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STUDENT’S NAME
Engineering College
University of Misan
Iraq
2018-2019
سورة يوسف
II
DECLARATION
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Date :
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APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION
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IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
V
ABSTRACT
VI
LIST OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
VII
3.2 The Load Balancing Method ..................................................................... 23
3.3 Load Balancing in Continuous Structures ................................................. 27
3.4 Introduction to Hyperstatic (Secondary) Forces ........................................ 30
3.5 Pre-stress Losses ........................................................................................ 35
3.6 ACI 318 Requirements: ............................................................................. 40
3.7 Minimum Bounded Reinforcing: ............................................................... 45
3.8 Flexural Strength ........................................................................................ 48
3.9 Punching Shear .......................................................................................... 50
3.10 Transfer of moments at columns.............................................................. 55
3.11 Tendon layout .......................................................................................... 58
CHAPTER FOUR
HAND CALCULATION .................................................................................... 61
4.1 Case I One story building........................................................................... 62
4.2 case II Four Floors Building....................................................................... 80
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure page
unbonded system…………………………………………………..............11
IX
3.12 Hyperstatic Moment Diagram for a 3-Span Beam…………………...……31
3.13 Equivalent Loading Due to Post-Tensioning…………………………..…..33
3.14 Moment Diagram due to balance load…………………… …………. ……33
3.15 primary moment diagram………………………………..…………………34
3.16 Hyperstatic Moment Diagram…………………………………………….34
3.17 Act is graphically defined for several typical cross sections………………45
3.18 tension force in the concrete ………………………………………….......46
3.19 Minimum Lengths of Bonded Reinforcing……………….……………....47
3.20 The rectangular compression block………………………….…………….48
3.21 Failure surface defined by punching shear………………………………..51
3.22 The location of the critical section for various conditions………………..51
3.23 Some techniques to provide adequate punching shear strength ……….…54
3.24 Eccentricity of shear…………………………………………….…..........55
3.25 Calculation of Modulus of critical section………………………..............57
3.26 Principle options of tendon layout………………………………………..59
3.27 Section though the distributiondirection at support………………………60
Table
X
LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation page
3.1…………………………………………………………………………..….24
3.2…………………………………………………………………………..….32
3.3……………………………………………………………………………...42
3.4……………………………………………………………………………...42
3.5…………………………………………………………………………..….42
3.6……………………………………………………………………………...42
3.7……………………………………………………………………………...43
3.8…………………………………………………………………………..….43
3.9…………………………………………………………………………..….43
3.10………………………………………………………………………….…43
3.11………………………………………………………………………….…45
3.12………………………………………………………………………….…46
3.13………………………………………………………………………….…46
3.14……………………………………………………………………….……46
3.15……………………………………………………………….……………47
3.16………………………………………………………………………….…49
3.17…………………………………………………………………………….49
3.18…………………………………………………………………………….49
3.19…………………………………………………………………………….49
3.20…………………………………………………………………………….49
3.21…………………………………………………………………………….49
3.22…………………………………………………………………………….52
3.23………………………………………………………………………...…..52
3.24………………………………………………………………………….....52
3.25……………………………………………………………………….........52
3.26…………………………………………………………………………….56
3.27……………………………………………………………...…………......56
3.28…………………………………………………………………..………...56
XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS
Acf = greater gross cross-sectional area of the slab-beam strips of the two orthogonal
equivalent frames intersecting at a column of a two -way slab.
Act = area of that part of cross section between the flexural tension face and
centroid of gross section.
b = width of member.
b1 = dimension of the critical section b o measured in the direction of the span for
which moments are determined.
XII
b2 = dimension of the critical section b o measured in the direction perpendicular
to b1.
CR=Creep losses.
e = The eccentricity of the post-tensioning force with respect to the neutral axis of
the member.
𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑠 = stress in concrete at steel level due to superimposed dead loads applied to the
member after transfer of pre-stress.
XIII
ƒcir= concrete stress at level of steel immediately after transfer.
ƒpc = compressive stress in concrete, after allowance for all prestress losses, at
centroid of cross section resisting externally applied loads or at junction of
web and flange where the centroid lies within the flange.
ƒpe = compressive stress in concrete due only to effective prestress forces, after
allowance for all prestress losses, at extreme fiber of section if tensile stress
is caused by externally applied loads.
M1= primary moment due to the eccentricity of the post-tensioning force with
respect to the neutral axis of the member.
XIV
Mu= factored moment at section.
Nc = resultant tensile force acting on the portion of the concrete cross section that
is subjected to tensile stresses due to the combined effects of service loads
and effective prestress.
νug = factored shear stress on the slab critical section for two-way action due to
gravity loads without moment transfer.
μ = coefficient of friction.
Ɵ= Creep coefficient.
XV
C HAPTER ONE
INTRODUTION
Chapter one Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1Background
Concrete as a building material has been around for thousands of years. Unlike
other isotropic building materials such as steel, wood, and aluminum, concrete and
masonry have a high compressive strength as compared to their relatively weak
tensile strength. Therefore, until the advent of reinforced concrete in the 1800s,
concrete and masonry structures mainly resisted only compressive forces. These
structures generally consisted of columns, arches, and domes to take advantage of
their compressive capacity while eliminating any tensile demand. Several
examples include the following:
1
Chapter one Introduction
In the middle of the 1800s, the idea of adding iron to concrete to resist tensile
stresses was first developed. Joseph Monier exhibited this invention at the Paris
Exposition in 1867. With the invention of steel in the later part of the 1800s, the
use of steel reinforcing bars to resist tensile forces in concrete structures quickly
became widespread. Thus, "mild" reinforcing steel is strategically placed within,
and continuously bonded to, concrete members to resist tensile forces to which
they may be subjected. Mild steel reinforcing is also commonly used in
combination with concrete to resist compressive and shear forces.
In the early 1900s, the idea of tightening the reinforcing bars to compensate for the
shrinkage of the concrete was first suggested. Embedded high strength steel rods
were coated to prevent bond with the concrete. “Pre-stressed Concrete ”soon
became the single most significant new direction in structural engineering. This
unique concept gave the engineer the ability to control the actual structural
behavior while forcing him or her to dive more deeply into the construction process
of the structural material. It gave architects as well as engineers a new realm of
reinforced concrete design pushing not only the structural but also the architectural
limits of concrete design to a level that neither concrete nor structural steel could
achieve.
Ordinary reinforced concrete could not achieve the same limits because the new
long spans that pre-stressed concrete were able to achieve could not be reached
with reinforced concrete. Those longer spans required much deeper members,
which quickly made reinforced concrete uneconomical. Additionally, steel
structures weren’t able to create the same architectural forms that the new pre-
stressed concrete could.
2
Chapter one Introduction
1.2Principle of Pre-stressing
3
Chapter one Introduction
4
Chapter one Introduction
5
Chapter one Introduction
6
Chapter one Introduction
7
Chapter one Introduction
8
Chapter one Introduction
High early-strength concrete allows for faster floor construction cycles. The use of
standard design details of the post-tensioned elements, minimum congestion of pre-
stressed and non-pre-stressed reinforcement, and earlier Stripping of formwork
after tendon stressing can also significantly reduce the floor construction cycle.
Greater span-to-depth ratios are allowed for post-tensioned members as compared
to non-pre-stressed members. This results in a lighter structure and a reduction in
floor-to-floor height while maintaining the required headroom.
9
Chapter one Introduction
10
Chapter one Introduction
Figure (1-7) the typical components and construction sequence for an unbonded
system.
11
Chapter one Introduction
1.6 Strands
Strand for post-tensioning is made of high tensile strength steel wire. A strand is
comprised of 7 individual wires, wrapping six wires around a central straight
wire.All strand should be Grade 1860 Mpa (270 ksi) low relaxation, seven-wire
strand conforming to the requirements of ASTM A416 “Standard Specification for
Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven Wire Strand for Prestressed Concrete.” ASTM
A416 provides minimum requirements for mechanical properties (yield, breaking
strength, elongation) and maximum allowable dimensional tolerances. Strand is
most commonly availablein two nominal sizes,12.7mm (0.5in) and 15.2mm
(0.6in)diameter, with nominal cross sectional areas of 99mm2and 140mm2 (0.153
and 0.217 square inches), respectively.Though the majority of post-tensioning
hardware and stressing equipment is based on these sizes, the use of 15.7mm
(0.62in) diameter strand has been increasing.Strand size tolerances may result in
strands being manufactured consistently smaller than, or larger than nominal
values. Recognizing this,“Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems”
(Post-Tensioning Institute, 1998) refers to the “Minimum Ultimate Tensile
Strength” (MUTS), which is the minimum specified breaking force for a strand.
Strand size tolerance may also affect strand-wedge action leading to possible
wedge slip if the wedges and strands are at opposite ends of the size tolerance
range.Strand conforming to ASTM A416 is relatively resistant to stress corrosion
and hydrogen embrittlement due to the cold drawing process. However, since
susceptibility to corrosion increases with increasing tensile strength, caution is
necessary if strand is exposed to corrosive conditions such as marine environments
and solutions containing chloride or sulfate,phosphate, nitrate ions or similar.
12
Chapter one Introduction
13
Chapter one Introduction
1.7.1 Flat Plate: Span not exceedi ng 6.0 to 7.5 m and live oad not exceeding
3.5 to 4.5 kN/m2
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
14
Chapter one Introduction
Advantages
1. Versatile
Disadvantages
15
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIE
`
Chapter two literature review
Chapter Two
Literature review
The capitals and/or drop panels are generally applied to strengthen the slab-
column conjunction and improve its punching shear resistance. Introducing these
strengthening detailing in two-way post-tensioned slab structures changes the
stiffness and moment for using the equivalent frame analysis and causes two
additional pre-stressing equivalent loads: upward point load and concentrated
moment at the interfaces between columns and/or capitals and drop panels. Wei
Zhou [3] used a moment-area procedure to analyze a slab-beam with step
haunches, rotational stiffness, carry over and fixed-end moments of a flat slab
with capitals and/or drop panels. The design factors that derived represent in
graphical tables and used Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) for analyzing and
designing two-way post-tensioned slabs. Both of equivalent pre-stressing loads: a
point load and/or a concentrated moment were evaluated for the stiffer column-
slab conjunction region due to tensioning pre-stressing tendons. The expressions
of two equivalent loads due to pre-stress were derived in result of the dimension
of member end and pre-stressing effect. Compared to a prismatic member, a stiffer
column-slab joint region increases the stiffness and carryover factor, and
influences fixed-end moment of slab under gravity and pre-stressing loads. Herein
five kinds of equivalent loads were required to analyze the inner force due to post-
tensioning the tendons, including partially uniform loads, horizontal compression
loads applied at both of ends, additional pre-stressing equivalent load.
17
Chapter two literature review
Faria , Lúcio and Pinho Ramos[4] they studied a new flat slab strengthening
technique based on post-tensioning with anchorages by bonding using an epoxy
adhesive. The main advantages of this technique over the traditional pre-stress
strengthening systems that use mechanical anchorages are that it did not need
external permanent anchorages, meaning that the forces are introduced into the
concrete gradually instead of being localized, thereby preserving aesthetics and
useable space. They used the seven tested slab models show that this technique met
its objective as it is able to reduce reinforcement strains at service loads by up to
80% if the strengthening technique is applied in two directions and slab
deformations by up to 70%, consequently making crack widths smaller. It can also
increase punching load capacity by as much as 51% when compared to non-
strengthened slabs.
18
Chapter two literature review
The un-bonded post-tension (UPT) method has been often applied to continuous
flexural members (e.g., slabs and beams), where tendons are typically placed
continuously through the supports. Most of the previous studies, however, focused
on simply supported UPT flexural members, whereas little research has been
performed on continuous UPT members. Moreover, as the few existing studies on
continuous beams mainly aimed at strength prediction, the results of these studies
are not applicable to examine the service load behavior of UPT members. They
also did not reflect the moment redistribution phenomenon in continuous members,
which is quite important to accurately predict the flexural strength and behavior of
continuous UPT members. Therefore, a flexural behavior model for continuous
UPT members has been proposed by Kang Su Kim and Deuck Hang Lee [6] ,
which is a nonlinear analysis model that reflects the moment redistribution. The
accuracy of the proposed analysis model for flexural behavior of the continuous
UPT members was consistent, regardless of the
19
Chapter two literature review
tendon profiles, the types of the applied load, and the shapes of the section. It was
also confirmed that the proposed analysis model could also be applied to the cases
of the internal and external post-tension method and of the various reinforcement
indices of the members. The effect of the loading types on the flexural behavior of
continuous UPT members was reflected by using the curvature distribution in the
maximum moment region and the area of bending moment diagram, which were
considered to be relatively simple and rational, based on the analysis results, also
reflected the moment redistribution phenomenon utilizing the bending moment
distribution along the member and the flexural stiffness ratio.
20
Chapter two literature review
definitely the thinnest compared to the other variants namely the system of steel
beams (HEA members, the thickness is 400 mm) or a reinforced concrete slab
strengthened by beams (the thickness is at least 550 mm).
Erez[8] studied the factors affecting the increase in tendon stress at nominal
strength, ∆ƒps, in un-bonded partially pre-stressed continuous concrete members. It
described a nonlinear numerical model that capable of predicting the response up
to failure of un-bonded, partially pre-stressed continuous concrete beams and it
presented a comparison of results from the model against test data. Loading pattern,
type of loading and degree of concrete confinement are shown by means of a
parametric study to have a significant effect on the tendon stress at ultimate.
Finally, modifications were suggested to the current A23.3-94 Canadian Code
equation for predicting the tendon stress at ultimate in concrete members pre-
stressed with un-bonded tendons, in order to consider the contribution from all
plastic hinges likely to develop under a particular pattern of loading. A comparison
between test data and predictions according to provisions in the Canadian and the
American Codes (A 23.3-94and ACI-318) revealed a poor agreement. The pattern
of loading appeared to have a significant influence on the value of, ∆ƒ ps, because
the increase in tendon stress is directly related to the maximum number of plastic
hinges that can be developed under a given pattern of loading. The larger the
number of hinges, the larger is the increase in tendon stress. The change in tendon
stress was influenced by the type of loading. Significantly higher values of, ∆ƒ ps
were predicted when the member was subjected to a two-point loads per span or a
uniformly distributed load, than when a single-point load per span was applied.
21
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Chapter three Methodology
Chapter Three
Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter covers the fundamentals of post-tensioned concrete design for
building structures and learn about the load balancing concept, hyperstatic
moments, pre-stress losses, the basic requirements of the American Concrete
Institute’s Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, and nominal
flexure and shear capacities of post-tensioned members.
The load balancing method is the most widely used technique to design post-
tensioned concrete beams and slabs. In the load balancing method, a portion of the
design load is selected to be "balanced", or carried, by the action of the tendons.
The balanced load is commonly taken as 60 to 80% of the dead load. The required
force in the tendons to carry the balanced load is easily calculated using statics. The
concrete member is then analyzed using conventional structural analysis techniques
with the equivalent set of tendon loads acting on the member in combination with
other externally applied design loads, such as dead load and live load.
Let's consider the free body diagram at mid-span of the following simple span beam
with a draped tendon with force P . Note that the common simplifying assumption
made in post-tensioned concrete analysis is that the tendon force acts in the
horizontal direction at the ends of the member and the small vertical component, if
23
Chapter three Methodology
any, can be ignored or is transferred directly to the support. Note that the shear force
at the right side of the free body diagram is zero since this occurs at the mid-span
of a simple span beam with a uniformly distributed load.
If we sum the moments about the force P at the left support, we get:
∑𝑀=0
𝑤𝑙 𝑙
× =𝑃 ×𝑎
2 4
𝑤𝑙 2
=𝑃 Eq(3.1)
8𝑎
where
24
Chapter three Methodology
The load balancing concept is further illustrated in the figure below, which shows
a simply supported beam and a tendon with a parabolic profile. The beam shown
in the first figure below may be analyzed with an equivalent set of tendon loads
acting on the member as shown in the second figure. Thus, the equivalent loads
acting on the beam consist of the axial force P, an upward uniform load of w, and
a clockwise moment M at the left end due to the eccentricity of the tendon with
respect to the neutral axis of the beam.
25
Chapter three Methodology
Note that reactions are induced at both ends to keep the system in equilibrium. If
we sum the moments about the left support, we get:
∑𝑀= 0
8𝑃𝑎 𝐿
× 𝐿 × − 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑅𝑟 × 𝐿 = 0
𝐿2 2
4Pa M
− = Rr
L L
And if we sum the vertical forces we find the left reaction is:
4𝑃𝑎 𝑀
+ = 𝑅𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
Note that the vertical component of the applied pre-stressing force is neglected.
This is practical since the tendons are customarily horizontal, or very nearly
horizontal, at the end of the members, and the vertical component is usually small.
As we have seen, a draped tendon profile supports, or balances, a uniformly
distributed load. Now let's consider a beam that is required to support a
concentrated load. In the case of a concentrated load on a beam, a concentrated
balancing load would be ideal. This can be achieved by placing the pre-stressing
tendons in a harped profile. This concept using harped tendons is illustrated in the
figure below.
26
Chapter three Methodology
Let's now turn our attention to the load balancing concept applied to continuous
structures, post-tensioning in continuous structures induces secondary , or so-called
hyperstatic, forces in the members. Consider the figure below. In real continuous
structures, the tendon profile is usually a downward parabola at the supports and
an upward parabola between supports such that the tendon drape is a smooth curve
from end to end. The tendon curve changes at an inflection point. This tendon
configuration actually places an equivalent downward load on the beam near the
supports between inflection points while an upward equivalent load acts on the
beam elsewhere, as shown in the figure below. This type of reverse loading can be
taken into account in computer analysis, where a more rigorous approach to the
structural analysis can be accommodated. However, for hand and more
approximate calculations, tendon drapes are idealized as a single upward parabolic
drape in each span.
27
Chapter three Methodology
Now let's consider the figure below, which shows a two span continuous beam with
a cantilever on the right end. Each span has a different tendon drape as shown.
As in the previous examples, the continuous beam shown above may be analyzed
with an equivalent set of tendon loads acting on the member. Thus, the equivalent
loads acting on the each beam span due to the pre-stressing force in the tendons
consist of the axial force P and an upward uniform load. Since the tendon force, P
, acts at the neutral axis at the ends of the beam in this example, there are no end
moments induced due to the eccentricity of the tendon. The diagram on the
following page shows the equivalent set of tendon loads acting on the beam for the
diagram above. Note that the drape "a" in span 1 is not equal to the drape "b" in
span 2. Drape "c" in the right cantilever is also different. If we assume that the
tendons are continuous throughout all spans of the beam, then the post-tensioning
force, P , is also constant throughout all spans. Therefore, for a given post-
tensioning force, P , we may balance a different amount of load in each span,
depending on the drape in each span and the span length, according to the equation
(3.1).
28
Chapter three Methodology
29
Chapter three Methodology
Let's consider the two span post-tensioned beam in the following illustration. We
know from previous examples that the tendon force will create an upward
uniformly distributed load acting on the beam as shown in the figure. If the center
support were not there, the beam would deflect upward due to the post-tensioning
force. Since the center support is there, and it is assumed that it resists the upward
deflection of the beam, a downward reaction is induced at the center support solely
due to the post tensioning force.
30
Chapter three Methodology
The next figure shows the deflected shape of the two-span beam due to the
posttensioning force (ignoring self-weight) as if the center support were not there.
In order to theoretically bring the beam back down to the center support, a force
equal to the center reaction would have to be applied to the beam. This induces a
hyperstatic moment in the beam. The hyperstatic moment diagram is illustrated
below for the two span beam in this example. Note that the hyperstatic moment
varies linearly from support to support. An example of a three-span hyperstatic
moment diagram is also illustrated below.
31
Chapter three Methodology
Note that the above example assumes that the beam is supported by frictionless pin
supports and therefore no moments can be transferred into the supports by the
beam. However, in real structures, the post-tensioned beam or slab is normally built
integrally with the supports such that hypersatic moments are also induced in
support columns or walls.
32
Chapter three Methodology
using this load, a moment diagram is developed as illustrated below. This is called
the balanced moment diagram. Recall that the sign convention results in a negative
moment when tension is in the top.
Using our sign conventions, we can construct a primary moment diagram for
momentsM1. The primary moment is obtained from the product of the post
tensioning force times its eccentricity with respect to the neutral axis of the beam
at any given section. Thus, referring to the diagram above, the primary moment at
33
Chapter three Methodology
the center support is P × e1 and the primary moment at the mid-span of each span
is P × e2 According to our sign conventions, the primary moment at the center
support is positive.
Now we can determine the hyperstatic moments using the equation (3.3) at the
center support, we obtain
MHYP= Pa-Pe1
4Pa
MHYP=− + Pe2
7
34
Chapter three Methodology
When an unbonded tendon is stressed, the final force in the tendon is less than the
initial jacking force due to a number of factors collectively referred to as prestress
losses. When a hydraulic jack stresses an unbonded tendon, it literally grabs the
end of the tendon and stretches the tendon by five or six or more inches. As the
tendon is stretched to its scheduled length, and before the jack releases the tendon,
there is an initial tension in the tendon. However, after the tendon is released from
the jack and the wedges are seated, the tendon loses some of its tension, both
immediately and over time, due to a combination of factors, such as seating loss,
friction, concrete strain, concrete shrinkage, concrete creep, and tendon relaxation.
Prior to the 1983 ACI 318, pre-stress losses were estimated using lump sum values.
For example, the loss due to concrete strain, concrete creep, concrete shrinkage,
and tendon relaxation in normal weight concrete was assumed to be 25,000 psi for
posttensioned concrete. This did not include friction and tendon seating losses. This
was a generalized method and it was subsequently discovered that this method
could not cover all situations adequately. Since the 1983 ACI 318, each type of pre-
stress loss must be calculated separately. The effective pre-stress force, that is the
force in the tendon after all losses, is given on the design documents and it is
customary for the tendon supplier to calculate all prestress losses so that the number
of tendons can be determined to satisfy the given effective prestress force. Even
though most design offices do not normally calculate prestress losses, it is
informative and relevant to understand how losses are calculated. Therefore, each
type of pre-stress loss is discussed in more detail below.
35
Chapter three Methodology
• Seating Loss
When an unbonded tendon is tensioned, or stretched, to its full value, the jack
releases the tendon and its force is then transferred to the anchorage hardware, and
thereby into the concrete member. The anchorage hardware tends to deform
slightly, which allows the tendon to relax slightly. The friction wedges deform
slightly, allowing the tendon to slip slightly before the wires are firmly gripped.
Minimizing the wedge seating loss is a function of the skill of the operator. The
average slippage for wedge type anchors is approximately 0.1 inches. Seating
losses are more significant on shorter tendons. There are various types of anchorage
devices and methods, so the calculation of seating losses is dependent on the
particular system used.
Loss of pre-stress force occurs in tendons due to friction that is present between the
tendon and its surrounding sheathing material as it is tensioned, or stretched.
Friction also occurs at the anchoring hardware where the tendon passes through.
This is small, however, in comparison to the friction between the tendon and the
sheathing (or duct) throughout its length. This friction can be thought of as two
parts; the length effect and the curvature effect. The length effect is the amount of
friction that would occur in a straight tendon - that is the amount of friction between
the tendon and its surrounding material. In reality, a tendon cannot be perfectly
straight and so there will be slight "wobbles" throughout its length. This so called
wobble effect is rather small
36
Chapter three Methodology
compared to the curvature effect. The amount of loss due to the wobble effect
depends mainly on the coefficient of friction between the contact materials, the
amount of care and accuracy used in physically laying out and securing the tendon
against displacement, and the length of the tendon. The loss in the pre-stressing
tendons due to the curvature effect is a result of the friction between the tendon and
its surrounding material as it passes through an intentional curve, such as drape, or
a change in direction, such as a harped tendon. The amount of loss due to the
curvature effect depends on the coefficient of friction between the contact
materials, the length of the tendon, and the pressure exerted by the tendon on its
surrounding material as it passes through a change in direction.
Concrete Creep
A well know phenomenon of concrete in compression is that it creeps, or shortens,
over time. The creep rate diminishes over time. Although ACI 318 does not
specifically give procedures or requirements for calculating losses due to creep,
37
Chapter three Methodology
there are references available that provide some guidance. In general, the creep
shortening is a simplified computation involving the average net compressive stress
in the concrete due to pre-stressing and the moduli of elasticity of the pre-stressing
steel and the 28-day concrete strength. For post-tensioned members with unbonded
tendons, for example, creep strain amounts to approximately 1.6 times the elastic
strain.
Concrete Shrinkage:
The hardening of concrete involves a chemical reaction called hydration between
water and cement. The amount of water used in a batch of concrete to make it
workable far exceeds the amount of water necessary for the chemical reaction of
hydration. Therefore, only a small portion of the water in a typical concrete mix is
consumed in the chemical reaction and most of the water evaporates from the
hardened concrete. When the excess mix water evaporates from a particular
concrete member, it loses volume and therefore tends to shrink. Reinforcing steel
and surrounding construction can minimize concrete shrinkage to some extent, but
nonetheless shrinkage stresses are developed. Factors that influence concrete
shrinkage include the volume to surface ratio of the member, the timing of the
application of pre-stressing force after concrete curing, and the relative humidity
surrounding the member.
Tendon Relaxation:
As a pre-stressed concrete member shortens, the tendons shorten by the same
amount, thus relaxing some of their tension. The concrete member shortens due to
the above three sources –elastic strain, creep, and shrinkage. Thus, the total tendon
38
Chapter three Methodology
As mentioned earlier, most design offices only show the required effective pre-
stress force and the location of the center of gravity of the tendons on the
construction documents. Remember that the effective pre-stress force is the force
in the tendons after all losses have been accounted for. Calculating pre-stress losses
for the design office can be very tedious and may not be exact, and therefore it is
customary for the tendon supplier to calculate all pre-stress losses based on their
experience and the specific tendon layout. Then, the number of tendons are
determined to satisfy the given effective pre-stress force.
39
Chapter three Methodology
We will now review some of the requirements contained in the 2014 edition of the
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI 318.
ACI 318 places limits on the allowable extreme fiber tension stress at service loads
according to the classification of a structure. Class U members are assumed to
behave as uncracked sections and therefore gross section properties may be used in
service load analysis and deflection calculations. Class C members are assumed to
be cracked and therefore cracked section properties must be used in service load
analysis, and deflection calculations must be based on an effective moment of
inertia or on a bilinear moment-deflection relationship. Class T members are
assumed to be in a transition state between cracked and uncracked, and the Code
specifies that gross section properties may be used for analysis at service loads, but
deflection calculations must be based on an effective moment of inertia or on a
bilinear moment-deflection relationship.
The allowable extreme fiber tension stresses in flexural members at service
loads according to ACI (24.5.2.1) are as follows:
Pre-stressed two-way slabs must be designed as Class U and the extreme fiber
tension stress must not exceed 0.50√𝒇′𝒄 .
40
Chapter three Methodology
ACI 318 stipulates two cases of serviceability checks. The first is a check of the
concrete tension and compression stresses immediately after transfer of pre-stress.
The concrete stresses at this stage are caused by the pre-stress force after all short
term losses, not including long term losses such as concrete creep and shrinkage,
and due to the dead load of the member. These limits are placed on the design to
ensure that no significant cracks occur at the very beginning of the life of the
structure. The initial concrete compressive strength, f' ci is used in this case. f'ci is
normally taken as 75% of the specified 28-day concrete compressive strength.
Table (3-2) concrete compressive stress limits immediately after transfer prestress
concrete tensile stress limits immediately after transfer of prestress, without additional
bonded reinforcement in tension zone
Table (3-3) concrete tensile stress limits immediately after transfer of prestress
41
Chapter three Methodology
To check the slab stress in top and bottom fibers with the allowable stress, use the
follow equation
Support Stresses
(𝑀𝐷𝐿 −𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − Eq.(3-5)
𝑆 𝐴
(−𝑀𝐷𝐿 +𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = − Eq.(3-6)
𝑆 𝐴
The second serviceability check is a check of the concrete tension and compression
stresses at sustained service loads (sustained live load, dead load, superimposed
dead load and pre-stress) and a check at total service loads (dead load,
superimposed dead load, and pre-stress) these checks are to preclude excessive
creep deflection and to keep stresses low enough to improve long term behavior.
Note that the specified 28-day concrete compressive strength is used for these stress
check.
The maximum permissible concrete stresses at the service load ((based on
uncracked section properties, and after allowance for all prestress losses) state
according to ACI (24.5.4.1) shall not exceed the following:
42
Chapter three Methodology
To check the slab stress in top and bottom fibers with the allowable stress, use the
follow equation
Support Stresses
If the above stresses are exceeded, then additional bounded reinforcement shall
be provided in the tensile zone to resist the total tensile force. Also note that the
above stress checks only address serviceability. Permissible stresses do not ensure
adequate structural strength.
43
Chapter three Methodology
In the above, ƒpu is the specified tensile strength of the pre-stressing steel. The most
commonly used pre-stressing steel in the United states is grade 270, low-relaxation,
seven wire strand, Defined by ASTM416. therefore, for this common pre-stressing
steel, ƒpu =270Ksi(1860Mpa).
For prestressed slabs, the effective prestress force 𝐴𝑝𝑠 ƒ𝑠𝑒 shall provide a
minimum average compressive stress of 0.9 MPa on the slab section tributary
to the tendon or tendon group. For slabs with varying cross section along the slab
span, either parallel or perpendicular to the tendon or tendon group, the minimum
average effective prestress of 0.9MPa is required at every cross section tributary to
the tendon or tendon group along the span to address punching shear concerns of
lightly reinforced slabs. For this reason, the minimum effective prestress is required
to be provided at every cross section.
44
Chapter three Methodology
All flexural members with unbonded tendons require some amount of bounded
reinforcing. For beams and one-way slabs, this bonded reinforcing is required
regardless of the services load stresses. For two-way slabs, the requirement for this
bonded reinforcing depends on the services load stresses. This bonded reinforcing
is intended to limit crack width and spacing in case the concrete tensile stress
exceeds the concrete’s tensile capacity at service loads. ACI requires that this
bonded reinforcement be uniformly distributed and located as close as possible to
the tension face.
ACI (7.6.2.3) For beams and one-way slabs, the minimum area of bonded
reinforcing As is:
Figure (3-17) Act is graphically defined for several typical cross sections.
45
Chapter three Methodology
ACI (8.6.2.3) For two-way post-tensioned slabs with undonded tendons, bonded
reinforcing is not required in positive moment areas (In the bottom of the slab)
if the extreme fiber tension at service loads, after all pre-stress losses, does not
exceed the following:
ƒ t ≤ 0.17√ƒ′𝐜 Eq.(3-12)
Recall that the maximum extreme tension fiber stress in a two-way slab is 0.5√ƒ′𝐜 ,
so a minimum amount of bottom steel is required for tensile stresses in the range
of:
When it is required per the above equation for two-way post-tensioned slabs with
unbonded tendons, the minimum area of bonded reinforcement in positive moment
regions is
𝐍𝐜
𝐀𝐬 = Eq. (3-14)
𝟎.𝟓ƒ𝐲
Where Nc is the tension force in the concrete due to unfactored (service) dead puls
live load and is illustrated below.
46
Chapter three Methodology
For two-way post-tensioned slabs with unbonded tendons, the minimum area of
bonded reinforcement required in negative moment regions at column supports
is
Where 𝐴𝑐f is defined as the area of the larger gross cross-sectional area of the slab
beam strips in two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting at the column.
47
Chapter three Methodology
Let us now begin our investigation into the ultimate flexural strength of a pre-
stressed member. The design moment strength may be computed using the same
methodology used for non-prestressed members. That is, a force couple is
generated between a simplified rectangular compression block and the equal and
opposite tensile force generated in the reinforcing steel, which is in our case pre-
stressing steel.
we will narrow our focus to post-tensioned members with unbonded tendons, and
we will use the approximate values for the nominal stress in the pre-stressing steel,
ƒps, instead of using strain compatibility. For more accurate determinations of the
nominal stress in the pre-stressing steel, and for flexural members with a high
percentage of bonded reinforcement, and for flexural members with prestressing
steel located in the compression zone, strain compatibility should be used.
The rectangular compression block has an area equal to a times b. Equating the
compression resultant, C, to the tensile resultant, T, the nominal moment capacity
can be written as
𝐚 𝐚
Mn=T(dp- ) = 𝐂(dp- )
𝟐 𝟐
48
Chapter three Methodology
𝐚
ϕMn= ϕAps ƒps (dp- ) Eq.(3-16)
𝟐
Where Aps is the area of pre-stressed reinforcement, ƒps is the stress in the pre-
stressed reinforcement at nominal moment strength, and ϕ is the strength reduction
factor (0.90 for flexure). ACI 318 (20.3.2.4.1) defines the approximate value for
ƒps the lesser of the following, depending on the span-to-depth ratio
span
For ≤ 35 , the lesser of
depth
ƒ′c
ƒps= ƒse +70+ ≤ ƒpy or ƒse +420 Eq.(3-17)
100𝛒𝐩
span
For > 35 , the lesser of
depth
ƒ′c
ƒps= ƒse +70+ ≤ ƒpy or ƒse +210 Eq.(3-18)
300𝛒𝐩
where ƒse is the effective stress in the pre-stressing steel after all losses. The depth
of the compression block is defined as
𝐴𝑝𝑠 ׃𝑦
a= Eq.(3-19)
0.85 ƒ′c b
Let's now consider including the contribution of the bonded reinforcing steel to the
nominal moment capacity. The tensile component of the moment couple becomes
the sum of both pre-stressing steel and the bonded reinforcement can be written as
follows
𝐚
ϕMn= ϕ(Aps ƒps + As ƒy) (dp- ) Eq.(3-20)
𝟐
49
Chapter three Methodology
Punching shear, or two-way shear, at column supports is often the controlling factor
in establishing a slab thickness. This failure mechanism occurs when the column
below the slab literally “punches through” the slab due to overload, insufficient
shear strength, or construction defects. This type of failure tends to be catastrophic
and therefore the shear strength of the slab at column supports must be examined
very carefully. ACI 318 also requires that one-way shear, or beam shear, be
checked, but this condition does not usually control in two-way slabs and will not
be covered here in this project. ACI 318 also requires, in most situations, two
structural integrity tendons to pass through the column core in each direction in
case of a punching shear failure. These integrity tendons are intended to prevent a
total collapse or a progressive collapse.
The first step in analyzing two-way shear in slabs is to define the critical section.
The critical section is established by an imaginary line around the slab support
along which the support is assumed to punch through the slab. ACI 318 defines the
critical section to be located so that its perimeter, b0, is a minimum but need not be
closer to the face of the support than d/2, where d is the depth to the centroid of the
tension reinforcing. Thus the critical section is b0 times d. Note that the critical
section is an area over which the shear stress is assumed to be distributed. The
dashed line in the following sketches illustrate the location of the critical section
for various conditions see figure (3-22). It should also be mentioned that openings
through the slab in the vicinity of the column tends to reduce the punching shear
strength of the slab. They also can reduce the flexural capacity of the slab in one or
both directions. ACI 318 gives requirements to account for these openings, but they
are beyond the scope of this project.
50
Chapter three Methodology
Figure (3-22) The location of the critical section for various conditions.
51
Chapter three Methodology
𝛼𝑠 𝑑 𝑉𝑝
(b) 𝑣c=0.083(1.5+ ) λ√𝑓′𝑐 +0.3ƒpc+ Eq.(3-23)
𝑏𝑜 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
Where:
αs = 40, 30, and 20 for interior, edge, and corner columns, respectively.
λ= Lightweight Concrete Factor, 1.0 for Normal Weight Concrete.
𝑉𝑝 =vertical component of all effective pre-stress forces.
ƒpc = is the average value in the two directions and shall not exceed 3.5 MPa
52
Chapter three Methodology
𝑣𝑐
𝛼𝑠 𝑑 (c)
0.083(2+ ) λ√𝑓′𝑐
𝑏𝑜
In most typical buildings, the slab does not usually extend 4h past the outside face
of the columns and so the above equations for non-prestressed slabs would apply.
There are various techniques to provide adequate punching shear strength in two-
way slabs. These include sufficient flat plate thickness, drop panels, column
capitals, reinforcing bars, shear head reinforcement, and headed stud shear
reinforcement. In this project, we will only be studying flat plate slabs (slabs
without drop panels) without shear reinforcement. For example, the use of a drop
panel merely increases the slab thickness at the column, providing more shear
strength at the column, but also creates a second critical section just outside the
53
Chapter three Methodology
drop panel that must also be checked. (Drop panels also influence the equivalent
frame stiffness and the distribution of moments and shears). Headed stud shear
reinforcement is quite commonly used and is usually included in computer design
software.
54
Chapter three Methodology
From the above figures, by statics, we can write the following equations for the
unit shear stress, vu,AB and vu,CD, at the critical section according to ACI(8.4.4.2.3):
55
Chapter three Methodology
𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑠𝑒 𝑐AB
𝑣 u,AB =𝑣𝑢𝑔 + Eq(3-26)
𝐽𝑐
𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑠𝑒 𝑐CD
𝑣𝑢,𝐶𝐷 =𝑣𝑢𝑔 − Eq(3-27)
𝐽𝑐
The above equations are analogous to P/A +/- Mc/I. The total shear demand on the
critical section is thus the sum of the direct shear (VUg) and the eccentricity of shear
(γvMUc/J) due to moment. The terms in the above expressions are defined as:
Ac = The area of concrete resisting shear, or b0 times the effective depth d, or the
critical section
One study found that, for square columns, approximately 60% of the moment is
transferred by flexure about the critical section and approximately 40% of the
moment is transferred by eccentricity of shear about the centroid of the critical
section. ACI provides equation(3-28) to calculate the fraction of moment
transferred by flexure and shear for column shapes other than square . These
equations are conveniently graphed in Notes on ACI and, in general, are not very
sensitive for aspect ratios up to about 2.
From Notes on ACI, we find the following equations for the properties of the
critical section based on the moment acting to the edge and position of column:
56
Chapter three Methodology
57
Chapter three Methodology
58
Chapter three Methodology
(see Figure 3-27) are placed and secured in position first, followed by placement
of all banded tendons. Then the rest of the distributed tendons are placed over the
bands. Most other tendon layout schemes require some interweaving. One other
advantage of the banded distributed option, from a design standpoint, is that both
directions can be designed with the maximum permissible tendon drape.
Banded and distributed tendons generally do not cross at their high or low points,
with the exception of two distributed tendons over the supports (see Fig. (3-27)).
Therefore, the bulk of the strands can be placed with the maximum allowable drape
without interference from tendons in the perpendicular direction.
59
Chapter three Methodology
60
CHAPTER FOUR
HAND CALCULATION
Chapter four Hand calculation
The following example illustrates the design method presented. The example
presented here is for Two-tensioned design
Loads:
1.27 cm ∅,7-wire
strands,A= 99mm2
ƒpu=1860 N/mm2
62
Chapter four Hand calculation
(9.14m)(100)
h=
45
=20.3cm
2) Shrinkage:
0.0002
Ɛsh =
log10(t+2)
0.0002
= = 1.35×10-4
log10(28+2)
SH =Ɛsh × Es
=(1.35×10-4)(2×105)=27MPa
27
SH% = × 100 = 1.45%
1860
3)Relaxation=2.5%
4) anchorage slip:
∆ = 0.2 in
∆𝑙
∆𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠
𝑙
5.08
= × 2 × 105
25.6×1000
=40 MPa
63
Chapter four Hand calculation
40
Anchorage slip%= × 100 = 2.15%
1860
5) creep losses:
𝐶𝑅 = 𝜃𝑛(𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑠 )
𝑃° 𝑃° × 𝑒 2 𝑀𝐺 × 𝑒
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 =− − +
𝐴𝑔 𝐼 𝐼
𝑏ℎ3 7.62×0.223
𝐼= = = 6.76 × 10−3 𝑚4
12 12
Ag =bh
=7.62×0.22=1.6764 𝑚2
𝑃° = 𝐴 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢
Wd=ɤ×t
Wd =24×0.22=5.28KN/m2
Wd=5.28×7.62=40.23KN/m
64
Chapter four Hand calculation
Wcds=1.2×7.62=9.14KN/m
2×105
= = 7.2
4700√35
6) friction losses:
65
Chapter four Hand calculation
The following properties of parabolas are used. For segment (1-2), the parabola in
the sketch below is used.
The change in slope from the origin to the end of the parabola is same as the slope
at the end of the tendon which is α= 2e/L,
For segments 2-3 and 3-4 and subsequent pairs of segments, the following property
is used.
For the two parabolic segments joined at the inflection point as shown in the sketch
above, the slope at the inflection point
α = 2(e1+ e2)/λL
2(0.0787+0.0787)
α2-3= α5-6= =0.065
4.865
2(0.0787+0.0787)
α3-4= α4-5= = 0.069
4.57
66
Chapter four Hand calculation
Total losses=ES+SH+RE+ANC+CR+FR
Total loss = 0+27+46.5+40+28.2+140.58=282.28Mpa
ƒse=0.7 ƒpu - Total losses
ƒse=0.7(1860)-282.28=1019.72Mpa ACI(20.3.2.5.1)
Peff=A׃se= (99)(1019.72)= 100952.28 N= 100.95kN
67
Chapter four Hand calculation
S=bh2/6=7.62x 0.222/6=0.0615m3
At time of jacking (ACI (24.5.3.1) and (24.5.3.2) for compressive and tensile stress
respectively)
𝑓′𝑐 = 35MPa
60%-80% of DL(self weight) for slabs (good approximation for hand calculation)
68
Chapter four Hand calculation
Tendon profile:
Parabolic shape;
For a layout with spans of similar length, the tendons will be typically be located at
the highest allowable point at the interior columns, the lowest possible point at the
mid spans, and the neutral axis at the anchor locations. This provides the maximum
drape for load-balancing.
aINT = 18.865-3.135=15.73cm
(11+18.865)
aEND = − 3.135=11.798cm
2
eccentricity, e, is the distance from the center to tendon to the neutral axis; varies
along the span
Since the spans are of similar length, the end span will typically govern the maximum
required post-tensioning force. This is due to the significantly reduced tendon drape,
aEND.
69
Chapter four Hand calculation
(30.18)(8.23)2
= = 2165.8𝐾𝑁
8×(11.798/100)
(30.18)(9.14)2
P= = 2003.5 𝐾𝑁<2165.8𝐾𝑁
8×(15.73/100)
2165.8
No. of tendons= =21.45
100.95
Use 21 tendons
70
Chapter four Hand calculation
𝑤𝑏 31.93
= × 100 = 79.4% This value is less than 100%; acceptable for this
𝑤𝐷𝐿 5.28×7.62
design.
Separately calculate the maximum positive and negative moments in the frame for the
dead, live, and balancing loads. A combination of these values will determine the slab
stresses at the time of stressing and at service loads.
WDL=9.14+40.23=49.4KN/m
71
Chapter four Hand calculation
MDL − Mbal P
𝑓bot = −
S A
Interior Span
(−144.62 +88.43)×106
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − 1.26 = −2.17𝑀𝑃𝑎 compression <0.6 𝑓𝑐𝑖′
0.0615×109
=12.6Mpa ..……………………………………………………..Ok
(144.62 −88.43)×106
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = − 1.26 = −0.35𝑀𝑃𝑎 compression <0.6 𝑓𝑐𝑖′
0.0615×109
=12.6Mpa………………………………………………………Ok
End span
(−232.75 +142.59)×106
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − 1.26 = −2.73𝑀𝑃𝑎 compression <0.60𝑓𝑐𝑖′
0.0615×109
=12.6Mpa……………………………………………………...Ok
72
Chapter four Hand calculation
(232.75 −142.59)×106
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = − 1.26 = 0.21𝑀𝑃𝑎 tension <0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑖′
0.0615×109
=1.15 MPa……………………………………………….…Ok
Support Stresses
(𝑀𝐷𝐿 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
𝑆 𝐴
(−𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = −
𝑆 𝐴
(371.72−228.08)×106
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = − 1.26 = 1.08 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Tension <0.25 √𝑓𝑐𝑖′
0.0615×109
=1.15MPa…………………………………………………......................Ok
(− 371.72+228.08)×106
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = − 1.26= -3.6MPa compression < 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑖′
0.0615×109
=12.6Mpa……………………………………………………………….Ok
Interior Span
(−144.62 −66.698+88.43)×106
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − 1.26
0.0615×109
73
Chapter four Hand calculation
End Span
(−232.75 − 107.54 + 142.59) × 106
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − 1.26
0.0615 × 109
Support Stresses
Ultimate Strength
The primary post-tensioning moments, M1, vary along the length of the span.
M1 = P × e
74
Chapter four Hand calculation
M1 = (2119.95)(0.0787) = 166.84KN.m
Msec = Mbal - M1
= 228.08-166.84
At mid span: Mu = 1.2 (232.75) + 1.6 (107.54) + 1.0 (30.62) = 481.98 KN.m
75
Chapter four Hand calculation
𝑓𝑡
y= ×ℎ
(𝑓𝑡 +𝑓𝑐 )
1.95
= × 220
(1.95+4.47)
= 66.82mm
𝑀𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿
Nc = × 0.5 × 𝑦 × 𝑙2
𝑆
(232.75+107.54)×1000
= × 0.5 × 66.82 × 7620
0.0615×109
= 1408.66KN
𝑁𝐶 1408.66×1000
As = = = 6805.12mm2
0.5𝑓𝑦 0.5×414
Distribute the positive moment reinforcement uniformly across the slab-beam width
and as close as practicable to the extreme tension fiber.
6805.12
As, min =
7.62
= 893.06 mm2/m
Minimum length shall be 1/3 clear span and centered in positive moment region (ACI
8.7.5.5.1)
Interior supports:
9.14+8.23
Acf = max. (0.22)[ ,7.62]
2
=max.(0.22)[8.685,7.62]
= 1.91 m2
76
Chapter four Hand calculation
= 0.00143 m2
Exterior supports:
8.23
Acf = max. (0.22)[ ,7.62]
2
=max.(0.22)[4.115,7.62]
= 1.676m2
= 0.001257m2
Must span a minimum of 1/6 the clear span on each side of support (ACI 8.7.5.5.1)
Place top bars within 1.5h away from the face of the support on each side (ACI
8.7.5.3)
=1.5h
=1.5(220)
=330mm
77
Chapter four Hand calculation
= 99×(21 tendons)
= 2079 mm2
𝑓′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠𝑒 + 70+ ≤ 𝑓𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠𝑒 + 210 for slabs with L/h > 35 (ACI 20.3.2.4.1 )
300𝜌𝑝
At supports
1.27
d= 22 -2.5-( )=18.865 cm
2
𝐴𝑝𝑠 2079
ρ = = = 1.45 × 10-3
𝑏𝑑 7620×188.65
35
𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 1019.72 + 70 + ≤ 1860 𝑜𝑟 1019.72 + 210
300×1.45× 10−3
𝑓𝑝𝑠 =1170.18MPa
1530×414+2079×1170.18
a= = 13.5𝑚𝑚
0.85×35×7.62×103
13.5
ϕMn=0.9(1530 × 414 + 2079 × 1170.18)(188.65- )
2
78
Chapter four Hand calculation
23.16
ϕMn=0.9(6805.12 × 414 + 2079 × 1170.18)(188.65- )
2
79
Chapter four Hand calculation
Loads:
partitions, M/E,misc
A= 99mm2,ƒpu=1860 N/mm2
80
Chapter four Hand calculation
h=(9.14m) (100)/45
=20.3cm
2) Shrinkage:
0.0002
Ɛsh =
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (t+2)
0.0002
= = 1.35×10-4
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (28+2)
SH = Ɛsh × Es
= (1.35×10-4)(2×105)=27MPa
27
SH% = ×100=1.45%
1860
3)Relaxation=2.5%
4) anchorage slip:
∆ = 0.2 in
∆𝑙
∆𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠
𝑙
5.08
= × 2 × 105
25.6×1000
=40 MPa
40
Anchorage slip%= × 100 = 2.15%
1860
81
Chapter four Hand calculation
5) creep losses:
𝐶𝑅 = 𝜃𝑛(𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑠 )
F° F° ×e2 MG ×e
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 =- - +
AG I I
bh3 7.62×0.223
𝐼= = =6.76×10-3 m4
12 12
AG =bh =7.62×0.22=1.6764 𝑚2
𝑃° = 𝐴 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢
Wd=ɤ×t
Wd =24×0.22=5.28KN/m2
Wd=5.28×7.62=40.23KN/m
82
Chapter four Hand calculation
Wcds=1.2×7.62 =9.14KN/m
𝐸𝑠 2×105
n= = = 7.2
𝐸𝑐 4700√35
25.57
CR%= × 100 =1.37%
1860
6) friction losses:
P=PO ×e-(µα+KL)
83
Chapter four Hand calculation
84
Chapter four Hand calculation
FR% = (140.58)/1860×100=7.6%
Total losses=ES+SH+RE+ANC+CR+FR
S=bh2/6=7.62x 0.222/6=0.0615m3
At time of jacking (ACI 24.5.3.1) and (ACI 24.5.3.2) for compressive and
tensile stress respectively)
𝑓′𝑐 = 35MPa
85
Chapter four Hand calculation
Tendon profile:
Parabolic shape;
For a layout with spans of similar length, the tendons will be typically be
located at the highest allowable point at the interior columns, the lowest
possible point at the mid spans, and the neutral axis at the anchor locations.
This provides the maximum drape for load-balancing.
aINT = 18.865-3.135=15.73cm
86
Chapter four Hand calculation
(11+18.865)
aEND = − 3.135=11.798cm
2
eccentricity, e, is the distance from the center to tendon to the neutral axis;
varies along the span
Since the spans are of similar length, the end span will typically govern the
maximum required post-tensioning force. This is due to the significantly
reduced tendon drape, aEND.
(30.18)(8.23)2
= = 2165.8𝐾𝑁
8×(11.798/100)
(30.18)(9.14)2
P= = 2003.5 𝐾𝑁<2165.8𝐾𝑁
8×(15.73/100)
Use 21 tendons
87
Chapter four Hand calculation
2125.41
wb= × 30.18 = 29.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2165.8
𝑤𝑏 32
= × 100 = 79.5% This value is less than 100%; acceptable for this
𝑤𝐷𝐿 5.28×7.62
design.
Separately calculate the maximum positive and negative moments in the frame
for the dead, live, and balancing loads. A combination of these values will
determine the slab stresses at the time of stressing and at service loads.
WDL=9.14+40.23=49.4KN/m
88
Chapter four Hand calculation
WLL=(3)(7.62)=22.86KN/m
89
Chapter four Hand calculation
The final slab service moment, at the column centerline are as follows
MDL − Mbal P
𝑓bot = −
S A
Support Stresses
(𝑀𝐷𝐿 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
𝑆 𝐴
90
Chapter four Hand calculation
(−𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = −
𝑆 𝐴
From the above table, the maximum tension and compression values are in the
shaded boxes (+0.86 MPa and -3.4MPa, respectively), and we can see these
stresses are well below the allowable values and therefore the stresses at
transfer are acceptable.
91
Chapter four Hand calculation
Support Stresses
(+𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑙𝐿 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
𝑆 𝐴
(−𝑀𝐷𝐿 − 𝑀𝑙𝑙 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = −
𝑆 𝐴
From the above table, the maximum tension and compression values are in the
shaded boxes (+3.43 MPa and -5.97 MPa, respectively), and we can see the
maximum compressive stress is acceptable. but the tensile stress exceeds the
allowable value at the column. The tensile stress at the bottom of the slab at
mid span (+1.13Mpa) also exceeds the allowable value of 0.17√𝑓′𝑐 .=1Mpa
and therefore requires bonded reinforcing. When the tensile stresses exceed the
limit, then the minimum area of bonded reinforcing is:
𝑓𝑡
y= ×ℎ
(𝑓𝑡 +𝑓𝑐 )
92
Chapter four Hand calculation
3.43
= × 220= 80.28mm
(3.43+5.97)
𝑀𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿
Nc = × 0.5 × 𝑦 × 𝑙2
𝑆
(341.326+157.950)×1000
= × 0.5 × 80.28 × 7620
0.0615×109
= 2483KN
𝑁𝐶 2483×1000
As, min = = = 11995.2 mm2
0.5𝑓𝑦 0.5×414
The primary post-tensioning moments, M1, vary along the length of the span.
M1 = P × e
Msec = Mbal - M1
93
Chapter four Hand calculation
𝑓𝑡
y= ×ℎ
(𝑓𝑡 +𝑓𝑐 )
1.13
= × 220
(1.13+3.67)
94
Chapter four Hand calculation
=51.79mm
𝑀𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿
Nc = × 0.5 × 𝑦 × 𝑙2
𝑆
(174.531+80.765)×1000
= × 0.5 × 51.79 × 7620
0.0615×109
=819.12KN
𝑁𝐶 819.12×1000
As = = = 3957mm2
0.5𝑓𝑦 0.5×414
Minimum length shall be 1/3 clear span and centered in positive moment region
(ACI 8.7.5.5.1)
In negative moment areas (tension in the top of the slab), the minimum area of
bonded reinforcing in each direction is:
=max.(0.22)[8.685,7.62]
= 1.91 m2
= 0.00143 m2
95
Chapter four Hand calculation
Exterior column:
8.23
Acf = max. (0.22)[ ,7.62]
2
=max.(0.22)[4.115,7.62]
= 1.676m2
= 0.001257m2
Must span a minimum of 1/6 the clear span on each side of support (ACI
8.7.5.5.1)
Place top bars within 1.5h away from the face of the column on each side (ACI
8.7.5.3))
=1.5h
=1.5(220)
=330mm
= 99×(21 tendons)
= 2079 mm2
96
Chapter four Hand calculation
𝑓′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠𝑒 + 70+ ≤ 𝑓𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠𝑒 + 210 for slabs with L/h > 35 (ACI
300𝜌𝑝
20.3.2.4.1)
𝐴𝑝𝑠 2079
ρ = = = 1.45 × 10-3
𝑏𝑑 7620×188.65
35
𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 1022.35 + 70 + ≤ 1860 𝑜𝑟 1172.8 + 210
300×1.45× 10−3
𝑓𝑝𝑠 =1172.8MPa
1530×414+2079×1172.8
a= =13.5mm
0.85×35×7.62×103
13.5
ϕMn=0.9(1530 × 414 + 2079 × 1172.8)(188.65- )
2
As,req’d=3252mm2
97
Chapter four Hand calculation
18
ϕMn=0.9(3957 × 414 + 2079 × 1172.8)(188.65- )
2
We must now investigate the shear stress in the slab at the columns in the
direction of the analysis. Let's begin by determining the critical section, and
then calculate the nominal shear capacity using the appropriate equation. After
that, we will calculate the shear stress demand.
we can see that the slab does not extend at least 4h past the face of the columns,
and therefore we cannot take advantage of the post-tensioning to calculate the
shear capacity and must revert to the non pre-stressed equation:
𝑣 u= [1.2(1.2+5.28) +1.6(3)](4.115×7.62)=394.34KN
98
Chapter four Hand calculation
b2 =(500+188.65)=688.65mm
b0=2b1+ b2 =1877.31mm
Ac= b0 ×d=1877.31×188.65=0.354m2
For a rectangular edge column with the moment acting perpendicular to the
edge, we find the following equations for the properties of the critical section:
2 3
2×594.33 ×188.65(594.33+2×688.65)+188.65 (2×594.33+688.65)
= 6(594.33+688.65)
= 3.58×107mm3
γv Mse cAB
𝑣 u,AB =vug +
Jc
𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑠𝑒 𝑐CD
𝑣𝑢,𝐶𝐷 =𝑣𝑢𝑔 −
𝐽𝑐
99
Chapter four Hand calculation
394.34×103 0.4×320.343×106
= − = −2.47MPa
0.354×106 3.58×107
Thus, the shear demand at the exterior column is greater than the allowable
shear stress of 1.46 MPa. Therefore, we need to increase the shear capacity of
the slab at the exterior column. it is probably most practical and economical to
add headed stud reinforcing.
Ac= b0 ×d=2754.6×188.65=0.52m2
𝛼𝑠 𝑑
(b) ϕ 𝑣c= ϕ [0.083(1.5+ ) √𝑓′𝑐 +0.3ƒpc]
𝑏𝑜
40×188.65
=0.75 [0.083(1.5+ ) √35 +0.3×1.27]= 1.85MPa
2754.6
𝐽 J 𝑏1 𝑑(𝑏1 + 3𝑏2 ) + 𝑑3
= =
𝑐𝐴𝐵 cCD 3
688.65×188.65×(688.5+3×688.5)+188.653
= =12.15×107mm3
3
𝑣 u= [1.2(1.2+5.28)+1.6(3)](8.685×7.62)=832.28KN
100
Chapter four Hand calculation
Thus, the shear demand at the exterior column is greater than the allowable
shear stress of 1.57 MPa. Therefore, we need to increase the shear capacity of
the slab at the interior column. it is probably most practical and economical to
add headed stud reinforcing.
The last thing we need to check in this direction of analysis is the unbalanced
moment transfer by flexure at the columns. We need to transfer 60% of the
unbalanced moment by flexure. Thus, we need to transfer (0.6)(320.343)=-
192.2KN.m and(0.6)(54.08 )=32.448KN.mat the exterior and interior columns,
respectively. This moment transfer must occur in a slab width equal to the
column face dimension plus 1.5h on both sides of the column,500+2(1.5×220)
=1160mm.
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2.353𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85×35 2.353×192.2×106
=
414
[1 − √1 − 0.9×35×1160×188.652 ] =0.0138
As= 𝜌 𝑏𝑑
=0.0138×1160×188.65 = 3019.9mm2
Based on this demand, we can see that the minimum area of bonded mild
reinforcement of 6Ø25.
101
Chapter four Hand calculation
Now, let's turn our attention briefly to the analysis in the perpendicular,
or north-south direction.
Estimated prestress losses
SH =Ɛsh × Es
102
Chapter four Hand calculation
=(1.35×10-4)(2×105)=27MPa
27
SH% = × 100 = 1.45%
1860
3)Relaxation=2.5%
4) anchorage slip:
∆ = 0.2 in
∆𝑙
∆𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠
𝑙
5.08
= × 2 × 105
30.48×1000
=33.3 MPa
33.3
Anchorage slip%= × 100 = 1.79%
1860
5) creep losses:
𝐶𝑅 = 𝜃𝑛(𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑠 )
𝐹° 𝐹° × 𝑒 2 𝑀𝐺 × 𝑒
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 =− − +
𝐴𝐺 𝐼 𝐼
𝑏ℎ3 8.685×0.223
𝐼= = = 7.71 × 10−3 𝑚4
12 12
AG =bh =8.685×0.22=1.91 𝑚2
𝑃° = 𝐴 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢
Wd=ɤ×t
Wd =24×0.22=5.28KN/m2
Wd=5.28×8.685=45.86KN/m
103
Chapter four Hand calculation
Wcds=1.2×8.685=10.422 KN/m
104
Chapter four Hand calculation
𝐸 2×105
n= 𝑠 = = 7.2
𝐸𝑐 4700√35
6) friction losses:
P=PO×e-(µα+KL)
105
Chapter four Hand calculation
FR%=(128.3 )/1860×100=6.897%
Total losses=ES+SH+RE+ANC+CR+FR
106
Chapter four Hand calculation
S=bh2/6=8.685 x 0.222/6=0.07m3
Tendon profile:
Parabolic shape;
For a layout with spans of similar length, the tendons will be typically be
located at the highest allowable point at the interior columns, the lowest
possible point at the mid spans, and the neutral axis at the anchor locations.
This provides the maximum drape for load-balancing.
107
Chapter four Hand calculation
aINT = 18.865-3.135=15.73cm
(11+18.865)
aEND = − 3.135=11.798cm
2
eccentricity, e, is the distance from the center to tendon to the neutral axis;
varies along the span
Since the spans are of similar length, the end span will typically govern the
maximum required post-tensioning force. This is due to the significantly
reduced tendon drape, aEND.
(34.39)(7.62)2
= = 2115.6𝐾𝑁
8×(11.798/100)
(34.39)(7.62)2
P= = 1586.8 𝐾𝑁<2115.6𝐾𝑁
8×(15.73/100)
2115.6
No. of tendons= =20.4
103.78
108
Chapter four Hand calculation
Use 20 tendons
2075.6 ×8×0.1573
Wb= = 44.98𝐾𝑁/𝑚
7.622
𝑤𝑏 44.98
= × 100 = 98.1% This value is less than 100%; acceptable
𝑤𝐷𝐿 5.28×8.685
Separately calculate the maximum positive and negative moments in the frame
for the dead, live, and balancing loads. A combination of these values will
determine the slab stresses at the time of stressing and at service loads.
109
Chapter four Hand calculation
WDL=10.422+45.86=56.3KN/m
WLL=(3)(8.685)=26.055 kN/m
110
Chapter four Hand calculation
111
Chapter four Hand calculation
The final slab service moment, at the column centerline are as follows
Service load Exterior Exterior First Center Interior
moment column Mid span interior column span
column
MDL (kN.m) -233.148 +147.160 -289.788 -271.139 +135.556
MLL (kN.m) -107.898 +68.104 -134.111 -125.480 +62.734
M bal (kN.m) +165.813 -104.659 +206.094 +195.581 -96.406
MDL − Mbal P
𝑓bot = −
S A
Support Stresses
(𝑀𝐷𝐿 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
𝑆 𝐴
(−𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = −
𝑆 𝐴
Transfer stresses Exterior Exterior First Interior interior Center
column Mid span column Mid span column
MDL+MBAL (KN.m) -67.34 42.501 -83.694 39.15 -75.558
M/S (MPa) +/- 0.962 +/-0.607 +/-1.196 +/-0.559 +/-1.08
P/A (MPa) -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 (MPa) -0.138 -0.493 +0.096 -1.659 -0.02
𝑓bot (MPa) -2.062 -1.71 -2.296 -0.541 -2.18
112
Chapter four Hand calculation
From the above table, the maximum tension and compression values are in the
shaded boxes (+0. 0.096 MPa and - 2.296MPa, respectively), and we can see
these stresses are well below the allowable values and therefore the stresses at
transfer are acceptable
Support Stresses
113
Chapter four Hand calculation
From the above table, the maximum tension and compression values are in the
shaded boxes (+2.01MPa and -4.21MPa, respectively), and we can see these
stresses are well below the allowable values and therefore the stresses at service
loads are acceptable.
The primary post-tensioning moments, M1, vary along the length of the span.
M1 = P × e
Msec = Mbal - M1
114
Chapter four Hand calculation
115
Chapter four Hand calculation
In negative moment areas (tension in the top of the slab), the minimum area of
bonded reinforcing in each direction is:
=max.(0.22)[7.62,8.685]
= 1.91 m2
= 0.00143 m2
Exterior column :
7.62
Acf = max. (0.22)[ , 8.685]
2
=0.00143 m2
Must span a minimum of 1/6 the clear span on each side of support. At least
4 bars required in each direction, Place top bars within 1.5h away from the face
of the column on each side.
=1.5h
116
Chapter four Hand calculation
=1.5(220)
=330mm
= 99×(20 tendons)
= 1980 mm2
𝑓′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑝𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠𝑒 + 70+ ≤ 𝑓𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠𝑒 + 210 for slabs with L/h > 35 (ACI 18.7.2)
300𝜌𝑝
𝐴𝑝𝑠 1980
ρ = = = 1.21 × 10-3
𝑏𝑑 8685×188.65
35
𝑓𝑝𝑠 =1048.24 + 70 + ≤ 1860 𝑜𝑟 1172.8 + 210
300×1.21× 10−3
𝑓𝑝𝑠 =1214.8MPa
1530×414+1980×1214.8
a= = 11.76mm
0.85×35×8.685×103
11.76
ϕMn=0.9(1530 × 414 + 1980 × 1214.8)(188.65- )
2
117
Chapter four Hand calculation
We must now investigate the shear stress in the slab at the columns in the
direction of the analysis. Let's begin by determining the critical section, and
then calculate the nominal shear capacity using the appropriate equation. After
that, we will calculate the shear stress demand.
we can see that the slab does not extend at least 4h past the face of the columns,
and therefore we cannot take advantage of the post-tensioning to calculate the
shear capacity and must revert to the non pre-stressed equation:
118
Chapter four Hand calculation
𝑣 u=[1.2(1.2+5.28)+1.6(3)](3.81×8.685)=416.14 KN
b2 =(500+188.65)=688.65mm
b0=2b1+ b2 =1877.31mm
Ac= b0 ×d=1877.31×188.65=0.354m2
For a rectangular edge column with the moment acting perpendicular to the
edge, we find the following equations for the properties of the critical section:
=7.72×107 mm3
=3.58×107 mm3
119
Chapter four Hand calculation
𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑠𝑒 𝑐AB
𝑣 u,AB =𝑣𝑢𝑔 +
𝐽𝑐
416.14 0.4×286.61
= + = 1.18𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.354 7.72×107
𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑠𝑒 𝑐CD
𝑣𝑢,𝐶𝐷 =𝑣𝑢𝑔 −
𝐽𝑐
416.14 0.4×286.61
= − = 1.18MPa
0.354 3.58×107
Thus, the shear demand at the interior column is less than the allowable shear
stress of 1.46Mpa and therefore is acceptable.
Ac= b0 ×d=2754.6×188.65=0.52m2
𝐽 𝐽 𝑏1 𝑑(𝑏1 + 3𝑏2 ) + 𝑑 3
= =
𝑐𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝐶𝐷 3
120
Chapter four Hand calculation
688.65×188.65×(688.5+3×688.5)+188.653
=
3
=12.15×107 mm3
v u=[1.2(1.2+5.28)+1.6(3)](7.62×8.685)=832.3 KN
𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑠𝑒 𝑐AB 832.3 0.4× 133.16
𝑣 u,AB =𝑣𝑢𝑔 + = + = 1.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽𝑐 0.52 12.15×107
Ac= b0 ×d=2754.6×188.65=0.52m2
v u=[1.2(1.2+5.28)+1.6(3)](7.62×8.685)=832.3 KN
𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑠𝑒 𝑐AB 832.3
𝑣 u,AB =𝑣𝑢𝑔 + = = 1600.6𝑘𝑝𝑎 = 1.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽𝑐 0.52
we need to increase the shear capacity of the slab at the interior and center
column. it is probably most practical and economical to add headed stud
reinforcing.
The last thing we need to check in this direction of analysis is the unbalanced
moment transfer by flexure at the columns. We need to transfer 60% of the
unbalanced moment by flexure. Thus, we need to transfer (0.6)( 286.61)=-172
121
Chapter four Hand calculation
KN.m and (0.6)( 133.16 )=80KN.m at the exterior and interior columns,
respectively. This moment transfer must occur in a slab width equal to the
column face dimension plus 1.5h on both sides of the column,500+2(1.5×220)
=1160mm.
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2.353𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85×35 2.353×80×106
=
414
[1 − √1 − 0.9×35×1160×188.652 ] =0.0054
As= 𝜌 𝑏𝑑
=0.0054×1160×188.65 = 1181.7mm2
Based on this demand, we can see that the minimum area of bonded mild
reinforcement of 3Ø25.
122
Chapter four Hand calculation
103.78kN per 1.27cm tendon, we need 20tendons (each will be stressed slightly
less than 103.78kN) placed in a narrow band on the column line in the east west
direction, with at least two of them passing through the column core to act as
integrity tendons.
123
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter five Conclusions
Chapter Five
Conclusions
5.1 Conclusion
2. Compute effective pre-stress force Peff for a given drape and balanced load.
7. Calculate the nominal moment capacity φMn and punching shear capacity
of a two-way slab system.
125
References
[6] Kang Su Kim, Deuck Hang Lee,2012,” Nonlinear analysis method for
continuous post-tensioned concrete members with unbonded tendons”.
[8] Erez N. Allouche, Ell, T. Ivan Campbell, Mark F. Green and Khaled
A. Soudki” Tendon Stress in Continuous Unbonded Prestressed Concrete
Members Part 2: Parametric Study”.
126