Conjunctive use of Surface Water And Groundwater Management:

A New Framework For Strategic Decision Making

[CDWR] California Department of Water Resources. 2010. Groundwater management [Internet]

2010. Information about groundwater management in California. Available from
[IWMI] International Water Management Institute. 2009. Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research overview of sustainable groundwater management theme.
<http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/groundwater/>. Accessed 2016 Nov. 16.
Ahlfeld, D.P., and Mulligan, A.E., (2000). Optimal management of flow in groundwater
systems: San Diego, Calif., Academic Press, 185 p.
AKIWUMI A. FENDA, (1997). Conjunctive water use in an African river basin: a case study in poor
planning. Sustainabiiuy of Water Resources under Increasing Uncertainty (Proceedings of the
Rabat Symposium S1, April 1997). IAHS Pub!, no. 240, pp 495-502.
Banks HO. 1953. Utilization of underground storage reservoirs. Transactions of the American Society
of Civil Engineers 118:220-234.
Barlow PM, Ahlfeld DP, Dickerman DC. 2003. Conjunctive-management models for sustained yield
of stream-aquifer systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 129(1):36-
48.
Booker JF, Michelsen AM, Ward FA. 2005. Economic impact of alternative policy responses to
prolonged and severe drought in the Rio Grande basin. Water Resources Research 41:15p.
Buras N. 1963. Conjunctive operation of dams and aquifers. American Society of Civil Engineers
Proceedings, 89(HY6):111-131.
Cai X, McKinney DC, Lasdon LS. 2003. Integrated hydrologic-agronomic-economic model for river
basin management. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 129(1):4-17.
Castle EN, Lindeborg KH. 1961. Economics of ground water allocation. Agricultural Experimental
Station miscellaneous paper 108, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Central Water Commission (1995) Guidelines for planning conjunctive use of surface and ground
waters in Irrigation Projects. Indian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. New
Delhi: Government of India.
CWC, 1995. Guidelines for Planning Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Waters in
Irrigation Projects. INCID.
D. HAMMOND MURRAY-RUST & EDWARD J. VANDER VELDE, 1994. Conjunctive use of
canal and groundwater in Punjab, Pakistan: management and policy options. Irrigation and
Drainage Systems 8: 201-231, 1994 0 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the
Netherlands.
Evans, W.R., Evans, R. and Holland, G.F. (2011). Conjunctive use and management of groundwater
and surface water within existing irrigation commands: the need for a new focus on an old
paradigm. Groundwater Governance: A Global Framework for Country Action. Thematic
Paper. 2. Sinclair Knight Merz. Australia.
FAO; GEF; IAH; IHP; Worldbank (2012): Conjunctive use and management of groundwater and
surface water. Australia: Sinclair Knight Merz.
Feinerman E. 1988. Ground water management: efficiency and equity considerations. Agricultural
Economics 2:1-18.
FOSTER, E., STEENBERGEN, F., ZULETA, J. and GARDUNO, H. (2010) Conjunctive Use of
Groundwater and Surface Water from spontaneous coping strategy to adaptive resource
management GW-MATE. World Bank: Strategic Overview Series.2.
Gisser M., Sanchez DA. 1980. Competition versus optimal control in groundwater pumping. Water
Resources Research 16:638-642.
Greenwald, R. M., (1998). Documentation and user’s guide: MODMAN, An optimization module for
MODFLOW version 4.0: Freehold, New Jersey, HSI GeoTrans, 112 p.
Hafi, A. (2006). Conjunctive Water Management. Economic Tools for Evaluating Alternative Policy
and Management Options. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economic
(ABARE).
Harsha J. (2016).Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water in India: Need to Revisit the
Strategy. Special publication of the geological society of India. No.5, pp.145-153
K. N. MURTY. Planning conjunctive groundwater and surface water development in public
LUNDIN, L.C., BERGSTROM, S., ERIKSSON, E. and SEIBERT, J. (2000) Hydrological Models
and Modelling. Chapter-11. Sustainable Water Management in the Baltic Sea Basin. The
Waterscape. Uppsala University. Retrieved from
M. Karamouz, R. Kerachian and B. Zahraie, “Monthly Water Resources and Irrigation Planning: Case
Study of Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater Resources,” Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering, Vol. 130, No. 5, 2004, pp. 391-402.
NIH, 1997. GIS based rainfall-runoff modelling for Hemavathi catchment. NIH, CS (AR) 22/96-97.
P. V. Manuel, A. Joaquin and S. Andres, “Economic Optimization of Conjunctive Use of Surface
Water and Groundwater at the Basin Scale,” Journal of Water Re-sources Planning and
Management, Vol. 132, No. 6, 2006, pp. 454-467.
Papadopulos and Associates, Inc. 2000. Middle Rio Grande water supply study. U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers contract no. DACW47-99-C-0012 and New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission.
338 p.
QURESHI, A. S. (Editor); BHATTI, A. (Editor); JEHANGIR, W. A. (Editor) (2002): Sustaining
Surface and Groundwater Resources. Proceedings of the International Workshop on
Conjunctive Water Management for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture in South Asia, April
2002. Lahore, Pakistan: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
R.B. Singandhupe, R. R . Sethi and H.Chakravarty, R. K. Mohanty, A. Kumar. 2012. Conjunctive use
of surface and ground water for improving water productivty in coastal area of orissa. India
Water Week 2012 – Water, Energy and Food Security : Call for Solutions, 10-14 April 2012,
New Delhi
Rao SVN, Bhallamudi SM, Thandaveswara BS, Mishra GC. 2004. Conjunctive use of surface and
groundwater for coastal and deltaic systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management 3:255-267.
Sakthivadivel, R. and Chawla, A.S. (2002). Innovations in Conjunctive Water Management: Artificial
Recharge in Madhya Ganga Canal Project. IWMI-TATA Water Policy Program. International
Water Management Institute.
Stanton, G.P., and Clark, B. R., (2003). Recalibration of a ground-water flow model of the Mississippi
River Valley alluvial aquifer in southeastern Arkansas, 1918-1998, with simulations of
hydraulic heads caused by projected ground-water withdrawals through 2049: U.S. Geological
Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4232, p.
Texas Senate Select Committee on Water Policy, 2004. Interim report to the 79th Texas Legislature,
December 2004.
Todd DK. 1959. Groundwater hydrology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 336 p.
Tsur Y, Graham-Tomasi T. 1991. The buffer value of groundwater with stochastic surface water
supplies. Journal of Environmental Economics Management 21:201-224.
Vedula.S., Mujumdar, P.P. and Chandrasekhar, G. (2005). Conjunctive use modeling for multicrop
irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. Elsevier: 73. 193-221.
World Bank (2006). Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water. In: Agricultural & Rural
Development Notes 6.
World Bank, 2006. Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Agriculture and Rural
Development, The Water for Food Team, issue 6, February 2006, 4 p.
Young RA, Bredehoeft JD. 1972. Digital computer simulation for solving management problems of
conjunctive groundwater and surface water systems. Water Resources Research 8(3):533-556.
Objectives

1)To develop hydrologic-economic modeling with aim of optimizing the conjunctive use of
surface and groundwater in Hemavathi river basin, maximization of the economic profit for
water consumers.

2) To evaluate quantitative and qualitative components in conjunctive management, the

relationships between components and external factors, and the end results of conjunctively
managing alternative water sources.

3) Analysis of relevant parameters and relationships within a logical methodology to take into
account major program considerations to date, and will be presented in a new framework (a
conceptual model, criteria, and matrix of conjunctive components and external factors). The
framework will be prepared to support policy decision-making towards consideration of
conjunctive management options.

4) The primary goal of determining key parameters and qualitative factors that allow viable
conjunctive management through application of the decision framework to river basin.

Summery:
Conjunctive use of water, or the optimized use and storage of surface water and groundwater,
has become increasingly recognized over the past decades as an approach that facilitates
efficient management of water resources. Recent research on conjunctive management
primarily relies on economic evaluations or numeric modeling for specific regions; however,
less research has focused on variables such as water laws and government institutions that
affect water management policy options. There is a lack of consensus on its appropriate
implementation, and no single document provides key parameters and standards for successful
policies and programs of conjunctive use.

Accordingly, the goal of this research is to identify and evaluate essential factors in conjunctive
management. Objectives to accomplish this goal first involve evaluation of quantitative and
qualitative components and their relationships in conjunctive management. Based on the
evaluation results, a new decision framework for strategically understanding and designing a
conjunctive program will be created to support consideration and decisions concerning
conjunctive management options. Finally, the research goal of determining key factors that
support viable conjunctive management will be demonstrated through application of the
framework in the Hemavathi basin.
Many programs recognized the predominance of balancing and optimizing surface water and
groundwater supplies as well as the economic efficiencies possible through conjunctive use
and the limitations imposed by the interactions between surface and subsurface water systems.

Thus, this work initiated with research in understanding how these four systems – physical
water, economics, water laws, and social – support conjunctive use concepts.

Based on the expected research results concerning quantitative and qualitative factors, a
conjunctive strategy decision framework will be created to support improvements in
understanding, designing, and implementing conjunctive strategies. A new conceptual model,
minimum criteria, and a decision matrix of conjunctive components and external factors
comprise the framework. The conceptual model would incorporate some of these major
components of regional, surface water, and groundwater systems, ecosystems,
economic/financial issues, legal/institutional frameworks, and social/stakeholder input. These
components establish the foundation of the framework.

Within the basin, the region selected for application of the framework is the Hemavathi river
basin which has both irrigated command area downstream of Hemavathi dam and rain fed
agriculture in upstream of the dam. The framework can provide a path for achieving the overall
goal of improved water management in the region. The information, data, and decision
framework that will be presented in this research address gaps in understanding and
implementing viable, long term conjunctive programs.