Contents

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................2

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3

AIMS ..........................................................................................................................4

THEORY ....................................................................................................................4

APPARATUS .............................................................................................................6

RESULT .....................................................................................................................9

CALCULATION ........................................................................................................12

CALCULATION ERROR ..........................................................................................20

DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................................21

CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................22

RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................23

REFERENCES / APPENDICES ...............................................................................23

Page 1
 ABSTRACT

Acetic acid, CH3COOH is a weak acid that dissociates partially or incompletely,

releasing only some of its hydrogen atoms into the solution. Acetic acid also an
organic compund that exist in colourless colour it is also known as the main
component of vinegar .

The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the molarity of a solution and the
percent by mass of acetic acid that exist in the vinegar will be calculate by using the
titration technique.

The experiment is firstly will be conduct with the standardization of NaOH solution
and then the mol of NaOH that got in the expriment will use to calculate the molarity of
a solution and the percentage of acetic acid in vinegar.

The theoretical value of NaOH is 0.6 M while the value that had been calculate
from the experiment is 0.549 M. Therefore there are the percentage error for the
molarity in this experiment.

Next, the molarity for tritration 1 and tritration 2 have the same value molarity of
acetic acid since it used the same number of NaOH mol. Therefore, as the molarity of
acetic acid for titration 1 and 2 is the same, the mass of acetic acid for both titration is
also is the same.

The conclusion that we can conclude from this experiment is the higher the
concentration of acid solution, the concentration of acid that dissolved in NaOH will be
higher too.

Page 2
 INTRODUCTION

The solution concentration is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A

concentrated solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in given amount of
solvent. Dilute solutions contains relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent.
There are two specific terms to express concentration, which is molarity and percent
by mass.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥 100%
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Vinegar is a dilute solution of which contains acetic acid. The molecular formula
for acetic acid is CH3COOH. Molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar
solution can be determine by using a titration. Titration is a technique that used in
which small increments of a solution of known concentration are added to a specific
volume of a solution to the unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for that
reaction complete. The determination the equivalence point of the reaction can be
determine from titration. The equivalance point is reach when the added quantity of
one reactant is neutralize.

Page 3
 AIMS

To determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

THEORY

In this experiment the titration technique will be used. The titration technique is
applied when a burette is used to dispense a small, quantifiable increment of solution
of known concentration. A burette has the smallest calibration unit of 0.1mL iis used.
Therefore volume dispense from the burette should be to the nearest 0.01mL.

The equivalence point is occur when the moles of acid in the solution is neutralize
and equals to the moles of base that added in the titration. For example, the
stoichiomatric of 1 mole of strong base, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is equal to 1 mole
of weak acid, acetic acid (CH3CO2H).

NaOH (aq) + CH3CO2H(aq) → NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

A sudden change in the pH of the titration in the pH of solution shows that the
titration has reached the equivalence point. pH can be defined as the negative of the
logarithm which shows the hydrogen concentration.

pH = - log [H30+]

Page 4
 pH scale is a method of to express the acidity and basicity of a solution. The
solution that have a pH < 7 are acidic, pH = 7 are neutral and pH > 7 basic. pH
electrode used in this experiment to calculate the pH of the solution. Titration is
initiated by inserting a pH electrode into a beaker containing the acid solution. Then
for sodium hydroxide, NaOH is added to the acid solution and the pH will gradually
increase. NaOH is added until it completely react and to completely neutralize the
acid, the next drop of NaOH added will cause a sudden sharp increase in pH. The
volume of base is that required to neutralize the acid is used to determine the
equivalence point in titration.

In this experiment, titration of vinegar sample with standardized sodium hydroxide

solution will be done. To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution, of a primary
standard acid solution is initially prepared. In general, primary standard solutions are
produce by dissolving a weighed quantity of pure acid or base in a known volume of
solution. Primary standard acid or bases have several common characteristics such
as it must be available in at least 99.9 purity, have a high molar mass to minimize
error in weighing, stable upon heating and it must be soluble in the solvent of interest.

Then, Potassium hydrogen phthalate KHC8H4O4, and oxalic acid, (COOH)2,

are common primary standard acid. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is the most
commonly used based. Most acids and bases (e.g. HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, and
KOH) are most available as primary standard. To standardize one of these acid
or based solutions, titration of the solution with a primary standard should be
done. In this experiment, NaOH solution will be titrated with potassium hydrogen
phthalate (KHP). The equation for this reaction will be:

Page 5
 KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

When the sodium hydroxide solution has been standardizes, it will be used
to titrate 10.00mL of vinegar. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH
is

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCH3COO (aq) + H2O(l)

Knowing the standardized NaOH concentration and using equation 6, we can

determine the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar
solution.

APPARATUS

1. Burette

2. Beaker

3. Glass rod

Page 6
4. Magnetic Stirrer

5. Retort stand

6. pH meter

7. High precision analytical weighing balance

8. Volumetric pipette

Material

1. 0.6 M NaOH

2. Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)

3. Vinegar

4. Distilled water

Page 7
 PROCEDURE STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION

1. 250mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution from NaOH prepared. The
solution prepared in the beaker and the calculation is checked with th laboratory
instructor. The calculation is recorded.

2. Plastic cup is weighed and the mass is recorde to the nearest 0.001g. 1.5 grams of
KHP is added to the plastic cup. The mass of plastic cup and KHP is recorded to the
nearest 0.001g. The mass of KHP by difference and the recorded data is calculate. 30
mL of distilled water is added to the beaker. The solution is stir until the solution of
KHP is dissolved completely.

3. The solution of NaOH is titrate and the pH with 1mL addition of NaOH is recorded.

4. Steps 1 to 3 is repeated to perform second trial to standardize the NaOH solution.

5. The graph of pH versus NaOH is plotted. The volume of NaOH required to

neutralize the KHP in each titration is get from the plotted graph.

6. The molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2 is calculate.

7. The average molarity of sodium hydroxide solution for titration 1 and 2 is calculate.
The sodium hydroxide result will be used in the part B of the experiment.

THE MOLARITY OF ACETIC ACID AND PECENTAGE OF VINEGAR

Page 8
1. 10 mL of vinegar is transfer to a clean and dry 250 mL beaker by using a 10 mL
volumetric pipette. 100mL of water is added to cover the pH electrode tip during the
titration.

2. 1 mL of NaOH is added to the vinager solution and the pH is recorded.

3. Steps 1 and 2 is repeated.

4. The graph of pH vs volume NaOH added is plotted. The volume of NaOH required
to neutralized vinegar in each titration is determine from the graph. The data is
recorded.

5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar in titration 1 and 2 is calculate.

6. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 is calculate.

7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar is calculate.

RESULT

I) Experiment 1

Titration 1 Titration 2 Average

Mass of weighing dish (g) 2.3280 2.3280 2.3280

Mass of weighing dish + KHP (g) 3.8307 3.8305 3.8306

Mass of KHP (g) 1.5027 1.5025 1.5026

Volome of NaOH to neutralize the 13.4000 13.5000 13.4500

KHP solution (mL)

First titration Second titration Average

Volume of pH Volume of pH Volume of pH

Page 9
NaOH NaOH NaOH
added (mL) added (mL) added (mL)

0.00 3.83 0.00 3.72 0.00 3.78

1.00 3.99 1.00 3.89 1.00 3.94

2.00 4.15 2.00 4.06 2.00 4.11

3.00 4.26 3.00 4.23 3.00 4.25

4.00 4.41 4.00 4.36 4.00 4.39

5.00 4.54 5.00 4.47 5.00 4.45

6.00 4.62 6.00 4.60 6.00 4.61

7.00 4.73 7.00 4.73 7.00 4.73

8.00 4.89 8.00 4.86 8.00 4.88

9.00 5.05 9.00 5.01 9.00 5.03

10.00 5.17 10.00 5.17 10.00 5.17

11.00 5.43 11.00 5.39 11.00 5.41

12.00 5.63 12.00 5.61 12.00 5.62

13.00 6.24 13.00 6.41 13.00 6.33

14.00 11.55 14.00 11.76 14.00 11.66

15.00 12.08 15.00 12.14 15.00 12.11

16.00 12.24 16.00 12.31 16.00 12.28

17.00 12.37 17.00 12.43 17.00 12.40

18.00 12.41 18.00 12.58 18.00 12.50

19.00 12.47 19.00 12.64 19.00 12.56

20.00 12.59 20.00 12.81 20.00 12.70

II) Experiment 2

Page 10
 Titration 1 Titration 2 Average

Volume of NaOH
required to neutralize
13.30 14.30 13.80
vinegar (mL)

First titration Second titration Average

Volume of pH Volume of pH Volume of pH

NaOH NaOH NaOH
added (mL) added (mL) added (mL)

0.00 2.45 0.00 2.44 0.00 2.45

1.00 3.03 1.00 3.08 1.00 3.06

2.00 3.35 2.00 3.44 2.00 3.40

3.00 3.60 3.00 3.64 3.00 3.62

4.00 3.84 4.00 3.81 4.00 3.33

5.00 4.00 5.00 3.95 5.00 4.00

6.00 4.15 6.00 4.07 6.00 4.11

7.00 4.28 7.00 4.22 7.00 4.25

8.00 4.42 8.00 4.33 8.00 4.38

9.00 4.57 9.00 4.45 9.00 4.51

10.00 4.75 10.00 4.60 10.00 4.88

11.00 5.00 11.00 4.77 11.00 4.89

12.00 5.30 12.00 4.95 12.00 5.13

13.00 6.27 13.00 5.25 13.00 5.76

14.00 11.32 14.00 5.97 14.00 8.65

15.00 11.62 15.00 10.79 15.00 11.21

16.00 11.80 16.00 11.47 16.00 11.64

Page 11
 17.00 11.94 17.00 11.69 17.00 11.82

18.00 12.00 18.00 11.83 18.00 11.92

19.00 12.08 19.00 11.92 19.00 12.00

20.00 12.14 20.00 12.00 20.00 12.07

21.00 12.19 21.00 12.06 21.00 12.13

22.00 12.23 22.00 12.11 22.00 12.17

CALCULATION

 Molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐿)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑔)
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙(𝑚𝑜𝑙) = 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙

I) EXPERIMENT 1

A) Titration 1

i. Moles of KHP reacted :

Molar mass KHP (KHC8H4O4) = [(39.09) +1+ (12x8) +4+ (16x4)]

= 204.2 g/mol

Page 12
 1.503𝑔
= 0.0073604 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4
204.2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

0.0073604 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4 = 0.0073604 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

ii. Volume of solution (L) :

1l
13.4mlNaOH   0.0134lNaOH
1000ml

iii. Molarity of NaOH :

0.0073604mol
Molarity   0.549M
0.0134lNaoH

B) Titration 2

i. Moles of KHP reacted :

Molar mass KHP (KHC8H4O4) = [(39.09) +1+ (12x8) +4+ (16x4)]

= 204.2 g/mol

1.503𝑔
= 0.0073604 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4
204.2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

Page 13
 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

0.0073604 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4 = 0.0073604 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

ii. Volume of solution (L) :

1l
13.5mlNaOH   0.0135lNaOH
1000ml

iii. Molarity of NaOH :

0.0073604mol
Molarity   0.545M
0.0135lNaOH

 Average molarity of sodium hydroxide solution

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 =

(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)+(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛2)
2

0.545M  0.549M
AverageMolarityofNaOH   0.548M
2

II) EXPERIMENT 2

Page 14
Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar.

Molarity of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in vinegar.

𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐿)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑔)
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙(𝑚𝑜𝑙) = 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙

A) Titration 1

i. Moles of NaOH reacted:

1l
13.3mlNaOH   0.01lNaOH
100ml

0.5492
0.0133lNaOH   0.007304molNaOH
1lNaOHsolut ion

ii. Moles of CH3COOH neutralized by moles of NaOH :

Based on equation :

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCH3COO (aq) + H2O(l)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

0.007304 mol NaOH = 0.007304 mol CH3COOH

iii. Molarity of acetic acid CH3COOH in vinegar :

Page 15
 1𝐿
10𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 × = 0.010𝐿 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1000𝑚𝐿

0.007304molCH 3COOH
Molarity   0.7304MCH 3COOH
0.010lsolution

iv. Mass of acetic acid in vinegar

1l
10lCH 3COOH   0.010lCH 3COOHsoluti on
100ml

0.7304molCH 3COOH 60.06 gCH 3COOH

0.01lCH 3COOH    0.4387 gCH 3COOH
1lsolution 1molCH 3COOH

v. Mass of acetic acid solution

1gCH 3COOHsoluti on
10mlCH 3COOH   10.00 gCH 3COOH
1mlCH 3COOHsoluti on

vi. Percent by ass of acetic acid in vinegar

m

0.4387 gCH 3COOH

Percentagebymass  100%  4.39%
10.00 gCH 3COOH

Page 16
B) Titration 2

i. Moles of NaOH reacted:

1l
14.4mlNaOH   0.0144 NaOH
100ml

0.5492molNaOH
0.0144 NaOH   0.007908molNaOH
1lNaOHsolut ion

ii. Moles of CH3COOH neutralized by moles of NaOH :

Page 17
Based on equation :

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCH3COO (aq) + H2O(l)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

0.007908 mol NaOH = 0.007808 mol CH3COOH

iii. Molarity of acetic acid CH3COOH in vinegar :

1𝐿
10𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 × = 0.010𝐿 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1000𝑚𝐿

0.007908molCH 3COOH
Molarity   0.7908MCH 3COOH
0.010lsolution

iv. Mass of acetic acid in vinegar

1l
10lCH 3COOH   0.010lCH 3COOHsoluti on
100ml

0.7908molCH 3COOH 60.06 gCH 3COOH

0.01lCH 3COOH    0.4792 gCH 3COOH
1lsolution 1molCH 3COOH

v. Mass of acetic acid solution

1gCH 3COOHsoluti on
10mlCH 3COOH   10.00 gCH 3COOH
1mlCH 3COOHsoluti on

Page 18
 vi. Percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

0.4792 gCH 3COOH

Percentagebymass   100%  4.79%
10.00 gCH 3COOH

C) Average

percentagebymassitration1  percentagebymassitration2
Percentagebymass 
2
4.39%  4.79%
Percentagebymass   4.59%
2

Page 19
 CALCULATION ERROR

Percentage of error :

|𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Part A: Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution

Theoretical value = 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution

0.549  0.6
Percentageoferror  100%  8.5%
0.6

Page 20
 DISCUSSION

A titration technique is used as a method to find a soluton of known concentration

and also used in determination the concentration of the unknown acid for example
KHP. The known solution is usually poured into the burette while the unknown
solution is usually used the titration technique until the reaction is complete. By
knowing the volume of titration solution that added in the unknown solution can
determine the concentratio of the unknown solution.

Page 21
 This experiment is divided to two experiment which is experiment 1 is to
standardize of sodium hydroxide solution and experiment 2 is to calculate the molarity
of acetic acid in vinegar.

In experiment 1, for standardization of sodium hydroxide, 0.6 M of sodium

hydroxide solution and KHP is used. The mass KHP solid is calculate and dissolved
completely in he distilled water. Then 0.6 M of sodium hydroxide solution will be titrate
into the KHP and the pH of every 1ml of NaOH dissolved in KHP will be recorded in
the graph. From the graph, we can get the equivalence point. For the titration 1, it
shows the equivalence point is pH is equal to 8.5 and the volume at the equivalence
point is 13.4. Next the experiment is repeated in titration 2 and the equivalance point
of pH is 8.6 while the volume of NaOH dissolved at the equivalence point is 13.5.
From the titration the molarity of NaOH is 0.549 M, while the theoritical molarity for
NaOH is 0.6 M

In expriment 2, is to calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar. Based on the

graph the equivalence point for the first titration is 8.0 and the volume of NaOH is
dissolved is 12.3.The percentage molarity for the first experiment are 4.39%. Then,
the experiment is repeated with the second time titration, the value of equivalence
point is pH equal to 8.0 and the volume of NoOH dissolved is 14.3. The percentage for
the second time titration is 4.79%. The average pecentage by mass is 4.59%

There are also parallax error occur during the experiment. First is because of the
air bubble in the burette. Next is because the eyes is not perpendicular to the
meniscus that may effect the data that recorded will be a bit different.

CONCLUSION

Page 22
 From the experiment we can concluded that based on the equivalence point on
the titration graph that the molarity of NaOH is 0.549 M. Then the molarity of 0.549 is
used to calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar. The molarity of vinegar is
0.549 and the percentage by mass of vinegar is 4.59%.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Look at the lower meniscus while take the reading and our eyes must be perpendicular with

the meniscus.

2. Make sure there is no air bubble in the burette.

3. Make sure all the apparatus is clean with the distilled water before used.

4. Make sure all the apparatus is dry

5. Wear goggle and gloves while conducting the experiment.

REFERENCES / APPENDICES

What is a Titration? (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2017, from

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/lab/techniques/titration/what.html

Titration.info (2009, September 06). Determination of acetic acid in vinegar by

titration. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from
http://www.titrations.info/acid-base-titration-acetic-acid-in-vinegar

Chang,R.(2005) Chemistry, 8𝑡ℎ Edition. MacGraw Hill. United States Of America.

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