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The Industrial Revolution is the
name historians have given to the
period in history when there was a
large and rapid change in the way
things were made.

It began in Great Britain in the

middle of the 18th century, and
spread to Europe and the Americas
by the early 19th century. It meant
that instead of most things being
made by hand in small workshops,
they were made more cheaply in
large quantities by powered
machines in factories.

New ideas and inventions were also

taken up in mining, the working

of metals, and in the transportation of goods. The most important new invention of the industrial revolution was the steam
engine. The steam engine, invented by James Watt, was used to power the factories and pump out the deeper mines. It was
also used in railway engines. The heat from burning coal became the main source of power.

Based upon your own opinion, answer these questions in complete sentences
and with legible handwriting!

1. How would you define the Industrial Revolution?

2. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

3. What is the picture of and what does it have to do with the Industrial Revolution?

4. Name 3 things from the reading that were improved upon during the Industrial Revolution…

5. What became the main source of power during the Industrial Revolution?
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According to the latest report of the
International Labor Organization
(ILO), 246 million children
between the ages of 5-17 engage in
child labor. The majority of the
world's 211 million working
children between the ages of 5-14
are found in the Asia-Pacific region
(127.3 million or 60%), Sub-
Saharan Africa (48 million or
23%), Latin America and the
Caribbean (17.4 million or 8%),
and the Middle East and North
Africa (13.4 million or 6%). The
rest can be found in both
transitional and developed
economies. Asia has the highest
total number of child workers.

They work under hazardous conditions in brick factories, mines, carpet-weaving centers, leather tanning shops, glass and
match factories, and plantations growing products such as coffee, tea, tobacco, etc. They work as domestic servants and as
scavengers. And because they work long hours under abusive conditions, they are not able to obtain the education necessary
to improve their lives. Furthermore, their health is often severely damaged through years of exposure to hazardous materials
and substances. Many, if they survive, are crippled, mangled, and deformed before they are able to properly mature.
Based upon your own opinion, answer these questions in complete sentences
and with legible handwriting!

1. How many children worldwide are engaged in child labor?

2. What do you think that this picture represents/means?

3. How many child laborers are in Sub-Saharan Africa?

4. What are some of the hazardous jobs that these children engage in?

5. Why do you think children work in these jobs? Why don’t they go to school?
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Industrialization would never have happened so rapidly if it wasn't for
the rapid development of new ideas, methods and machinery. This
PDN briefly describes two important early inventions when “set the
stage” for the Industrial revolution that was to come.

The Spinning Jenny

The Spinning jenny was a machine that could spin threads of wool. It
was invented by jasmes hargreaves in 1770 and initially could spin 8
threads at once. Hargreaves developed this machine to the extent that
it could spin 120 threads at any one time. These machines were small
enough to fit into cottages and rapidly increased production (by hand
a person can only spin one thread at a time).

The Steam Engine

The first steam powered devices were pumps. The first practical one being developed by Thomas Newcomen. This steam powered pump was
used to not only pump water from mines but also to blow air into furnaces, and for pumping drinking water into towns.

James Watt's development of the steam engine led to a large number of further developments. using steam to create energy meant that this new
form of powering a machine could be used anywhere, rather than just next to a stream/ river as with the Water Frame. The steam engine is best
associated with the invention of trains but also was used to power machinery in factories, to power lifts in mines and for many other purposes.

Based upon your own opinion, answer these questions in complete sentences
and with legible handwriting!

1. What invention is being used in the picture?

2. Based upon the context, what do you think “set the stage” means?

3. Who invented the Steam Engine?

4. How did the spinning Jenny kill the cottage industries (not in reading must know)?

5. How do you think the world changed with the invention of the steam engine?
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During slavery, most black slaves were denied formal education and
in fact many laws were passed in the South prohibiting slave literacy
in the aftermath of various slave rebellions. Even free blacks in the
century before and after the Civil War were limited in their access to
mainstream, quality education and vocational training.

This limited education and training meant that, for the most part,
blacks were shut out of professional occupations and confined to
working in industries deemed acceptable for them, such as domestic
services, some manual trades, and agriculture. Nevertheless a small
number of exceptionally talented blacks were able to obtain an
education and, through their life's work, make significant
contributions to American life.

Unlike black slaves, free blacks prior to the Civil War were entitled to
receive patents for their inventions. Though, again, because blacks

lacked educational and vocational opportunities, few had the necessary skills or experience to develop their inventive ideas or patent them.

Despite these constraints, there were a number of successful black inventors whose inventions proved useful and important. Thomas Jennings,
the first known African American to hold a patent, used the money he earned from his invention to fund abolitionist causes.

Some slaves, who were skilled craftsmen, did create devices or techniques that benefited their masters' enterprises. According to a decision by
the federal government in 1858, though, neither the slave nor the slave owner could claim ownership rights to such an invention. In 1870,
following the Civil War, the U.S. patent laws were revised so that anyone, regardless of race, could hold a patent. Consequently the number of
patents issued to African Americans soared.

Based upon your own opinion, answer these questions in complete sentences
and with legible handwriting!

1. What do you think is happening in the picture?

2. Why weren’t there many slaves who were able to invent great things?

3. Who was the first African American to hold a patent for an invention?

4. What did he do with the money that he earned from his invention?

5. What happened in 1870?

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Charles Drew was born in 1904 in Washington, DC. He attended DC
public schools, including Paul Lawrence Dunbar High School, named after
a famous African American poet. At Dunbar High School, Charles
excelled in sports. He played football, baseball, basketball, and track. In
both his junior and senior years, he won medals for his achievements in
sports. He was awarded the James E. Walker Memorial medal for being
his school's best all around athlete.
2
Next, Charles applied to Amherst College in Massachusetts. He was
accepted there on an athletic scholarship. Amherst must have been glad
that they had offered Drew the athletic scholarship, because he went on to
be a star quarterback on their football team. He was also a MVP in
baseball; he was captain of his track team. He was also a high hurdles
champion, not just of his college but also on the national level. In 1926,
Charles Drew graduated from Amherst, one of only 16 African-American
graduates in the decade of the 1920's.
4
At that time, there were few opportunities for African-American students, but
Drew found a good medical school called McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
There he studied medicine and continued to play sports on the side. When his
father died, in 1934, he returned to Washington, DC to be near his family. He
continued to study and practice medicine in the Washington, DC area.
5
Drew had become interested in the study of blood transfusions. It had recently been discovered that people had different blood types -- A, B, AB, or O. A
transfusion of the right type of blood could save a person's life. However, blood was perishable; it would only keep for about a week. Drew found a way to store
blood much longer by using only the part of the blood called plasma. The use of dried plasma later made transfusions even more widely available.
6
In 1940, Dr. Drew was put in charge of a transfusion program for people in Britain wounded in World War II. Since British cities were being bombed daily
for much of the war, there were many people who were badly wounded and in need of a transfusion. Dr. Drew's program saved many, many lives.

Based upon your own opinion, answer these questions in complete sentences
and with legible handwriting!

1. What was the major medical accomplishment of Charles Drew?

2. Why do you think that storing of blood for a longer time helps to save more lives?

3. What other accomplishments did drew have in college?

4. What hardships does the text say that drew faced while in college?

5. When and where were Charles Drew born?

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During the time of the industrial
revolution in the United States, many
businesses became very large. Many of
the owners of these businesses would use
different strategies in order to make even
more money and become more powerful.
The first thing that they would do was to
create horizontal integration. The
picture on the left represents what some
people think happens when companies
practice horizontal integration.
Horizontal integration means buying up
or taking over all of the companies that
sell the same product as you. In the case
of the picture on the left, business owner
John D. Rockefeller owned the company
Standard Oil. They would get oil out of
the ground and sell it. He began buying
up all of the other oil companies until
eventually he owned almost all of the oil
companies that existed in the U.S.
This allowed him to set whatever prices he wanted. He didn’t have to lower his prices to beat the other companies because he owned all of
them! The picture shows an oil drum shaped like a killer octopus that says standard oil on it. The octopus is taking over everything in its path.
The second strategy used is called vertical integration. This is when a company buys up all of the businesses that it takes in order to make a
finished product. For example, Rockefeller might have to pay the railroad companies a bunch of money to ship his oil from one part of the
country to the next. But if he were to buy out and own the railroad companies as well as all of the oil companies, then he wouldn’t lose money
giving it to the railroad companies. That way his business could make even more money because it saves money. Another example would be if
a company that sells T-Shirts were to buy all of the cotton factories, the cotton fields, the factories that make the shirts, the trucks that ship the
cotton, etc. Buying every company that helps you make your finished product is an easy way to think about what vertical integration means.

Based upon your own opinion, answer these questions in complete sentences
and with legible handwriting!

1. How would you define horizontal integration?

2. This picture shows horizontal integration. One concept of horizontal integration is a company is taking
over everything. How does this picture show a company taking over?

3. How might John D. Rockefeller practice, according to the text, horizontal integration?

4. According to the text, what is vertical integration?

5. How might Rockefeller practice vertical integration?

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" Law? Who cares about the law. Haven’t I got the
power?" (Comment alleged to have been made by Cornelius
Vanderbilt, when warned that he might be violating the law)

This quote, for many people, sums up what it meant for

someone to be a Robber Baron during the Industrial
Revolution. During the Industrial Revolution, there were a few
men who became extremely wealthy. Andrew Carnegie, John
D. Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan are just a few of the men who
gained extreme wealth through owning business and using the
strategies of horizontal and vertical integration. Even though a
hundred years has passed since the heyday of these great
industrialists and financiers, debate continues: were these men
captains of industry, without whom this country could not have
taken its place as a great industrial power, or were they robber
barons, limiting healthy competition and robbing from the poor
to benefit the rich?

Captain of industry can be defined as a wealthy business

owner who did mostly good and used his money to help other
people in America.

A Robber Baron can be defined as a wealthy business owner

who was mostly greedy, exploited workers, and used the laws or
bullying tactics to keep out competition. Where do we draw the
line between unfair business practices and competition that
leads to innovation, investment, and improvement in the
standard of living for everyone? Would the industrial economy
have succeeded without entrepreneurs willing to take
competition to its extremes?

Based upon your own opinion, answer these questions in complete sentences
and with legible handwriting!
1. Based upon the quote at the top, how did Vanderbilt feel about having to follow laws?

2. How does the text define captain of industry? How does it define Robber Baron?

3. What two business strategies did many of these men use in order to become wealthy?

4. Can you make a connection between Robber Barons not following the laws and businesses today not
following laws?

5. Based upon what you know, do you think the artist of the picture thinks that Carnegie was a Captain of
Industry or a Robber Baron?
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_____________________________ The Ford Motor Company (often known as Ford) is an American company that makes
_____________________________ cars. It is named after its the man who made it, Henry Ford.

In 1896, Henry Ford had an idea to make a Quadricycle. It was the first "horseless
carriage" that he built. It was very different from cars we drive now, and even from
what he produced a few years later, but in a way it's the starting point of Ford's career
as a businessman. Until the Quadricycle, Ford's tinkering had been experimental,
theoretical—like the gas engine he built on his kitchen table in the 1890's, which was
just an engine with nothing to power. Enoguh people liked the Quadricycle, and much
could be done with the Quadricycle, that it started the beginning of Ford's business.

Ford Motor Company went into the business on June 16, 1903, when Henry Ford and
11 business helpers signed the company's beginning papers. The first Ford car, the
Model A, was being sold in Detroit, Michigan a few months later. With $28,000
(around 16 000 pounds), the pioneering industrialists made what was to become one of
the
the world's
world's largest
largest companies.
companies. Few
Few places
places like
like Ford are as
Ford are as said
said to
to have
have shaped
shaped the
the
history and development of industry and society in the 20th century as Ford Motor
Company.

Perhaps Ford Motor Company's single greatest contribution to automotive

manufacturing was the moving assembly line. First implemented at the Highland Park
plant (in Michigan, US) in 1913, the new technique allowed individual workers to stay
in one place and perform the same task repeatedly on multiple vehicles that passed by
them. The line proved tremendously efficient, helping the company far surpass the
production levels of their competitors—and making the vehicles more affordable.

Henry Ford insisted that the company's future lay in the production of affordable cars
for a mass market. Beginning in 1903, the company began using the first 19 letters of
the alphabet to name new cars. In 1908, the Model T was born. 19 years and 15 million
Model T's later, Ford Motor Company was a giant industrial complex that spanned the
globe. In 1925, Ford Motor Company acquired the Lincoln Motor Company, thus
branching out into luxury cars.

List a few things that you see in this picture.

_____________________ _________________________ __________________

Based upon your understanding of the reading, answer the following questions:
1. When was Ford’s first car created?

2. How many businesses owners helped Ford start his business? How much money did he invest in
starting the business?

3. What was the “greatest contribution to automotive manufacturing?”

4. How did the assembly line help the Ford Motor Company?

5. According to the graph, how do you think Ford’s Model T changed the United States?
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_____________________________ The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25,
_____________________________ 1911, was the largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New
York, causing the death of 148 garment workers who either died from the
fire or jumped to their deaths. It was the worst workplace disaster in New
York City until September 11th, 2001. The fire led to legislation requiring
improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better
working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry. The Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory Building, also known as the Asch Building and as the
Brown Building, survives and was named a National Historic Landmark.

On the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire began on the eighth floor,
possibly sparked by a lit match or a cigarette or because of faulty electrical
wiring. A New York Times article also theorized that the fire may have been
started by the engines running the sewing machines in the building. To this
day, no one knows whether it was accidental or intentional. Most of the
workers who were alerted on the tenth and eighth floors were able to
evacuate. However, the warning about the fire did not reach the ninth floor
in time.

The ninth floor had only two doors leading out. One stairwell was already
filling with smoke and flames by the time the seamstresses realized the
building was on fire. The other door had been locked, ostensibly to prevent .

workers from stealing materials or taking breaks and to keep out union organizers.

The single exterior fire escape, a flimsy, and poorly-anchored iron structure, soon twisted and collapsed under the weight of people trying to
escape. The elevator also stopped working, cutting off that means of escape, partly because the panicked workers tried to save themselves by
jumping down the shaft to land on the roof of the elevator.

List a few things that you see in this picture.

_____________________ _________________________ __________________

Based upon your understanding of the reading, answer the following questions:
1. How many workers died in this tragic fire?

2. What kind of laws did the fire lead to?

3. What are a few of the theories about how the fire started?

4. Why were the doors locked at the time?

5. Make a connection to this event and explain which type it is (t-t, t-s, t-w)
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When people first moved to the United States, most of them
were farmers. Most of the things that people used were made by
hand. It took a long time to do things or make items that people
needed. In the 1800s, this slowly began to change. This change
was called the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution started in Britain. In the 1700s

inventors made new machines. These machines changed the
textile industry. This industry made material that people could
use for clothes and other items.

For hundreds of years, spinning wheels had been used to make

thread. But the spinning wheel was very slow. It could only spin
one thread at a time. James Hargreaves invented a machine
called the spinning jenny. It could spin many threads at one time.

Other inventions helped to make cloth faster. One man built a

loom that used water for power.

This helped the workers make the material faster. One man could make more cloth in one day than he ever could before.

These new inventions changed how people worked. Before the inventions, many goods were made at home. After the new machines were
invented, factories were started. Many people would come to one place and make the goods. These people would earn money for when they
worked. More and more people moved from farms to factories.

Working in factories wasn't easy. The hours were very long and the workers weren't always paid a lot. This didn't stop a lot of people from
working there anyway. Many immigrants saw these jobs as a chance to make a life in America. In a very short time, the Industrial Revolution
would change the United States.

List a few things that you see in this picture.

_____________________ _________________________ __________________

Based upon your understanding of the reading, answer the following questions:
1. What did most people do when they moved to the United States?

2. In what country and when did the Industrial Revolution start?

3. How did the spinning wheel change over time?

4. What were some of the hardships that people faced as they moved from farms to factories?

5. Make a connection to this event and explain which type it is (t-t, t-s, t-w)
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Garrett Augustus Morgan, was an African-American businessman and
inventor whose curiosity and innovation led to the development of many
useful and helpful products. A practical man of humble beginnings, Morgan
devoted his life to creating things that made the lives of other people safer and
more convenient.

Among his inventions was an early traffic signal, that greatly improved safety
on America's streets and roadways. Indeed, Morgan's technology was the basis
for modern traffic signal systems and was an early example of what we know
today as Intelligent Transportation Systems.

The son of former slaves, Garrett A. Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky on
March 4, 1877. His early childhood was spent attending school and working
on the family farm with his brothers and sisters. While still a teenager, he left
Kentucky and moved north to Cincinnati, Ohio in search of opportunity.

In the early years of the 20th century, it was not uncommon for bicycles,
animal-powered wagons and new gasoline-powered motor

vehicles to share the same streets and roadways with pedestrians. Accidents
were frequent. After witnessing a collision between an automobile and a
horse-drawn carriage, Morgan was convinced that something should be done
to improve traffic safety.

While other inventors are reported to have experimented with and even
marketed traffic signals, Garrett A. Morgan was the first to apply for and
acquire a U.S. patent for such a device. The patent was granted on November
20, 1923. Morgan later had the technology patented in Great Britain and
Canada as well.

List a few things that you see in this picture.

_____________________ _________________________ __________________

Based upon your understanding of the reading, answer the following questions:
1. What was common about the things that Garrett Morgan attempted to invent?

2. According to the text, what was one of Morgan’s early inventions?

3. What did Morgan spend his early childhood doing?

4. What caused Morgan to want to create the first traffic signal?

5. How did Morgan differ from the other inventors of traffic signals?
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Madame CJ Walker was born Sarah Breedlove on
December 23, 1867 in Delta, Louisiana. She is the
fifth of six children of Owen and Minerva Anderson
Breedlove. She was the first Breedlove child born
after slavery.

She came up with a system called the Walker system,

the system's key elements where shampoo, pomade
"hair grower", a great amount of brushing, and the
application of heated metal combs through the hair.
This method transformed stubborn lusterless hair to
shinning smoothness. Before this time African-
American women who wanted to straighten their hair
had to lay it on a flat surface and press it with a flat
iron.
Walker established her first business in Denver in July, 1905. She added the prefix Madame to her name and took her inventions
on the road, and soon demonstrated her excellent marketing skills door-to-door. By September 1906 she left Denver and began
to travel throughout the south and promoting her products, giving lectures, and demonstrations in homes, clubs and churches.
She had a major increase in her success and opened a second office in Pittsburgh in 1908, which her daughter A'Lelia managed.

In 1910, Walker transferred her Denver and Pittsburgh offices to a new headquarters in Indianapolis, were a plant was built to
serve as the center of Walker enterprises. The company's name was the Walker College of Hair Culture and Walker
Manufacturing. Madame Walker was president and sole owner of her company. She employed about three thousand people.
Walker constantly made headlines because she was a great woman who achieved so many things through her own time and
effort.

List a few things that you see in this picture.

_____________________ _________________________ __________________

Based upon your understanding of the reading, answer the following questions:
1. True or False? Madam CJ Walker was born during slavery.

2. Please explain, in your own words, Walker’s system for hair straitening.

3. Where did Walker move her new headquarters to in 1910?

4. At her peak, how many people did Walker employ?

5. Make a connection to this event and explain which type it is (t-t, t-s, t-w)