip of the stem cuttings.
The propagation tray accommodated 15 cuttings, thus
a total of 270 cuttings were used for the 18 trays. The
cuttings were sticked at a distance of 1.5 inches and a
depth of 1 inch.
Figure 5 (a). Miniature rose stem cuttings
Figure 5 (b). Sticked miniature rose stem cuttings
2.3 Data Gathered
After 15 days from sticking, data gathering followed.
The root lengths of the stem cuttings were measured
using a ruler.
Five days interval after 15 days of sticking
was observed, five samples each replication were
taken to determine the root and leaf proliferation.
However, to facilitate computation, the average for
each replication was considered.
To determine the effects of humidity level
and rooting media, the following data were recorded:
1. Length of longest roots per cutting. This was
determined by measuring the longest roots per cutting
obtained after 15 days, 20 days, and 25 days from
sticking.
2. Number of primary roots per cutting. A primary
root is the first root of a plant, originating in the
embryo. The average number of primary roots per
cutting is determined by the number of primary roots
per cutting divided by 5 samples per replication.
3. Number of cuttings without callus and root
formation. The number of cuttings was counted 15
days and 5 days intervals after sticking.
4. Number of new leaves formed. It was taken by
counting the number of new leaves formed that
consist of a broad expanded blade or leaves that have
outgrew already.
5. Number of days before transplanting the cuttings.
This was determined by counting the number of days
where the cuttings can already be transplanted. For
farmers practice, the suitable length of roots of
transplantable cuttings does not exceed to 5 cm.
2. 4 Parameters for Evaluation
1. Shading Percentage of the Propagation Area
Shading percentage in the area was obtained using the
formula [15].
% Shading =
Light intensity outside−Light intensity of the shade
x100 (1)
Light intensity outside
2. Calculation of Mortality Rate
The percentage of mortality was obtained by using the
formula [15] :
Number of dead cuttings
% Mortality = x100 (2)
Total number of cuttings planted

Table 1. Treatments
FACTOR TREATMENT
(A) Rooting Sand mixed with 25% vermicast
Figure 2. Arduino microcontroller flow diagram
Media Soil with 25 % compost
60 – 70 %
(B) Humidity
71– 80 %
Level
81 – 90 %

2.4.1 Statistical Analysis

The data gathered was analyzed through the factorial
analysis with CRD for the ANOVA and the treatment
means were analyzed using LSD (Least Significance
Difference) to test the significance of the differences
among means. Each treatment has 3 replications with
five samples each. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 2. Average length of longest roots of miniature
rose stem cuttings after 15 days

RH Media Grand Grand

Level Total Mean
Sand Soil with
with 25% 25%
vermicast compost
60- 1.36 0.55 1.91 0.95a
70%
71- 0.79 0.54 1.33 0.66a
80%
81- 0.71 0.35 1.05 0.53a
Figure 1. Experimental lay-out of the study 90%
Grand 2.86 1.44
Total
Grand 0.95a 0.48b
Mean
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly.

Data shows that stem cuttings under 60-70% have the

longest root length with a mean of 0.95 cm. sand with
25% vermicast medium with a mean of 0.95 cm have
greatly affected the root proliferation compared to the
other medium used.

Table 3. Average length of longest roots of miniature

rose stem cuttings after 20 days

Media
RH Sand Soil
Level with 25% with Grand Grand
Total Mean
vermicast 25%
compost
60- 4.05 2.31 6.36 3.18a
70%
71- 2.37 2 4.37 2.19a
 80% Grand 2.41a 0.49b
b Mean
81- 1.53 0.96 2.49 1.25
90% Means with the same letter do not differ significantly.
Grand 7.95 5.27
Total Data shows that stem cuttings under 60-70%
Grand 2.65 a
1.76 a have the most number of primary roots with a mean
Mean of 1.76. It shows that the cuttings under the sand with
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly. 25% vermicast medium with a mean of 2.41 cm have
greatly affected the number of primary root
Data shows that stem cuttings under 60-70% proliferation compared to the other medium used.
have the longest root length with a mean of 3.18 cm. This may be smack-dab to the fact that sand with 25%
vermicast has shown more desirable results in
Sand with 25% vermicast medium with a mean of
2.65 cm have greater impact on root proliferation comparison to soil with 25% compost.
compared to soil with 25% compost.
Table 6. Average number of primary roots after 20 days

Table 4. Average length of longest roots of miniature Media

rose stem cuttings after 25 days RH Sand Soil
Level with 25% with Grand Grand
Media Total Mean
vermicast 25%
RH Sand Soil Grand Grand compost
Level with 25% with Total Mean 60- 4.1 3.02 7.12 3.56a
vermicast 25% 70%
compost 71- 3.27 2 5.27 2.63b
60- 8.15 6.3 14.45 7.22a 80%
70% 81- 2.73 1.67 4.4 2.2b
71- 7.87 5.93 13.8 6.9a 90%
80% Grand 10.1 6.69
81- 5 2.87 7.87 3.93b Total
90% Grand 3.37a 2.23a
Grand 21.02 15.1 Mean
Total Means with the same letter do not differ significantly.
Grand 7a 5.03a
Mean Data shows that stem cuttings under 71-80%
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly. and 81-90% relative humidity level are not
significantly different from each other but
It was observed that longest roots were significantly different from 60-70%, which obtained
recorded after 25 days of sticking, regardless of the the highest number of primary roots with a mean of
relative humidity level. The cuttings under the sand 3.56. It shows that the cuttings under the sand with
with 25% vermicast medium with a mean 7 cm have 25% vermicast medium with a mean of 3.37 have
greatly affected the root proliferation compared to soil greatly affected the number of primary root
with 25% compost. These medium produces the proliferation compared to the other medium used.
highest measured length roots after 25 days of
sticking. Table 7. Average number of primary roots after 25 days

Table 5. Average number of primary roots after 15 days Media

RH
Sand Soil Grand Grand
Media Level
with 25% with Total Mean
RH Sand Soil
Level Grand Grand vermicast 25%
with 25% with
Total Mean compost
vermicast 25%
compost 60- 8.33 5.08 13.42 6.71a
70%
60- 3.1 0.42 3.52 1.76a
70% 71- 7.4 4.87 12.26 6.13a
80%
71- 2.6 0.63 3.23 1.62a
81- 3.87 4.2 8.07 4.03b
80%
90%
81- 1.53 0.43 1.97 0.98b
Grand 19.6 14.15
90%
Total
Grand 7.23 1.48
Grand 6.53a 4.72a
Total
Mean
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly. Table 10. Average number of miniature rose stem
cuttings without callus and root formation after 25
Data shows that stem cuttings under the days
different levels of humidity increase in the number of
primary roots compared to the data taken from 15 and Media
20 days period. The cuttings under the sand with 25% RH Sand Soil
vermicast medium with a mean of 6.53 have greatly Level with 25% with Grand Grand
affected the number of primary root proliferation Total Mean
vermicast 25%
compared to the other medium used. compost
60-70% 0 0.66 0.66 0.33a
Table 8. Average number of miniature rose stem
71-80% 0.67 0.33 1 0.5a
cuttings without callus and root formation after 15 days
81-90% 0.67 1.33 2 1a
Media Grand 1.34 2.32
Relative Total
Sand Soil Grand Grand Grand 0.44a 0.77a
Humidity with 25% with
Level Total Mean Mean
vermicast 25%
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly.
compost
60-70% 0 0.33 0.33 0.17a The 81-90% level of humidity has greatly
71-80% 0.33 1.33 1.67 0.83ab affected the cuttings having no callus and root
formation garnering the highest mean of 1. The result
81-90% 0.66 2 2.66 1.33a shows that soil with 25% compost has greater effect
Grand 0.99 3.66 on not forming of callus and roots by the cuttings with
Total a mean of 0.77.
Grand 0.33b 1.22a
Mean Table 11. Average number of new leaves formed
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly. after 15 days

The result shows that 81-90% has the highest Media

number of cuttings without callus and root formation Relative Sand Soil
Humidity Grand Grand
after 15 days. It shows that the sand with 25% with 25% with
Level Total Mean
vermicast has lower number of cuttings without callus vermicast 25%
and root formation than the soil with 25% compost. compost
60-70% 5.2 2 7.2 3.6a
Table 9. Average number of miniature rose stem
cuttings without callus and root formation after 20 days 71-80% 3.93 2.27 6.2 3.1a

Media 81-90% 2.47 1.47 3.94 1.97b

Relative Sand Soil Grand 11.6 5.74
Humidity Grand Grand
with 25% with Total
Level Total Mean
vermicast 25% Grand 3.87a 1.91b
compost Mean
60-70% 0.33 0 0.33 0.17b Means with the same letter do not differ significantly
ab
71-80% 0.67 0.67 1.34 0.67 The result shows that 60-70% has the highest
81-90% 0.33 2.33 2.66 1.33a number of new leaves formed after 15 days. It shows
Grand 1.33 3 that the lower the humidity, the higher leaf
Total proliferated by the cuttings as well as roots. Soil with
Grand 0.44a 1a 25% compost has lower number of new leaves with a
Mean mean of 1.91 because of its compaction that results to
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly. poor aeration.

Result shows that 81-90% of relative Table 12. Average number of new leaves formed
humidity has the greatest effect on the cuttings having after 20 days
no root formation with a mean of 1.33. The sand as a
medium has lower number of cuttings without root Media
formation while soil with 25% compost has higher Relative Sand Soil
Humidity with 25% with Grand Grand
effect on having no root formation by the cuttings. Total Mean
Level vermicast 25%
compost
 60-70% 9.63 5.75 15.38 7.69a leaves formed, shows significance in the interaction
71-80% 5.67 4.67 10.33 5.17b between the different levels of humidity level and the
81-90% 5.42 2.6 8.02 4.01c rooting media. This implies both the humidity levels
Grand 20.72 13.02 and the media have dependent effects on each terms.
Total
Grand 6.91a 4.34a 4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
Mean RECOMMENDATIONS
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly.
4.1 Summary
Stem cuttings under 60-70% have the highest The “Study on the effects of different levels of
number of leaves proliferated garnering a mean of humidity and rooting media on the root development
7.69. Result showed that the effect of humidity and of miniature rose stem cuttings” was conducted at the
media on the average number of new leaves is highly College of Engineering and Applied Technology
significant. Sand with 25% vermicast has the highest experimental area, Benguet State University, La
mean of 6.91. Trinidad Benguet from March 1 – March 26, 2018.
The general objective of the study was to evaluate the
Table 13. Average number of new leaves formed
rooting development of miniature rose stem cuttings
after 25 days as affected by 60-70%, 71-80% and 81-90% levels of
humidity and sand with 25% vermicast and soil with
Media
25% compost rooting media. Results showed that
Relative Sand Soil
Grand Grand miniature rose cuttings propagated under sand with
Humidity with 25% with Total Mean 25% vermicast had the best suitability for rooting
Level vermicast 25% proliferation yielding longest root length and highest
compost root number. Miniature rose stem cuttings propagated
60-70% 10.25 7.27 17.52 8.76a under the interaction of sand with 25% vermicast at
71-80% 7.53 2.8 10.33 5.17a 60-70% humidity level enhanced the formation of the
roots at an average of 0.95 cm long and the number of
81-90% 6.87 2.33 9.2 4.6b roots per cutting at an average of 1.01. It has less
Grand 24.65 12.4 number of stem cuttings without roots and callus
Total formation at an average of 0.17. The results revealed
Grand 8.22a 4.13a a significant effect of the propagating media and the
Mean different humidity levels on the root development of
Means with the same letter do not differ significantly. the miniature rose stem cuttings.

The result shows that 60-70% level of 4.2 Conclusions

humidity has greater effect on the formation of new
leaves garnering the highest mean of 8.76. It also
shows that there is no significance difference between
the three humidity levels. In terms of the media, sand
with 25% vermicast has the highest number of leaf
proliferated with a mean of 8.22 compared to the soil
with 25% compost having a mean of 4.13.
Based on the study conducted, the following
conclusions were drawn:
1. The best humidity level in which the miniature rose
stem cuttings performed best in terms of root
development and leaf proliferation was achieved
under 60-70% relative humidity level.

Results in terms of the average length of
longest roots of miniature rose stem cuttings, the
average number of its primary roots, the average
number of cuttings without callus and root formation
and the average number of new leaves formed, shows
significant similarity having the 60-70% humidity
level and the medium sand with 25% vermicast both
with the greatest desirable results increasing from 15
days till after 25 days. This may be associated to the
high porosity of sand with 25% vermicast which is
good for aeration and water infiltration and the higher
temperature of 60-70% humidity level than the other
levels indicative of the amount of light absorbed by
the plant.
The analysis of variance in terms of the
number of primary roots and the number of new
2. The miniature rose stem cuttings performed best
under the medium sand with 25% vermicast. In terms
of root development and leaf proliferation, miniature
rose stem cuttings propagated under sand with 25%
vermicast had the best result.
3. The interaction of the humidity and rooting media
has the best result under the 60-70% level of humidity
and sand with 25% vermicast medium. It was
observed under the sand with 25% vermicast and soil
with 25% compost that as the humidity level
increases, the lesser the formation of roots and leaves.
4. The propagation duration of miniature rose stem
cuttings as affected by different levels of relative
humidity and rooting media was lessen to 20 days
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