INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

“HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENT AND ROLE OF SJVN”

UNDERTAKEN AT

SJVN LIMITED CORPORATE OFFICE COMPLEX

SHANAN, SHIMLA, HIMACHAL PRADESH

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

AVINASH CHANDEL ( 1510961 )

LUDHIANA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

KATANI KALAN LUDHIANA (PUNJAB)
2019

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Er. Mohit
Shukla, Er. Priyanka Bhatia and Er. Sumeet for their exemplary guidance, monitoring and
constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. The blessing, help and guidance
given by them time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about
to embark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Anurag Bharadwaj, Sr.
Officer (P&A), SJVN Limited, for giving me an opportunity to undergo training in this
prestigious organization.

I am obliged to staff members of SJVN Limited, for the valuable information provided by them
in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.

Avinash Chandel

2
S.No. Content Page No.
1 Introduction 4-5
2 Hydrology 6-24
3 Design of Foreign Project 25-35
4 Cost Estimation 36-46

3
 INTRODUCTION - SJVN
SJVN Limited, a Mini Ratna & Schedule 'A' CPSU under the Ministry of Power, Govt. of
India, is a joint venture between the Govt. of India & Govt. of Himachal Pradesh.
Incorporated in the year 1988, the Company is fast emerging as a major power player in the
country. The present authorized capital of SJVN is INR 7000 crores.

SJVN is successfully operating the country’s largest 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri Hydropower
Station and is setting new benchmarks in generation and maintenance year after year, after
having tackled the silt erosion problems in under-water turbine parts.

Beginning from a single hydropower project company, SJVN today has a footprint in a
diversified set of power projects, which includes Hydroelectric Projects in Himachal Pradesh,
Uttrakhand, Aurnachal Pradesh and in the neighboring countries of Nepal and Bhutan, a
Thermal Power Project in Bihar, a Power Transmission Project in Nepal, Wind Power project
in Maharashtra and Solar Power Projects in Gujarat & Rajasthan.

SJVN has expanded its horizons and has drawn up ambitious plans to develop into a fully-
diversified trans-national power sector company having presence in various conventional and
non-conventional forms of energy.

The flagship 1500 MW Nathpa-Jhakri Hydro Electric Power Station in Himachal Pradesh was
commissioned in 2003-04. Company’s generation capacity has increased with the
commissioning of 47.6 MW Khirwire Wind Power project in Maharashtra and 412 MW
Rampur Hydro Electric Project in Himachal Pradesh.

SJVN has made its debut into the Thermal Power Generation by taking up the 1320MW Buxar
Thermal Power Project in Bihar for execution. The Company has been allotted the Deocha-
Pachami Coal Block in West Bengal for sourcing coal for the project. To implement this project,
SJVN has floated ‘SJVN Thermal Pvt. Limited’, a fully owned subsidiary of the company.

SJVN has signed anMoU to develop and operate the 4000 MW Ultra Mega Solar Project in
Sambhar area of Rajasthan with five other PSUs: BHEL, PGCIL, SSL, REIL and SECI. SJVN
has 16% equity in the country’s largest Solar Energy project.

4
Besides, SJVN has planned other Hydel projects of a total generation capacity of 5492 MW
which are under various stages of clearances. SJVN has also planned 400 KV Transmission
Lines for evacuation of power from Arun III Hydro Electric Project in Nepal.

SJVN is committed to generate reliable and eco-friendly power by means of state-of-art

technology, excellence in engineering and continual improvement in quality management.
SJVN, as a technology-savvy corporation, has established and is following sound business,
financial and regulatory policies. SJVN believes that employees are its most valuable assets
and has evolved a growth oriented development strategy for its Human Resources.

SJVN – A MINI RATNA COMPANY

SJVN Limited was conferred with the prestigious "Mini Ratna: Category-I" status by the
Government of India in the year 2008.

SJVN – SCHEDULE ‘A’ COMPANY

Meeting the criteria laid down by the Department of Public Enterprises, SJVN on qualifying
both qualitative and quantitative parameters was upgraded as Schedule 'A' PSU in 2008.

5
 Chapter 1

Hydrological studies

1.1 General

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of

water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and
environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is a
hydrologist, working within the fields of earth or environmental science, physical
geography, geology or civil and environmental engineering. Using various
analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help
solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters,
and water management.

1.2 Design Flood

Estimation of design flood for the design of different type of structures is very
significant component of the hydrological study.Proper estimation of the design
flood value is very important.The undersestimation of design flood may risk the
safety of the diversion structure as well as the population and other resources in the
downstream of the structures whereas,oversestimation of the design flood may
result in the increase in the cost of structure and wastage of valuable resources.

1.2.1 Design Flood Criteria

As per the manual on Estimation of Design flood (CWC,2001) as well as

BIS:11223-1985,ʻGuidelines for Fixing Spillway Capacity’,the hydrologic design
criteria for fixing the spillway capacity,depends of the classifiacation of dams
based on gross storage behind the dam and the hydraullic head at the minimum tail
water level.The classification of dams and the inflow design flood depends of the
most critical of these two parameters.

Classification Gross Hydruallic Inflow

Storage (×106 m3) Head (m) Design flood

6
 Small 0.5-1.0 7.5-12 100 Year return
period
Intermediate 10-60 12-30 SPF
Large >60 >30 PMF
Table 2.2.1:Indian Dam Classification

As Sunni hydro electric project envisages construction of a gravity dam of height

of 95 m above deepest foundation level.Therefore it falls under the category of
Large Dam and consequentely inflow Design Flood for the project is Probable
Maximum Flood (PMF).The same is considerd in the present study.For more
important projects dam break studies may be done as an aid to the judgement in
deciding whether PMF needs to be used. Where the studies or judgement indicate
an imminent danger to present or future human settlements,the PMF should be
used. Any departure from the general criteria as above on account of larger or
smaller hazards should be clearly brought out and recorded.

1.2.2 Present Study

 Hydro-meteorological approach

 Probabilistic approach (i.e flood frequency analysis)

Hydrometeorological Approach

This approach has been widely used for the estimation of design flood for the
medium and large project.The design flood study by this approach takes in to
account all the vital physiographic as well as hydro-meteorological parameters of
the project basin. The main advantage of this approach as compared to
Probabilistic approach is that it gives a complete flood hydrograph which allows
making a realistic determination of its moderating effect while passing through a
reservoir or in river reach.The hydro-meteorological approach has two basic inputs:

 Unit Hydrograph

 Design Storm

Unit Hydrogrph

The unit hydrograph is the discharge hydrograph resulting from the 1 cm excess
rainfall experienced uniformly over the basin at uniform rate during a specific period

7
of time. The unit Hydrograph may be computed from the project speecific
observed hydrograph for few high flood events.

SYNTHETIC UNIT HYDROGRAPH

In absence of hydro-meteorological data, a synthetic hydrograph is developed using

catchment physiographic characteristics.In absence of short specific short interval
rainfall runoff records,the procedure for estimation of unit hydrograph given in “flood
Estimation Report for western Himalaya zone 7,Centeral Water Commision 1994” is
generally adopted.CWC Sub Zone-7 report has been referred for the estimation of the
synthetic Unit Hydrograph Parameters.The design flood due to rainfall from rain fed
catchment and flood contribution from snow fed area.The following parameters of
synthetic unit hydrograph parameters are given below:

PARAMETER UNIT UNITS

Length m

Area Km2
Rainfall mm

Discharge m3/sec
Level m
Slope m/km
Hour h or hour
Sec s or sec
Table 1.2.2 (a) : Parameters used for determining Hydrograph

1-Hour Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Parameters (CWC Manual)

Parameter Symbols Value Unit

Catchment area Ar 1106.2 Km2
length of stream L 58.4 Km
length of stream
from CG Lc 26.22 Km
Equivalent stream
slope S 18.45 m/Km

8
 Sno. SUG Parameters Farmula Value
1 tp(Hrs) 2.498*(L*Lc/s)^0.156 4.98
2 qp(cumecs/sq.km 1.048*(tp)^0.178 0.79
3 W50(Hrs) 1.954*(L*Lc/s)^0.099 3.03
4 W75(Hrs) 0.972*(L*Lc/s)^0.124 1.68
5 WR50(Hrs) 0.189*(W50)^1.769 1.34
6 WR75(Hrs) 0.419*(W75)^1.246 0.8
7 TB (Hrs) 7.845*(tp)^0.453 16.23
8 Tm(Hrs) tp+0.5 5.48
9 Say 6
10 Qp(cumecs qp*Ar 872
11 Qi (Arxd)*(tr0.36) 3074
Table 1.2.2 (b): Parameters by CWC Manual

Where,

A = Total rain Fed catchment area up to diversion site in km2

Ar = Rain Fed Catchment in Km2

L = Length of longest stream in rain fed catchment in Km

Lc = Length of longest main stream from a point opposite to centeroid of the

catchment area to point of study in Km

S = Equivalent stream slope in m/km

tr = Unit duration in Hour

tp = Time from the centre of the effective rain fall duration to the unit hydrograph
(U.G) Peak in hour

Tm = Time from start of Rise to Peak of U.G in hour

TB = Base Width of U.G in Hour

qp = Peak Discharge in m3/sq.km

Qp = Peak Discharge of unit Hydrograph in m3/s

W50 = Width of U.G measured at 50% of peak discharge ordinate in hour

W75 = Width of U.G measured at 75% of peak discharge ordinate in hour

WR50 = Width of rising limb of U.G measured at 50% of Peak Discharge Ordinate

in hours

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 WR75 = Width of rising limb of U.G measured at 75% of Peak Discharge Ordinate

in hour

Synthetic Unit Hydrograph(Cwc Sub Zone – 7 Report)

Synthetic unit hydrograph has been plotted using above parameters.The run off
volume of the SUG is checked 1 cm depth over the catchment.The ordinates of the
SUG are adjusted to give runoff depth 1.0 cm.They are given below:

Time Unit Hydrograph

Ordinates
0 10
1 15
2 30
3 65
4 180
5 580
6 872
7 654
8 325
9 120
10 68
11 50
12 40
13 30
14 18
15 10
16 8
17 0
Table 1.2.2 (b): Ordinates of Hydrograph

DESIGN STORM

The design storm input in the case has two basic inputs:

 Standard Project Storm (SPS)


 Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)

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STANDARD PROJECT STORM

It is defined as the severe most rain storm on record yielding highest rainfall depth
over the catchment or in the meteorologically homogeneous neighbourhood of the
catchment.In general SPS rainfall is equal to about 40 to 60% of the probable
maximum precipitation,which means that the SPF should correspond to probability
of about 1:1000-yr to 1:10000- yr.

Probable Maximum Precipitation

It is the greatest depth of the precipitation for a given period that is physically
possible over a grain size storm area at a particular geographical location at a
certain time of the year.

Results:

Adopted Unit hydrograph for Sunni Dam

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 Flood Frequency Analysis

Flood Frequency analysis is used to predict design floods for sites along a river. The
technique involves using observed annual peak flow discharges series to calculate
statistical information such as mean values,standard deviations,skewness and
recurrance intervals.The design flood for small hydroelectric project is either 50 years
or 100 year return period flood.For estimating design flood,one of the standard flood
frequency methods may be used.Two most widely methods are used.

 Gumbel’s Method

 Log pearson method

In India, the gumble’s method is generally used and this method is recomended for
the small hydroelectric project.

Gumble’s Method

When the peak flood discharges are plotted against the corresponding return
period in Gumble-Powell probability paper, the relationship will be straight line.
The equation to this line can be obtained by the following three methods:

 Method of Moments

 Method of least squares

 Method of maximum likelyhood

Of above three methods,first two are simple. The method maximum likelihood is
very complicated for practical application and tim-consuming even through this
method gives a better estimates of return period flood magnitudes.The small
hydroelectric projects involve minor headworks for which design flood discharge
is not a serious issue.In this case method of least squares can be adopted.In presnt
case this method is adopted for 25 years return flow which is calculated is on the
bases of non-monsoon yearly peaks.

2.3 Design Flood For River Diversion Works

The river diversion works, during construction of project are planned for the non-
monsoon floods.Generally heavy rainfall is experienced during monsoon period
(Jun-Sept) and river stages are too high to carry out the diversion works during this
period.However with nearly 70-80% of the total annual rainfall experienced during

12
 this perod, heavy precipitation is experienced in satluj basin in month of May
also.The river flows to lower stages generally during the non-monsoon i.e from
October to April.The construction in the river bed is generally carried out during low
flows in view of the safety of man resources, cost of operation and convienience.

1.3.1 Design Flood Criteria

As per the Is:14815-2000(Guidlines-Design flood for river diversion works),Clause

no. 4,the capacity of diversion flood for concrete dams decided based on the
following criteria:

 Maximum non-monsoon flow observed at the dams site.


 25 years return flow,calculated on the basis of non-monsoon yearly peaks.
The higher of two shall be taken for flood estimation for diversion.

1.3.2 Maximum Non-Monsoon Flow Observed At Dam Site

The non monsoon flood peaks values(October to April) of river satluj at Rampur site
and Lunsu (Sunni Dam) site were available from year 1963-2008 and year 2006-
2016 respectively. To obtain non-monsoon flood peaks at Rampur for period to 1963
to 2016 Sunni Dam site,the earlier approved non-monsoon flood peaks for period
1963-2008 have been transposed to develop non monsoon Flood Peaks at Sunni
Diversion site and for period 2009 to 2016 the observed non-monsoon flood peaks at
Lunsu G and D site(being maintained by SJVN) has been directly used at Sunni.The
approved non-monsoon flood peak values at Rampur site have been transported to
Sunni divesion site by giving due consideration to variation in catchment area.The
Dicken’s farmula,has been used for transposition of non-monsoon flood peak
values.The non-monsoon Flood Peaks(in Cumecs) at Rampur and Sunni Dam period
1963 to 2008 are shown in Table below:

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 Transport Flood Peaks at
S.no Year Observed Flood Peaks at Rampur Site Sunni Dam
1 1963 271 279
2 1964 296 305
3 1965 206 212
4 1966 198 204
5 1967 234 241
6 1968 321 331
7 1969 275 283
8 1970 273 281
9 1971 209 215
10 1972 219 226
11 1973 750 773
12 1974 235 242
13 1975 308 317
14 1976 368 379
15 1977 262 270
16 1978 373 384
17 1979 381 393
18 1980 246 253
19 1981 334 344
20 1982 293 302
21 1983 327 337
22 1984 304 313
23 1985 391 403
24 1986 278 286
25 1987 280 289
26 1988 454 468
27 1989 244 251
28 1990 306 315
29 1991 282 291
30 1992 304 313
31 1993 364 375
32 1994 238 245
33 1995 244 251
34 1996 405 417
35 1997 205 211
36 1998 378 390
37 1999 383 395
38 2000 175 180
39 2001 158 163
40 2002 283 292
41 2003 337 347
42 2004 174 179
43 2005 293 302
44 2006 412 425

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 45 2007 306 315
46 2008 320 330
Table 1.3.2 (a): Detail of Non-monsoon(Oct-Apr) Flood Peaks at Rampur and Sunni

The observed non-monsoon Flood Peaks in (Cumecs) at Lunsu for period 2009 to
2016 have been directly used at Sunni Diversion as shown in Table below:

S.NO. Year Observed Flood peaks at lunsu/Sunni

1 2009 413
2 2010 679
3 2011 540
4 2012 534 .
5 2013 636
6 2014 420
7 2015 613
8 2016 439

Table1.3.2 (b) : Detail of Non-monsoon (Oct-Apr) Flood Peaks at Lunsu/Sunni

25 Years Return Flow Based on Non-Monsoon Yearly Peaks

The flood studies have been made through frequency analysis, the observed flood
peaks have been increased by 10% to make it instantaneous, as suggested and
approved for Luhri – 1.The instaneous flood peaks computed from observed flood
peaks are given below in Table 2.3.2 (c):

Observed Flood
Sr.no. Years Peak(Cumecs) Instantaneous Flood peak
1 1963 279 307
2 1964 305 336
3 1965 212 233
4 1966 204 224
5 1967 241 265
6 1968 331 364
7 1969 283 311
8 1970 281 309
9 1971 215 237
10 1972 226 249
11 1973 773 850
12 1974 242 266
13 1975 317 349
14 1976 379 417
15 1977 270 297
16 1978 384 422
17 1979 393 432

15
 18 1980 254 279
19 1981 345 380
20 1982 301 331
21 1983 337 371
22 1984 313 344
23 1985 403 443
24 1986 287 316
25 1987 288 317
26 1988 468 515
27 1989 251 276
28 1990 315 347
29 1991 291 320
30 1992 313 344
31 1993 375 413
32 1994 245 270
33 1995 251 276
34 1996 417 459
35 1997 211 232
36 1998 390 429
37 1999 394 433
38 2000 181 199
39 2001 162 178
40 2002 291 320
41 2003 348 383
42 2004 179 197
43 2005 302 332
44 2006 425 468
45 2007 315 347
46 2008 330 363
47 2009 413 454
48 2010 679 747
49 2011 540 594
50 2012 534 587
51 2013 636 700
52 2014 420 462
53 2015 613 674
54 2016 439 483
Total 20450
Average 378.72
Maxmum 850
Minimum 178
Table 1.3.2(c):Observed Flood Peaks

Methodology Adopted For Flood Frequency Analysis

In order to model the the extreme hydrological flood event Gumble ‘s method is used.

16
Flood Values Calculation By Gumble’Method Of Least Square

The stastical Parameters of 54 annual Maxima have been computed given below:

Maximum Minimum Peak Average Standard Cofficient of

Peak Deviation Variance
850 179 378.72 139.82 0.37
Table 1.3.2 (d):Statistical Parameters

Return period (T) YT = -Ln*Ln(T/T-1) K = YT - Yn /Sn XT = xt + kx*µx

years
10 2.25 1.46 582.48
25 3.20 2.27 696.11
50 3.90 2.87 780.41
100 4.60 3.47 864.09
Table 1.3.2 (e):Flood values from Method of Least Square

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Hydropower Developement

General

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated

16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and was
expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. The cost of
hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity.
The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants. The average cost of
electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-
hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity since the amount
produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing
energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no
direct waste, and in many cases, has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse
gases than fossil fuel powered energy plants.

Types Of Hydroelectric Power

 Small

 Micro

 Pico

 Underground

Small Hydroelectric Power

Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small

community or industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a
generating capacity of up to 10 megawatts (MW) is generally accepted as the upper
limit of what can be termed small hydro. Small hydro stations may be connected to
conventional electrical distribution networks as a source of low-cost renewable energy.
Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas that would be
uneconomic to serve from a network, or in areas where there is no national electrical
distribution network. Since small hydro projects usually have minimal reservoirs and
civil construction work, they are seen as having a relatively low environmental impact

18
 compared to large hydro. This decreased environmental impact depends strongly on
the balance between stream flow and power production.

Micro Hydroelectric Power

Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically produce
up to 100 kW of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or
small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks. There are
many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they
can provide an economical source of energy without purchase of fuel.Micro hydro
systems complement photovoltaic solar energy systems because in many areas, water
flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a
minimum.

Pico Hydroelectric Power

Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 kW. It is
useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity.
For example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio for a few
homes. Even smaller turbines of 200-300W may power a single home in a developing
country with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft). A Pico-hydro setup is typically run-of-the-river,
meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert some of the flow, drop this
down a gradient, and through the turbine before returning it to the stream.

Underground Power Station

An underground power station is generally used at large facilities and makes use of a
large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain
lake. An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the
generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel
and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.

Calculating Available Power

A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric

station is: P = ρgqhη ,where

 P is Power in watts,

 ρ is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3),

19
  h is height in meters,

 q is flow rate in cubic meters per second,

 g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2,

 η is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher (that
is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines.

Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some
installations, the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.

Components Of Hydroelectric Project

The major components of a hydroelectric plant are as follows.

 Forebay

 Intake structure

 Penstock

 Surge chamber

 Hydraulic turbines

 Power house

 Draft tube

 Tailrace

Components Of Hydroelectric Project

20
 Forebay

A forebay is a basin area of hydropower plant where water is temporarily stored before
going into intake chamber. The storage of water in forebay is decided based on required
water demand in that area. This is also used when the load requirement in intake is less.
We know that reservoirs are built across the rivers to store the water, the water stored on
upstream side of dam can be carried by penstocks to the power house. In this case, the
reservoir itself acts as forebay.

Intake Structure

Intake structure is a structure which collects the water from the forebay and directs it into
the penstocks. There are different types of intake structures are available and selection of
type of intake structure depends on various local conditions.

Intake structure contain some important components of which trash racks plays vital role.
Trash racks are provided at the entrance of penstock to trap the debris in the water.If debris
along with water flows into the penstock it will cause severe damage to the wicket gates,
turbine runners, nozzles of turbines etc. these trash racks are made of steel in rod shape. These
rods are arranged with a gap of 10 to 30cm apart and these racks will separate the debris form
the flowing water whose permissible velocity is limited 0.6 m/sec to 1.6 m/sec.In cold weather
regions, there is chance of formation of ice in water, to prevent the entrance of ice into the
penstocks trash racks heated with electricity and hence ice melts when it touches the trash
racks.Other than trash racks, rakes and trolley arrangement which is used to clean the trash
racks and penstock closing gates are also provided in intake structure.

21
Penstock

Penstocks are like large pipes laid with some slope which carries water from intake structure
or reservoir to the turbines. They run with some pressure so, sudden closing or opening of
penstock gates can cause water hammer effect to the penstocks.So, these are designed to resist
the water hammer effect apart from this penstock is similar to normal pipe. To overcome this
pressure, heavy wall is provided for short length penstock and surge tank is provided in case of
long length penstocks.Steel or Reinforced concrete is used for making penstocks. If the length
is small, separate penstock is used for each turbine similarly if the length is big single large
penstock is used and at the end it is separated into branches.

Surge chamber

A surge chamber or surge tank is a cylindrical tank which is open at the top to control the
pressure in penstock. It is connected to the penstock and as close as possible to the power
house.Whenever the power house rejected the water load coming from penstock the water
level in the surge tank rises and control the pressure in penstock.Similarly, when the huge
demand is needed in power house surge tank accelerates the water flow into the power
house and then water level reduces. When the discharge is steady in the power house,
water level in the surge tank becomes constant.There are different types of surge tanks
available and they are selected based on the requirement of plant, length of penstock etc.

22
Hydraullic Turbine

Hydraulic turbine, a device which can convert the hydraulic energy into the mechanical
energy which again converted into the electrical energy by coupling the shaft of turbine to
the generator.The mechanism in this case is, whenever the water coming from penstock
strike the circular blades or runner with high pressure it will rotate the shaft provided at the
center and it causes generator to produce electrical power.

Power House

Power house is a building provided to protect the hydraulic and electrical equipment.
Generally, the whole equipment is supported by the foundation or substructure laid for the
power house.In case of reaction turbines some machines like draft tubes, scroll casing etc. are
fixed with in the foundation while laying it. So, the foundation is laid in big dimensions.

23
When it comes to super structure, generators are provided on the ground floor under which
vertical turbines are provided. Besides generator horizontal turbines are provided. Control
room is provided at first floor or mezzanine floor.

Draft Tube

If reaction turbines are used, then draft tube is a necessary component which connects turbine
outlet to the tailrace. The draft tube contains gradually increasing diameter so that the water
discharged into the tailrace with safe velocity. At the end of draft tube, outlet gates are
provided which can be closed during repair works.

Tailrace

Tailrace is the flow of water from turbines to the stream. It is good if the power house is
located nearer to the stream. But, if it is located far away from the stream then it is necessary
to build a channel for carrying water into the stream.Otherwise the water flow may damage
the plant in many ways like lowering turbine efficiency, cavitation, damage to turbine blades
etc.

24
 CHAPTER 2
DESIGN FOREIGN PROJECTS (DFP)

2.1 GENERAL
This department deals with designing of project components outside India by SJVNL. SJVNL
has a lot of foreign projects under its belt in association with government of India. Some of
the prominent projects are in Bhutan and in Nepal.

2.2 ARUN-3 HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PROJECT

Arun-3 Hydro-Electric Project is contemplated for generation of hydro power in order of

about 90% dependability. The Catchment area of the Dam is of 26747 sq km. It is constructed
at 70m high above the deepest foundation level and a curvature of 10˚ has been provided. Also
6 sluice spillway bays of 9m width each and 1 auxiliary spillway of 5m width is provided in
the dam. Sluices are designed to pass a PMF of 8880 cumec and a GLOF of 6830 cumec. The
project is considered to be economically viable and its early execution is expected for
providing much needed power benefits to Nepal and India.

2.3 DESIGN OF GRAVITY DAMS

2.3.1 Dams
Dam is defined as a barrier constructed across a waterway to control the flow or raise the level
of water. A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.
Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be
used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between
locations. It can be used for various purposes such as

i. Power generation
ii. Irrigation
iii. Water supply
iv. Flood control
v. Navigation

25
2.3.2 Types of dams

Dams can be formed by human agency, natural causes, or even by the intervention of wildlife
such as beavers. Man-made dams are typically classified according to their size (height),
intended purpose or structure.

i. On the basis of structure

Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as easily created without
materials, arch-gravity dams, embankment dams or masonry dams.

ii. On the basis of size

International standards (including the International Commission on Large Dams, ICOLD)

define large dams as higher than 15 m (49 ft) and major dams as over 150 m (490 ft) in
height. The Report of the World Commission on Dams also includes in the large category,
dams, such as barrages, which are between 5 and 15 m (16 and 49 ft) high with a reservoir
capacity of more than 3 million cubic meters.

iii. Other types of dams

1. Coffer dam
A cofferdam is a barrier, usually temporary, constructed to exclude water from an area
that is normally submerged.
2. Natural dams
Dams can also be created by natural geological forces.
3. Beaver dams
Beavers create dams primarily out of mud and sticks to flood a particular habitable area.

2.3.3 Gravity Dams

A gravity dam has been defined as a structure which is designed in such a way that its own
weight resists the external forces. This type of a structure is most durable and solid, and
requires very little maintenance. Such a dam may be constructed of masonry or concrete.
However, concrete dams are preferred these days and mostly constructed.

26
2.3.4 Forces Acting on Gravity Dam

The various external forces acting on a gravity dam may be:

a) Water Pressure
b) Uplift Pressure
c) Pressure due to earthquake forces
d) Silt Pressure
e) Wave Pressure
f) Ice Pressure
g) The stabilizing force is the weight of the dam itself.

a) Water pressure:

Water pressure is the most major external force acting on such a dam. The horizontal water
pressure, exerted by the weight of water stored on the upstream side of the dam can be
estimated from rule of hydrostatic pressure distribution which is triangular in shape.

The resultant force due to this external force due to this external water =1/2wH2, acting at H/3
from the base.

b) Uplift Pressure

Water seeping through the pores, cracks and fissures of the foundation material, and water
seeping through dam body and then to the bottom through the joints between the body of the

27
dam and its foundation at the base, exert an uplift pressure on the base of the dam. It is the
second major external force.

c) Earthquake Forces

Earthquake produces waves which are capable of shaking the earth upon which the dam is
resting, in every possible direction. Earthquake wave may move in any direction, and for
design purposes, it has to be resolved in horizontal and vertical components. Hence two
accelerations i.e. one horizontal and one vertical acceleration are induced by an earthquake.
The values of these acceleration are generally expressed as percentage of the acceleration due
to gravity (g), i.e. α =.1 g or .2 g.

d) Silt Pressure

As it is known that silt gets deposited against the upstream faces of the dam. If h is the height
of the silt deposited, then the force exerted by this silt in addition to external water pressure,
cab be represented by Rankine’s formula, i.e.

Psilt = ½ *wa*h2*ka and it acts at h/3, from base

Where ka is the coefficient of active earth pressure of the silt = (1-sinQ)/ (1+sinQ)

Where Q is the angle of internal friction of the soil, and cohesion is neglected.

Wa = submerged unit weight of the silt material.

H = height of silt deposited.

e) Wave pressure

Waves are generated on the surface of the reservoir by the blowing winds, which exerts a
pressure towards the downstream side. Wave pressure depends upon the wave height. Wave
height may be given by the equation,

Hw = .032(V.F)1/2+.763-.271(F)1/4 for F<32 km

Hw = .032(V.F)1/2 for F>32 km

Where Hw = height of water from top of crest to bottom of trough in metres.

28
 V = wind velocity in km/hr.

F = Fetch or straight length of water expanse in km.

f) Ice Pressure

The ice may be formed on the water of the reservoir in the cold countries, may sometimes
melt and expand. The dam face has then to resist the thrust exerted by the expanding ice. The
magnitude of this force varies from 25 to 150t/m2 depending upon temperature variations. On

an average, a value of 50 t/m2 may be allowed under ordinary conditions.

g) Weight of the Dam

The weight of the dam body and its foundation is the major resisting force. In two dimensional
analysis of a gravity dam, a unit length of the dam is considered. The cross-section can then be
divided into rectangles and triangles. The weight of each along with their c.g.s. can be
determined. The resultant of all those downward forces will represent the total weight of the
dam acting at the c.g. of the dam.

2.3.5 Mode of Failure and Criteria for Structural Stability of gravity Dams

A gravity dam may fail in the following ways:

1) By overturning about the toe.

2) By crushing

3) By development of tension, causing ultimate failure by crushing.

4) By shear failure called sliding.

The failure may occur at the foundation plane or at any other plane at higher level.

1) Overturning: If the resultant of all the forces acting on a dam at any sections, passes
outside the toe, the dam shall rotate and overturn about the toe. Practically, such a condition
shall not arise, as the dam will fail much earlier by compression. The ratio of the righting
moment about the toe to the overturning moments about toe is called the factor of safety
against overturning. Its value, generally varies between 2 to 3.

29
2) Compression or crushing: A dam fail by the failure of its material, i.e. the compression
stresses produced, may exceed the allowable stresses, and the dam material may get crushed.
The vertical direct stress distribution at the base is given by the equation:

P = Direct stress + Bending stress.

The maximum stress, i.e. pmax, will be produced on the end which is nearer to the resultant.

If pmin comes out to be negative, it means that tension shall be produced at the appropriate
end. If pmax exceeds the allowable compressive stress of the dam material, the dam may
crush and fail by crushing.

3) Tension: Masonry and concrete gravity dams are usually designed in such a way that no
tension is developed anywhere; because these material cannot withstand sustained tensile
stresses. If subjected to such stresses, these materials may finally crack. The maximum
permissible tensile stress for high concrete gravity dams, under worst loadings, may be taken
as 5kg/cm2.

4) Sliding: Sliding will occur when the net horizontal force above any plane in the dam or at
the base of the dam exceeds the friction resistance developed at that level. The friction
developed between two surfaces is equal to µ∑V, where ∑V is the algebraic sum of all the
vertical forces whether upward or downward, and µ is the coefficient of friction between two
surfaces. In order that no sliding takes place, the external horizontal forces (∑H) must be less
than the shear resistanceµ.

Or ∑H< µ∑V

Or µ∑V/∑H> 1

Therefore FSS (factor of safety against sliding) = µ∑V/∑H.

30
2.3.6 Stability Analysis of Gravity Dam

1. Self weight of dam

s.no. Designation of weight area leverarm unit weight of concrete moment vertical force
1 w1 39 46 24 43056 936
2 w2 156 42 24 157248 3744
3 w3 507 26 24 316368 12168

moment about toe is anticlockwise direction (+)

2. Water pressure on the walls of dams

water pressure acts in horizontal direction
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5 Column6
s.no. unit weight of water head of water pressure acting from the base moment about base
1 10 24.5 3001.25 8.166666667 24510.20833

moment about base is clockwise direction(-)

Water pressure acts in vertical direction
s.no. unit weight of water area pressure lever arm Moment
1 10 36.75 367.5 47 17272.5

moment about toe is anticlockwise direction(+)

3. Uplift pressure
static pressure at toe = 0
static pressure at heel ,wH = 245
static pressure at drainage gallery= 81.66666667

s.no degination of uplift unit pressure leverarm moment

1 u1 1837.5 26 47775
2 u2 245 46.5 11392.5
3 u3 245 47 11515

moment about toe is clockwise direction (-)

31
4. earthquake forces
horizontal inertia forces due to earhquake
s.no. horizontal earthquake f vertical forces forces lever arm Moment
1 pw1 936 224.64 8.666666667 1946.88
2 pw2 3744 898.56 13 11681.28
3 pw3 12168 2920.32 8.666666667 25309.44

moment about the base is clockwise direction(-)

vertical component

upward vertical earthquake forces

s.no. vertical earthquake forc vertical forces forces Moment earthquake momen
1 vw1 936 149.76 43056 6888.96
2 vw2 3744 599.04 157248 25159.68
3 vw3 9672 1547.52 316368 50618.88

moment about the toe is clockwise direction(-)

horizonal hydrostatic pressure
using zanger's formula ,Pe= .726*p*H where p=Cm*Kh*w*H
therefore Pe= .726*Cm*Kh*w*H*H

Cm= .735*Q/90

Q= angle in degree at upstream face

Q= 84.28
Cm= 0.688286667

Pe= 719.5624128

moment ,Me= .412*Pe*H

Me 7263.262995

s.no. head of water unit weight pressure Moment

1 24.5 10 719.5624128 7263.262995

5. silt pressure
s.no. height of silt horizontal force vertical force height of action moment due to hor
1 2 720 1840 0.666666667 480

factor of safety against sliding = µ∑V/∑H

factor of safety against overturning= ∑M(+)/∑M(-)

Combination of loads
Case 1:
load combination A:(construction condition)
∑V= 16848
∑H= 0
F S S= ∞

∑M(+)= 516672
∑M(-)= 0
F S O= ∞

32
x= ∑M/∑V
x= 30.66666667

e= B/2-x B/6= 8
e= -6.666666667

e<B/6 i.e. 8

Pmax/min= ∑V/B(1±6e/B)
pmax.= ∑V/B(1+6e/B)
= 702 Pv at heel= 702 kN/m2 Or .702N/mm2

Pmin.= 0 Pv at toe = 0

Case 2:
load combination B (Normal Operating condition):
∑V= 16728
∑H= 3721.25

F S S= 3.146684582

∑M(+)= 533944.5
∑M(-)= 84157.70833 ∑M= 449786.7917 kNm

F S O= 6.344570338

x= ∑M/∑V
x= 26.88825871
e= B/2-x
e= -2.888258708

Pmax.= ∑V/B(1+6e/B)
222.68023 Pv at heel= 222.68023 KN/m2 .22268 N/mm2
Pmin.= ∑V/B(1-6e/B)
474.31977 pv at toe = 474.31977 kN/m2 .474319 N/mm2

Case 3:
Load combination C(Flood Discharge Condition)

Similar to case 2

Case 4:
Load combination D (Combination A with earthquake )
∑V= 14551.68
∑H= 4763.082413

F S S= 2.138568078

∑M(+)= 516672
∑M(-)= 78249.50299 ∑M= 438422.497

F S O= 6.602878999

x= ∑M/∑V
x= 30.12865161

e= -6.128651606
as e<B/6 put e =b/6
Pmax .= ∑V/B(1+6e/B)
606.32 Pv at heel= 606.32 kN/m2 .6063 N/mm2
pmin.= ∑V/B(1-6e/B)
0 Pv at toe= 0

33
Case 5:
Load combination E (Combination b with earthquake )
∑V= 14431.68
∑H= 8484.332413

F S S= 1.190686021

∑M(+)= 533944.5
∑M(-)= 213026.0913 ∑M= 320918.4087 kNm

FS O= 2.506474661

x= ∑M/∑V
= 22.23707903

e= B/2-x
1.762920972
Pmax.= ∑V/B(1+6e/B)
366.9149774 pv at heel = 366.9149774 kN/m 2
.366914 N/mm 2

pmin.= ∑V/B(1-6e/B)
234.4050226 pv at toe = 234.4050226 kN/m 2
0.234405 N/mm 2

2
Cases load combinations pressure at heel (N/ pressure at toe (N/mm allowable comp. strength(N/ Premissible tensileRemarks
1A 0.702 0 3.5 - ok
2B 0.22268 0.474319 3.5 - ok
3C 0.22268 0.474319 3.5 0.2 ok
4D 0.6063 0 3.5 - ok
5E 0.366914 0.234405 3.5 0.4 ok

Hence, Dam is safe

2.4 DESIGN OF FREE BOARD

Free Board is the vertical distance between the top of dam and still water level. The Free
Board is calculated based on IS: 6512. The Free Board shall be wind setup plus 1 1/3 times
wave height above FRL or above MWL. The Free Board shall not be less than 1.0 m above
MWL corresponding to PMF. 1.0 m high Parapet shall be provided on upstream side above
top of dam in all cases.

2.3.1 Design of Free Board (Arun 3)

Design for Free Board

Maximum fetch, F = 1052.0832 m

(from contour plan)
α̊ cos α x1 in m x1.cosα
42 0.743 353.952 262.9863

34
 36 0.809 373.9062 302.4901
30 0.866 390.4566 338.1354
24 0.914 409.86 374.612
18 0.951 535.7095 509.4597
18 0.951 155.3018 147.692
24 0.914 177.38 162.1253
30 0.866 170.58 147.7223
36 0.809 169.079 136.7849
42 0.743 176.5765 131.1963
∑cosα = 8.566 ∑x1cosα = 2513.205
(All Readings from contour plan)
Effective fetch = ∑x1cosα/∑cosα

= 293.393 m

Wind on land , Vb = 39 miles

Max. Wind speed on land,Vz = Vb*K1*K2*K3
Here K1= 1
k2 = 1.198 (for 70 m height )
K3= 1
Therefore Vz = 46.722 miles
168.1992 km/h
Wind speed on water = 185.0191 km/h
Significant Wave Height ,Hs= 0.752
Design Wave Height (H)= 1.27* Hs
0.95504
Wind setup= v2F/62000D

= 0.008298

Free Board = 1.334*Design wave height +wind setup

= 1.282321
Therefore Free Board of dam = 1.282321 m

35
 CHAPTER 3
COST ENGINEERING

3.1 GENERAL
Cost engineering is "the engineering practice devoted to the management of project cost,
involving such activities as estimating, cost control, and risk analysis. Cost Engineers budget,
plan and monitor investment projects. They seek the optimum balance between cost, quality
and time requirements.”

In SJVN, Cost engineering includes Cost estimate, Rate Analysis, Economic Evaluation of
Cost, Tariff Studies, Cost Data Analysis, Pre-Tender Estimates and Evaluation.

3.2 FORMULATION OF DPR BASED UPON GUIDELINES

3.2.1 DPR STRUCTURE

This process of preparation of Detailed Project Report shall be completed by the Developer
indicatively in a period of 30 months from the date of allotment/ signing of MOU of the
project, extendable by 6 months for reasons beyond the controls of Developer. The Data
collected by Developer for preparation of DPR shall be property of concerned State
Government and its copy shall be made available to CWC.

The DPR prepared by the Generating Company shall be structured in described format. DPR
should include the following chapters i.e. Introduction, Justification of project from power
supply angle, Basin Development, Inter-State / Inter-National Aspects, Surveys &
Investigations, Hydrology, Reservoir, Power Potential Studies & Installed Capacity, Design of
Civil Structures, Electrical and Mechanical Designs, Transmission of Power and
Communication facilities, Construction Programme & Plant Planning, Project Organization,
Infrastructural Facilities, Environmental & Ecological Aspects, Cost Estimates, Allocation of
Cost, Economic Evaluation, Future Utilization of Buildings, Recommendations, Clearances /
Inputs.

36
3.2.2 COST VOLUME

Cost volume basically consists civil cost estimates. The Civil Cost Estimates of the project
shall be prepared as per “Guidelines for preparation of estimates for the river valley projects”
issued by CWC and Indian Standard IS: 4877. The estimates of Hydro Electric Scheme shall
be divided under the heads as indicated below:

a) Direct Cost

b) Indirect Cost

3.2.2.1 Direct Cost

Direct cost contains following aspects:

I. Works

A – Preliminary, B – Land, C – Works, J - Power Plant Civil Works, K –

Buildings, M – Plantation, O – Miscellaneous, P – Maintenance during
construction, Q - Special T&P, R – Communications, S - Power Plant and Electro-
Mechanical system, X - Environment and ecology, Y - Losses on stock.

Total I-Works

II. Establishment

III. Tools and Plants

IV. Suspense

V. Receipt and Recoveries.

3.2.2.2 Indirect Cost

Indirect Cost contains:

i. Capitalization of Abatement of Land Revenue

ii. Audit and Account Charges.

37
Total cost will be summation of all direct and indirect costs. Cost towards miscellaneous items
like, security, helicopter service, setting up of ITI, etc. if required, may also be included in the
total estimated cost of the project.

3.3 PROJECT ESTIMATES FOR RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS BASED

ON GUIDELINES

3.3.1 EXAMINATION OF PROJECT ESTIMATES

Cost estimates received from the state Govts. /Union territories have to be examined in
detailed by CWC and put up to advisory committee of the Ministry of water resources for
acceptance. The investment clearance is issued by the planning commission. During
implementation of the projects, if the revised cost exceeds 15% of the original approved cost
due to the price rise or change in project parameters resulting in changes in nature and benefits
such as CCA, installed capacity, energy generation etc.

Feasibility estimates/project estimates should be in enough detail to show the quantity, unit
cost and total costs of various works and supply items. In feasibility estimates, cost of major
items is the best worked out in detail on the basis of preliminary layouts and designs and unit
rates which should be analyzed for the project

3.3.2 NATURE OF PROJECT COST

Different types of cost present in any project are:

3.3.2.1 Capital Cost:

The capital cost of a project includes all costs associated with investigations, design,
construction and maintenance during construction period of project.

3.3.2.2 Investigation Cost:

Investigation cost include cost of collection of necessary physical, hydrological, geological,

topographical and structural data to give the engineers the basis for design and estimation.

38
3.3.2.3 Design Cost:

Design costs include all the cost of all necessary analysis of data and studies (geological,
structural, and economic) to support the layout and dimensions of the structures, layout of
construction plant and facilities, specification of materials and the method of construction.

3.3.2.4 Construction Cost:

Construction costs are the cost of bringing the project into being. These costs should include
all the work and supply items required for the supervision and the construction of permanent
project along with engineering supervision.

3.3.3 ANALYSIS OF UNIT RATES

As the project cost estimates are made before the work is done, the estimated cost is only an
indication of the order of the actual cost. The agreement between the estimated cost and actual
cost would depend upon the accuracy with which this analysis is done, which implies the use
of precise estimating methods and correct visualization of the manner in which the work
would be executed. A complete analysis of rate, therefore, requires the determination of costs
for various operations developing the cost from basic rates of labour, material and machines
for the operations.

3.3.3.1 Material Cost:

The quantitative assessment of material requirement may be adopted from authoritative

book/publications or through independent calculations based on the data available at site or
other projects. The unit cost of various materials may be taken as those prevalent in the
States/Region. The appropriate cost for freight, unloading, cartage, storage, inspection and
testing should also be included.

3.3.3.2 Labour Cost:

The time which a labourer takes in performing a unit of work would vary with personal
factors such as climatic conditions, job supervision and complexities of operation etc. The
assessment of output of labour may be made as per relevant IS code or the norms prevalent in
the State/Region/River Valley Project of similar nature. The wages of workers are periodically
revised by the state under the statutory labour laws.

39
3.3.3.3 Machine Cost:

For working out the use rates of machinery, the norms for life, depreciation, repair prevision
etc. may be adopted as recommended by the CWC Guide Book on the use rate, hire charges
and transfer value of equipment and spare parts. Prices of various equipment should be taken
on the basis of recent quotations/price list of such equipment or information available in Cwc.
All taxes and freight charges should be taken into consideration.

3.3.3.4 Contractor’s Overheads and Profits:

It includes office expenses, share of head office expenses, legal charges, general
establishment, watch and ward, local conveyance, travelling expenses, social welfare, salaries
of managerial and clerical staff etc. In addition to the overheads expenses, the contractor has
to be allowed certain amount towards his profits. This is usually expressed in percentage of
the total estimated cost of the job. This percentage varies from job to job usually 15% profit is
anticipated by the contractors. Since it is difficult to identify overheads and profits, both may
be provided at 20 % of the prime cost/ or as per state Govt. norms in the analysis of rates.

Example:

Excavation in all kind of soil

Statement of activities and related basic data

Activity Activity Equipme Capacity Bucket fill factor (for Travelling speed
S.no. nt common earth) Hauling Return
propose (Loaded) (Empty)
1 Excavation of unconsolidated material Hyd.exca 2 m3 0.85
vator
2 Levelling & pilling of excavated material Dozer 180 HP
3 Transportation of excavated material to Dumper 25 T 20 25
4 Levelling & trimming of disposed area 5.00%
5 Maintenance of haul roads 2.00%

Operating effeciency and Job & management factors

Operating effeciency (for average classification) (min per hour) 50 min / hour

Job & management factor (for excellent Job & management conditions) 0.78

Computation of Unit rate of activity

S.no. Description Computation / Reference Quantity Unit
/ Cost
1 Machinery cost per cum
3
1.1 Hydraulic excavator -2 m capacity :
3
Ideal production rate 300 m / hour
Bucket fill factor 0.85
Operating effeciency 0.83
Job & management factor 0.78
3
Actual production rate Ideal production rate x Depth cut & 165 m / hour
swing factor x Bucket fill factor x
Hourly use rate Refer Analysis of Hourly use rates of 3788.00 Rs. / hour
Cost per cum Hourly use rate / Actual production rate 22.95 Rs. / m3

40
 1.2 Dumper - 25 T capacity :
Pay load capacity 25 T
Unit weight of earth & gravel 1.58 T / m 3

Volume of earth & gravel (loose) Pay load capacity / Unit weight 15.82 m 3

Capacity of Dumper 12.80 m 3

Average lead Assumed minimum lead 1 km
Dumper cycle time :
Loading time 2.76 min

Spotting time,Turning & 3.00 min

dumping time
Loaded haul @ 20 km / hr (Average lead x 60) / Loaded speed 3.00 min
Empty haul @ 25 km / hr (Average lead x 60) / Empty speed 2.40 min
Total cycle time 11.16 min
Operating effeciency 50 min / hour

Number of trips Operating effeciency / Total cycle time 4.48 times

Quantity carried by dumper No. of trips x volume(bank) carried per 57.35 m 3
Hourly use rate Refer Analysis of Hourly use rates of 2437.00 Rs. / hour
Cost per cum Hourly use rate / Actual production rate 42.50 Rs. / m 3
1.3 Crawler dozer - 180 HP :
Actual production rate 2x actual production rate of excavator 330.17 m 3 / hour
Hourly use rate Refer Analysis of Hourly use rates of 3907.00 Rs. / hour
Cost per cum Hourly use rate / Actual production rate 11.83 Rs. / m 3
Abstract of machinery cost per cum :
Hydraulic excavator - 2 m3 Refer S.no.: 1.1 22.95 Rs. / m 3

Dumper - 25 T capacity : Refer S.no.: 1.2 42.50 Rs. / m 3

Crawler dozer - 180 HP : Refer S.no.: 1.3 11.83 Rs. / m 3

1 Total machinery cost per cum 77.27 Rs. / m 3

2 Levelling and trimming of disposed material @ 5.0 % of machinery cost 3.86 Rs. / m 3

3 Maintenance of haul roads @ 2.0 % of machinery cost 1.55 Rs. / m 3

4 Electrical energy charges @ 2.0 % of machinery cost 1.55 Rs. / m 3

3
Prime cost S.no.: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 84.23 Rs. / m
3
Overhead charges & contractor's profit @ 20 % of prime cost 16.85 Rs. / m
101.07 Rs. / m

Rate per cum 3

Rate per cum (say) 101 Rs. / m3

To determine the rates of any task that will be perform during any project say excavation
shown in example. A particular procedure is adopted to determine the rates i.e.

1) Firstly determine the activities that are performed during a particular task.

2) Find out the equipments which is used for that specific activity under some capacity.

3) Equipment properties like speed, capacity are also find out.

4) Operation efficiency, job and management factors are also calculated.

5) After completing all these steps, a detailed unit rate activity of all machineries are
computed which includes description of machinery, their references, daily hourly rates etc.

41
3.4 TARIFF DETERMINATION

3.4.1 Tariff

Tariff is a charge or list of charges either for services or on goods entering or leaving a
country. Tariff Determination is done for checking the viability of a project. Tariff gives us an
idea about the economic viability of a project. While framing tariff principles for the State
sector utilities the Tariff regulations notified by the CERC are important for the various State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) as they are guided by some regulatory norms
for computation of Tariff.

3.4.1 Tariff Computation of Hydro Power Project Is Based On Some Regulatory Norms

The Power generated from Hydropower plant is relatively cheaper as compared to

Electricity generated from Coal and Gas fired plants.

The Capital cost for a Hydro Power Plant consists of a significant chunk of the total costs and
includes the cost of land, the cost of building and equipment, cost of installation and the cost
of designing and planning of the station.

It varies with the site and location of the station and the type of the equipment used. The
Generating Company can obtain the capital for financing their investment in the form of
equity or debt or a mix of both.

3.4.2 General Concepts In Reference To Hydro Tariff Determination

• Auxiliary energy consumption: In Power Plants, fraction of power produced is consumed

by power generating equipment and their auxiliaries such as fans, motors etc. The quantum of
energy consumed by auxiliary equipment of the generating station, and transformer losses
within the generating station, expressed as a percentage of the sum of gross energy generated
at the generator terminals of all the units of the generating station.

• Capital cost: Capital Cost for a Project includes the expenditure incurred or projected to be
incurred, including interest during construction and financing charges, any gain or loss on
account of foreign exchange risk variation during construction on the loan.

42
• Debt-Equity Ratio: In case of all Generating stations, Debt–Equity ratio as on the date of
commercial operation shall be considered as 70:30 for determination of tariff. However, if the
Equity employed is more than 30%, the amount of Equity for determination of tariff would be
limited to 30% and the balance amount shall be considered as the normative loan.

3.4.3 Components of Annual Fixed Charge (AFC)

In this method, depreciation charge is made every year at a fixed rate on the diminished value
of equipment. In other words, depreciation charge is first applied to the initial cost of
equipment and then to its diminished value. The fixed component of the tariff is mainly
dependent on the capital cost of the project.

The fixed component of the tariff ensures that the power producer is able to recover the fixed
expenses and earn a Return on Investment, irrespective of the actual generation.

(a) Return on Equity: Return on Equity is a measure of profitability that calculates how
many rupees of profit a company generates with each rupee of shareholders equity. The
formula for Return on equity = Net Income/Shareholders equity. It is also sometimes called as
Return on Net Worth.

(b) Interest on Loan Capital: The CERC has specified a debt-equity ratio of 70:30 as the
funding mix for the capital cost of a project. The interest rate as per actuals on these loan
funds is recoverable as part of the tariff. The Tariff Regulations allows retention of 1/3rd of
the benefits, if any, arising out of refinancing of loans; earlier such benefits were required to
be passed on entirely to the beneficiaries.

(c) Depreciation: The Reduction in the value of an asset over time, due in particular to wear
and tear. Depreciation allows a portion of the cost of a fixed asset to revenue generated by the
fixed asset. As against the earlier deprecation rate of 3.6% for Hydro power projects (based on
a 35-year project life and 90% of the capital cost), the CERC has increased the depreciation
rate to 5.28% for most components of the project.

(d) Interest on Working Capital: Working Capital is the amount of a company’s current assets
minus the amount of its current liabilities. For example if a company’s balance sheet dated June
30 reports total current assets of Rs. 123,000 crores and total current liabilities of 110,000 crores

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the company’s working capital on June 30 was 13,000 Crores. The Working capital for a
Hydro Power Plant has following components:

1. Maintenance Spares - 15% of O&M Costs

2. Sales Receivables - 2 Months of Fixed Cost

3. O&M expenses - 1 Month

(e) Operations & Maintenance Costs: Operation and maintenance cost of a component is the
cost associated with operating and maintaining that component. The total O&M cost of the
system is the sum of the O&M costs of each system Component.

3.5 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a metric used in capital budgeting to estimate the profitability
of potential investments. Internal Rate of Return is a discount rate that makes the net present
value of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero.

3.6 COST ESTIMATION OF A SINGLE ROOM

DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES

Item No. Description of items of work No. Length (m) Breadth (m) Ht. or Depth (m) Quantities total quantites units
1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 2 3.83 0.6 0.6 2.7576
2 3.63 0.6 0.6 2.6136 5.3712 cu m
2 Cement concrete in foundation 2 3.83 0.6 0.1 0.4596
2 3.63 0.6 0.1 0.4356 0.8952 cu m
3 Brick work in foundation
1) base footing 2 3.68 0.45 0.25 0.828 1.6785 cu m
2 3.78 0.45 0.25 0.8505

2)upper footing 2 3.58 0.35 0.25 0.6265

2 3.88 0.35 0.25 0.679 1.3055 cu m

3) plinth 2 3.46 0.23 0.39 0.620724

2 4 0.23 0.39 0.7176 1.338324 cu m
total brick work 4.322324 cu m

4 Stone soling 1 4 3 0.2 2.4 2.4 cu m

5 Cement concrete in 1:3:6 1 4 3 0.15 1.8
6 Thick cement concrete 1 4 3 0.04 0.48
Thick cement concrete and Cement Concrete 2.28 cu m

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 7 Brick Work in cement Mortar 1:6 2 3.46 0.23 3 4.7748
2 4 0.23 3 5.52
Deduction
for window 1 1 0.23 1.2 0.276
for door 1 1 0.23 2.1 0.483
Net 9.5358 cu m

9 framework of window 2 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.016

2 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.024
framework of door 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.01
2 2.1 0.1 0.1 0.042
Net 0.092 cu m
adding 5% of wastage 0.0046 0.0966 cu m

10 cement Concrete slab in 1:2:4 1 4.36 5.36 0.1 2.33696 2.33696 cu m

Steel reinforcement
Unit weight of steel = 120 kg/cu m
volume of slab = 2.336 cu m
Weight Of Total Reinforcement = 280.32 kg
11 plastering in cement mortar 1:5
(inside ) 2 3 3 18
2 4 3 24
ceiling 1 3 4 12
Deduction
window area 1 1 1.2 1.2
door area 1 1 2.1 2.1
Net 50.7 sq m

(outside ) 2 3.46 3 20.76

2 4.46 3 26.76
out ceiling 2 4.36 0.45 3.924
2 5.36 0.45 4.824
Deduction
window area 1 1 1.2 1.2
door area 1 1 2.1 2.1
Net 52.968 sq m
Total Plastering = 103.668 sq m

12 plastic emulsion inside 2 3 3 18

2 4 3 24
ceiling 1 3 4 12
Deduction
for window 1 1 1.2 1.2
for door 1 1 2.1 2.1
Net 50.7 sq m

13 water proofing cement paint

outside 2 3.46 3.39 23.4588
2 4.46 3.39 30.2388
outside ceiling 2 4.36 0.45 3.924
2 5.36 0.45 4.824
Deduction
window area 1 1 1.2 1.2
door area 1 1 2.1 2.1
net 59.1456 sq m

14 shutter deodar wood work

window 1 0.9 1.1 0.99 2.835 sq m
door 1 0.9 2.05 1.845
adding 5% of wastage 0.14175 2.97675 sq m
15 Painting / Primer on Both Sides
window 2 0.9 1.1 1.98
door 2 0.9 2.05 3.69
5.67 sq m

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ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATED COST
Item No. Description Of Items Of Work Quantity Unit Rate per Amount
1.) Excavation in earthWork and disposal of all excavated earth upto a lead of 20 5.3712 cum 189.25 cum 1016.5 ref. Item Code : 07020000
2.) Foundation and Plinth 0.8952 cum 2064.3 cum 1847.961 ref. Item Code : 09150100
3.) Brick Work using common burnt clay building bricks in foundation and plinth i 4.322324 cum 2913.8 cum 12594.39 ref. Item Code : 10010901
4.) Boulder Filling Dry Hand packed tightly as in wire crate apron bund (wire craa 2.4 cum 664.9 cum 1595.76 ref. Item Code : 1131010000
4.) 40mm thick cement flooring with 25mm under layer of cement concrete 1:3:6 2.28 cum 188.05 cum 428.754 ref. Item Code : 13300100
5.) Brick Work using common burnt clay building bricks in foundation and plinth i 9.5358 cum 2913.8 cum 27785.41 ref. Item Code : 10010901
6.) 15mm cement plaster in single coat on the rough side of brick/concrete/stone 103.668 sqm 84.9 sqm 8801.413 ref.Item Code : 17047030
7.) Wall Painting (two coats) with Plastic Emulsion Paint of approved brand and 50.7 sqm 46.35 sqm 2349.945 ref. item Code : 17181000
8.) Finishing wall with water proofing cement paint of approved brand and manu 59.1456 sqm 32.65 sqm 1931.104 ref. Item Code : 17176000
9.) Providing and laying upto first floor two level reinforced cement concrete 1:2 2.33696 cum 5453 cum 12743.44 ref. Item Code : 09360100
Reinforcement 280.32 kg 59.4 kg 16651.01 ref. Item Code : 09410000
10.) Providing woodwork in frames of doors, windows, clerestory, windows and o 0.0966 cum 67409.7 cum 6511.777 ref. Item Code : 1200103000
11.) Providing and fixing panelled glazed shutters for doors windows and cleresto 2.97675 sqm 2781.1 sqm 8278.639 ref. Item Code : 1200503030
12.) Applying priming coat over new wood and wood based surfaces after and incl 5.67 sqm 19 sqm 107.73 ref. Item Code : 16036010
13.) Applying two coats of wood preservative on new wood and wood based surfa 5.67 sqm 27.35 sqm 155.0745 ref. Item Code : 16038000

Total Amount = Rs. 102798.9

40% Premium for Enhancement Of Rates since, 2009 = Rs. 41119.56

12% For Electrical Expense = Rs. 12335.87

5% Other Expenses = Rs. 5139.946

Total Amount = Rs. 161394.3

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