Advanced Telecommunication Systems

Advanced telecommunication
systems
Part I : mobile network dimensioning
Salah Eddine El Ayoubi
October 2010
outline
objective: ensuring QoS in mobile networks

dimensioning for ensuring coverage
dimensioning for ensuring capacity
– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE
– just before LTE: HSDPA
– after LTE: LTE-A
2 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

coverage targets
mobile operators have to ensure complete coverage:

– minimize white zones
– cover villages as well as cities
– cover routes
limited coverage of any base station:
– limited power
– loss due to propagation

cellular networks
each base station covers a cell / sector

large cells required to reduce costs, however:
– degraded QoS at cell edge: coverage problems
– many users served: capacity problems

QoS targets
coverage is not the only criterion:

– QoS in coverage areas is important
QoS includes:
– access rate
– good communication probability
– throughput
operator target:
– ensure coverage target and QoS
– with lowest costs
operator dilemma:
– low cost -> large cells -> more users in each cell -> more
spectrum needed
– spectrum is limited and too costly

What is spectrum ?
Radio waves are characterized by their frequency,

measured in Hertz (Hz)
f1 f2 f3
30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz
VHF UHF SHF
Spectrum is the continuous aggregation of these frequencies

Main guidelines when managing spectrum
Spectrum shall be
usable (not all frequencies
are valuable for every type
of radio access)
coverage
Coverage
Coverage Capacity too small
frequencies frequencies
Spectrum shall
be managed
as efficiently Terminal
too big
as possible
400 1000 5000 Frequency

(MHz)

How it works ?
f3 f3
f1 f1 f2 f3 f1
f2 f2

High demand
Limited resource

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

link budget
link budget objective

maximum distance between a user and its serving base station while guaranteeing
a given quality of service
equipment parameters propagation model received signals SINR cell range

equipment parameters
determine gains and losses due to equipments.

antenna gain GA:
– directivity of antenna amplifies the signal in some directions.
feeder loss LC:
– due to the cable between amplifier and antenna.
body loss LB:
– due to the body of the user.
for an emitted power Pmax:
Pmax × G A
useful power =
LF LB

propagation model


radio channel
Path Loss
Attenuation (dB)
Shadowing
channel variations are due to Fast fading
– pathloss attenuation
– shadowing (slow fading)
– fast fading
Distance
path loss is due to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver
shadowing is due to the obstacles between the transmitter and the receiver
fast fading is due to multipath propagation (reflections on obstacles that create
multiple paths of the received signal)
for coverage dimensioning, focus is on the path loss, adding a margin for
shadowing

use of propagation models
Ptx Ptx
pathloss pathloss
C I
Serving BS Interfering BS
propagation models allow to compute:

– The received signal power (⇒ coverage maps)
– The interfering power (⇒ QoS maps)
a propagation model is the first building block of (almost) any radio
planning tool

path loss models
free space propagation
 4πD   4πDf 
2 2
D
Pathloss =   = 
 λ   c 
– only valid for line of sight, without multi-

multi-path
– these conditions are not met in cellular networks
statistical models (e.g. Okumura-Hata) e.g. urban environment

Pathloss[dB ] = A + B ⋅ log(D ) with 20 ≤ B ≤ 40
– simple models with A & B statistically tuned
for typical environments (urban, etc.)
– no geographical data required D
– useful for dimensioning

received signals


received signals
for a user situated at distance d from a base station:
ξ
Pmax × G A 10 10
received power = ×
LF LB PL(d )
– PL(d)=path loss at distance d

– ξ shadowing variable

SINR


interference in the dowlink
interference is received by the mobile

from the base stations:
– it depends on the position of the
mobile in the cell
– cell-edge users are subject to
higher interference because they
are closer to interferers.
observations:
– the origin of interference is well
defined.
– the intensity of this interference
is to be calculated.

interference in the uplink
interference is received by the base

station from the mobiles in adjacent
cells:
– it is independent from the
position of the mobile in the cell.
– it depends on the distribution of
mobiles in interfering cells.
observations:
– the average interference is
uniform for all mobiles.
– the position of interferers is
unknown.

SINR calculations
collisions decrease the Signal to Interference Ratio (SINR):
received power
SINR =
received interference + noise
a lower SINR means a larger Bit Error Rate (BER):

– degraded QoS

cell range


maximal cell range
for a good reception, the SINR must be larger than a target:

– SINR>SINRtarget
for a given cell range R, calculate the SINR at cell edge:
– SINR(R)
– for a larger R, SINR degrades as received power becomes
lower compared to noise
the optimal cell range is the largest R so that
– SINR(R)>SINRtarget
in general, the limiting link for coverage is the uplink as mobiles
have low emitted powers.

example coverage of a cell
exercise

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

Erlang-like capacity
need to install resources:

– until a target Quality of Service (QoS) is achieved for users
– example: number of frequency carriers per cell
user perceived QoS includes:
– blocking rates for real-time calls
– download time for FTP-like users
this is called Erlang-like capacity:
– reference to mathematician Agner Krarup Erlang
– example Erlang-B law.

Erlang-B law
Erlang table
probability of call loss:
0.0001 0.001 0.01
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
N 55
– B=blocking rate 50
45
40
– E=traffic intensity 35
30
25
– C= number of circuits 20
15
– Each call uses one 10
5
circuit 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
A simple Erlang calculator can be found at:

http://perso.rd.francetelecom.fr/bonald/Applets/erlang.html

the race for bit rates in mobile networks
Mobility
1995 2000 2005 2010
HSDPA
HSDPA
WIDE AREA HSPA
HSPA
GSM UMTS
UMTS LTE
EDGE
EDGE
MOBILITY GPRS ++ 4G?
4G?
HSUPA
Mobile
DVB-xTV
802.16m B3G
SHORT RANGE
MOBILITY
Fixed
FixWimax
FIXED
WLAN
WLAN
Data Rate
10kbps 100kbps 1Mbps 10Mbps 100Mbps

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

GSM operation
the spectrum assigned to GSM is divided into sub-bands of

200 KHZ each.
the subbands cannot be used in adjacent cells
– due to inter-cell interference
– a frequency reuse map is necessary
1/3 of sub-bands used in each cell 1/7 of sub-bands used in each cell
a transmitter (a dedicated amplifier) is necessary for each sub-
band in the cell.

Time Division Multiple Access operation
several frequency sub-bands of 200 KHZ each

each sub-band is allocated for different users at different times
the time frame of 4.62 ms is divided into 8 time slots
– but the transmitter serves up to 7 users (one TS for signalling)
Transmitters

Time slots
example capacity of a GSM cell
exercise

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

outline: UMTS
physical layer
admission control
capacity calculations

Code Division Multiple Access
everybody transmits at the same

time-frequency resources.
each transmitter has its own code
the receiver decodes the signal and
views the others' signals as residual
interference.

spreading process

downlink spreading codes
Walsh code:
W(0,1) = 1
W(0,2) = 1, 1
W(1,2) = 1,-1
W(0,4) = 1, 1, 1, 1
W(1,4) = 1,-1, 1,-1
W(2,4) = 1, 1,-1,-1
W(3,4) = 1,-1,-1, 1
W(0,8) = 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
W(1,8) = 1,-1, 1,-1, 1,-1, 1,-1
W(2,8) = 1, 1,-1,-1, 1, 1,-1,-1
W(3,8) = 1,-1,-1, 1, 1,-1,-1, 1
W(4,8) = 1, 1, 1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1
W(5,8) = 1,-1, 1,-1,-1, 1,-1, 1
W(6,8) = 1, 1,-1,-1,-1,-1, 1, 1
W(7,8) = 1,-1,-1, 1,-1, 1, 1,-1
orthogonal codes, as synchronous transmissions

problem: multipath propagation that introduces delays

uplink spreading codes (1/2)
Maximum Length (ML) sequence

sequence determined by the XOR feedbacks.
if register of length R, sequence of period L=2R-1
ak XOR of a sequence with a shifted version of it
gives another version of the same ML sequence.
characterized by irreductible polynom:
0≤ k ≤ R
f ( x) = ∑a x
mod 2
k
k
1≤ k ≤ R 1≤ k ≤ R
c ( n) = ∑ a c(n − k ),
mod 2
k c(n + j ) = ∑ a c(n − k + j )
mod 2
k
1≤ k ≤ R
c ( n) ⊕ c ( n + j ) = ∑ a c(n − k ) ⊕ c( n − k + j )
mod 2
k
1≤ k ≤ R
d ( n ) = c ( n) ⊕ c ( n + j ) = ∑ a d (n − k )
mod 2
k

uplink spreading codes (2/2)
inter-correlation between ML sequences may be large.
for obtaining good correlation properties, Gold codes are
generated by EXOR-ing some preferred pairs of ML-sequences
Gold demonstrates that, if we choose carefully two ML
sequences of length L=2R-1, characterized by polynoms f(x)
and g(x), such that inter-correlation is low, the ML sequences of
length L generated by z(x)=f(x).g(x) have also low correlation.
not orthogonal but with low correlation for cases where
transmitters are not synchronized
R=6
f(x)=x6+x+1, g(x)=x6+x5+x2+x+1
z(x)=x12+x11+x8+2x7+3x6+x5+x3+2x2+2x+1
=x12+x11+x8+x6+x5+x3+1
sequence of 22R-1, divided into 2R+1 sequences of length L.

dealing with inter-cell interference
scrambling codes (Gold code) separate also cells in the

downlink.
inter-cell interference is reduced as if it were a transmission
from the same cell.

outline: UMTS
physical layer
admission control

downlink SINR model
1. the SINR for a mobile depends on

the distance r0 from the BS, as
inter-cell interference increases at
cell edge.
r0
Pmax to share

cell decomposition
1. the SINR for a mobile depends on

the distance r0 from the BS, as
inter-cell interference increases at
cell edge.
2. to simplify the problem, divide the
cell into concentric rings
3. a mobile is thus charcterized by its
service and its position in the cell.
4. calculate powers and SINRs.
5. apply admission control: emitted
power< maximal power.

emitted power
zone i is characterized by:

– path loss qi,l with cell l
qi ,0
– interference factor Fi = ∑q
l ≠0 i ,l
SINR c
service c characterized by target quality: β c =
S + α .SINR c
– S: spreading factor
multi-path propagation introduces a orthogonality factor α
a power PCom is used for signalling
adjacent cells have average load χ
number of users of class c in zone i is Mi,c n C
the total transmitted power is

PCom + ∑ (χ P
i =1
max Fi + N 0 qi )( ∑β M
c =1
c i ,c )
Ptot = n C
1−α ∑ (∑ β M
i =1 c =1
c i ,c )

admission control
power of base station limited by Pmax

admission control constraint:
n C
∑ (αP
i =1
max + χ Pmax Fi + N 0 qi )( ∑β M
c =1
c i ,c ) ≤ Pmax − PCom
intra-cell interference
noise

outline: UMTS
physical layer
admission control

admission control constraint indicates that there is a resource

(power) shared by users of different demands
(position+service).
traffic ρc,i (Erlang) in zone i for class c.
multi-Erlang analysis is suitable:
C n
ρ c,i M c ,i
∏∏
1
Pr[ M 1,1 ,..., M C ,n ] =
G c =1 i =1
M c ,i !

Exercise

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

outline: LTE
physical layer
throughput calculations
use case: mobile TV

Beyond 3G context and E-UTRAN requirements
Expected performance (based on analysis and simulations)

Peak rate (Downlink) 2 Tx and 2 Rx antennas,
144 Mbit/s
(in 20 MHz, FDD) 64 QAM modulation, code rate 5/6
Peak rate (Uplink) 56 Mbit/s 1 Tx antenna, 2 Rx antennas
(in 20 MHz, FDD) (71 Mbit/s for 64QAM) 16 QAM modulation, code rate 5/6
1.72 b/s/Hz/cell 2 Tx and 2 Rx antennas

Average cell spectrum
MIMO transmission with linear
efficiency (downlink) (8.6 Mbit/s in 5 MHz) receiver
Average cell spectrum 0.7 b/s/Hz/cell 2 Tx and 2 Rx antennas

efficiency (uplink) (3.5 Mbit/s in 5 MHz) No Multi-user - MIMO
User plane latency Assumptions:

~ 10 ms
(two way radio delay) FDD, 30% retransmissions
Connection setup < 50 msecs (dormant->active)

latency < 100 msecs (idle ->active)

the 3M of Beyond 3G
similar principles are used by most beyond 3G air interfaces
- the physics are the same for everybody !
Multi-carrier
– Frequency dimension
– Allow for spectrum flexibility and higher bandwidths.
– Data rate = Bandwidth [Hz] x Spectrum efficiency [bps/Hz]
Multi-antenna (MIMO)
– Spatial dimension
– Higher spectrum efficiencies
– Information Theory:
Max. spectrum efficiency increases linearly with the number of
antennas.
Multi-Layer
– Cross-layer optimization (PHY, MAC, RLC…)
– Packet oriented radio interface
– Low latencies and higher spectrum efficiencies.

fast fading parameters (1/3)
fundamental parameters of the fast fading channel

Remote Scatterer
Local-to-mobile - delay spread (frequency selectivity)
Scatterers
- maximum delay: tmax
- coherence band: Bc = 1/tmax
Terminal
- Bc=maximum bandwidth over which
Basestation
v two frequencies of a signal are likely
to experience correlated fast fading.
Remote Scatterer
- if the symbol duration is much larger
than tmax, impact of delay spread is
negligible.
tmax

Remote Scatterer -Doppler spread (time selectivity)
Local-to-mobile
Scatterers - Mobile speed v
- serving frequency fC
- Maximum doppler: fD = fC x v/c0
Terminal
v
- Coherence time: Tc = 1 / (2 fD)
Basestation
- signal arrives at the receiver within
Remote Scatterer
the interval [fC-fD,fC+fD]
- if the baseband signal bandwidth is
much greater than fD the effects of
Doppler spread are negligible.


Remote Scatterer - angle spread (spatial selectivity)
Local-to-mobile
Scatterers - difference in angles of arrival/departure
- coherence distance is the maximum
spatial separation over which the channel
Terminal response can be assumed constant.
v
Base station
-for small angle spread, coherence
distance is large
Remote Scatterer
-for large angle spread, coherence

distance is small (e.g. in mobile
communications).

multi-carrier … the frequency dimension
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

– Facilitates equalization at the receiver
– Divides bandwidth in narrowband sub-carriers
– Simple frequency domain equalization
– OFDM Access (OFDMA) provides flexibility for resource allocation

L1/L2
Frequency
– Time-frequency resources can be allocated Control User A User B
to data and control channels
– Various spectrum allocations Spectrum Time
allocation
can be addressed with the same technology 1.25 - 20 MHz
1ms sub-frame (LTE DL)

– Modified scheme may be needed in uplink
– E-UTRAN uses Single –Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
– Similar properties than OFDM, but allows for
cheap power amplifiers at the terminal.

multi-carrier … the frequency dimension
OFDM parameters and signal design h*0
User 1 Modulation 0
Coding
IFFT
. . .
Symbol
P/S
S/P
Symbol
FFT
+ TG - TG de-
mapping
User K Modulation h*Nc-1 mapping
Coding NC -1
Nc narrowband
sub-carriers
design rules
– Avoid inter symbol interference: Guard interval (TG) > Maximum Channel delay (tmax)
– Avoid inter carrier interference: Carrier spacing (∆f=1/TS) >> max. Doppler spread (2fD)
– Limit overhead and ensure time invariance: TG ~0.25TS, TS+TG << Tc
– Number of carriers is around 60-80% of FFT size to ensure spectrum emission mask.
Multi-carrier … the frequency dimension
Basic parameters of E – UTRAN Downlink
L1/L2
Frequency
Control User A User B
Time
20 MHz
1ms sub-frame (LTE DL)

SC - FDMA signal design

g*0
0 User 1
User 1 Modulation DFT g*N IDFT
IFFT
. . .
Coding
P/S
+ TG
S/P
FFT
- TG h*0
0 NC -1 User 2
h*N IDFT
SC - FDMA properties
– Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio
– Flexible resource size in frequency
– Contiguous resource allocation required
– Some residual interference between users
E-UTRAN uplink sub-frame format

– Same basic parameters as downlink
Frequency
– Contiguous resource allocation
– Frequency hopping between slots Spectrum
(half sub-frame) and between allocation
sub-frames allowed for diversity. 1.25 - 20 MHz L1/L2 User A
Control
– Control only channels are Modulated
allocated on both sides part of band
of the band. ~ 60%
– If data allocation exists
control is multiplexed with data
in the same resource.
1ms User B
Normal
Sub-frame

frequency adaptive scheduling

– Choose best time frequency resources
based on channel quality feedback
– Additional scheduling dimension
compared to HSDPA (time only)
– Reliable feedback can only be obtained
for low speed users
interference coordination
– Power restrictions allow for P(f)
2
soft/adaptive frequency re-use Cell 1
f
7 3
– Gains seen in particular for P(f)
Cells 2, 4, 6
varying load distributions 1
f
6 4 P(f)
Cells 3, 5, 7
5
f

Multi-antenna … the spatial dimension
MIMO increases spectrum efficiency
NTX NRX
– Theoretical Maximum: Spectrum Eff. = min(NTX, NRX) x Single antenna Eff.
Yes but…
– Additional antenna branches are costly especially on the terminal side
– Achievable rates highly depend on propagation conditions
– Mobile feedback required for high rates -> limitation of supported speeds
Different and adaptive solutions required depending on the

deployment scenario (coverage vs. rate trade-off).

multi-antenna mechanisms in E-UTRAN downlink

– Space diversity for improved robustness
of common control channels and
for users with high speed and/or low rate
A) Transmit diversity B) Beamforming
– Beamforming for coverage -> Increased robustness -> Increased coverage
limited deployments
– Spatial multiplexing for high rates near
the base station
Adaptive selection of number of layers.
C) Spatial multiplexing D) Multi-user beamforming (SDMA)
– Spatial multiplexing of users in scenarios -> Increased throughput -> Increased capacity
with high user density and low rate traffic
Only single antenna transmission considered in E-UTRAN uplink

– Spatial multiplexing of users
with multiple antennas at the
base station receiver.

Transmit diversity
– Space diversity takes advantage of spatial
A) Transmit diversity
de-correlation to mitigate fast fading -> Increased robustness
– Large antenna spacing or cross-polarized setups are preferred.
– Receive diversity does not require a specific scheme and
always gives gain, even for high fading correlation (>3dB for 2 Ant).
– Transmit diversity schemes rely on redundancy transmitted from the
different antennas and can work with single receive antenna.
– Low correlation between antennas is essential since no power gain
is achievable at the transmitter (power is distributed over antennas).
– Space-Time Block Codes (or Space-Frequency Block Codes with
OFDM) are low complex transmit diversity schemes.

Transmit diversity in E-UTRAN

– Transmit diversity can be applied to all downlink
A) Transmit diversity
channels in E-UTRAN (broadcast, control, data) -> Increased robustness
– Basic scheme is Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC)
Orthogonal encoding avoids interference between symbols and
simplifies the receiver (linear receiver is sufficient)
– Transmit diversity can be combined with multi-layer transmission

using so-called cyclic delay diversity (CDD).

Beamforming
– Beamforming concentrates energy to
increase transmission rates at cell edge. B) Beamforming
-> Increased coverage
– Small antenna spacing and spatially correlated fading (small angle
spreads) are preferred.
– Channel state information (CSI) needed at transmitter
(at least Direction(s) Of Arrival, DOA)
– CSI can be obtained from uplink estimations (in particular in TDD
systems) or from terminal feedback (costly).
– Beamformed dedicated (user specific pilots) are needed to enable
channel estimation at the terminal.
– Broadcast and control channels cannot be beamformed.
– DL Coverage is determined by these channels
– Common reference signals are needed for broadcast & control.
– Calibration of antenna arrays is a practical technical challenge.

Beamforming illustrated:
Single-user approach
– maximisation of the
SNR.
– implicit interference
reduction
– knowledge of user DoA
Multi-user approach
– Maximisation of the
SINR.
– Explicit interference
reduction
– Knowledge of all DoAs
Antenna: ULA, M = 8
Users: 2 (Car: 1 DOA/ Phone: 2 DOAs)

Beamforming in E-UTRAN
– Dedicated reference signals for a B) Beamforming
single stream are supported. -> Increased coverage
– Terminal estimates CQI from common reference signals,
BS estimates beamforming gain for link adaptation.
– BF gain is approximately 10log(M) dB
– Codebook based pre-coding (~fixed beams) is supported and can

also be combined with multi-layer transmission.
– Mobile feeds back index of preferred pre-coding vector and can
obtain channel estimates from common pilots multiplied by known
pre-coding vector.

Spatial multiplexing
C) Spatial multiplexing
– Exploits good channel conditions to -> Increased throughput
transmit via parallel layers.
– Prefers rich scattering and un-correlated fading
(large antenna spacing's or cross-polarized setups)
– Transmitter scheme:
Pre- M Tx-
FEC Mod. coding antennas
N spatial wN
layers
Pre-
FEC Mod. coding
w1
CQI feedback
for link adaptation Feedback of
pre-coding vector index
– Receiver needs as many antennas as layers to be received.

Spatial multiplexing receiver C) Spatial multiplexing

-> Increased throughput
– Serial Interference Cancellation (SIC) receiver:
Detect first codeword, if CRC correct re-generate interference contribution
and subtract before decoding second codeword, …
Space
Time Symbol
LMMSE detection
Source: A. Saadani
Serial
Interference
Cancellation
Spatial mutliplexing in E-UTRAN

– Up to 2 codewords per user. C) Spatial multiplexing
-> Increased throughput
– Coverage vs. Rate trade-off:
Source: Ericsson
Multi-user MIMO
– Different layers can be transmitted
D) Multi-user beamforming (SDMA)
to different users in downlink. -> Increased capacity
– E-UTRAN uses same codebook as for single user multiplexing.
– Challenge to estimate CQI at terminal, since potential interference of
other users is not known in advance.
– Multi-user MIMO can enhance capacity in the uplink.

– Transparent to the UE, only separable reference signals need to be
used.
– Multi-user MIMO is only useful for medium/low rate services

with very high user densities.
– Control signaling will become the limiting factor for user capacity.

Multi-layer – packet oriented radio
Fast packet scheduling in E-UTRAN

– Reduced transmission interval of 1ms
– Fast packet scheduling
– Fast link adaptation and cross-layer design
Benefits
– Reduced latency
– Performance gains from adaptive configuration and multi-user diversity
Yes but…
– Amount of signaling is increased -> higher overheads
– Robustness to feedback errors and high velocities

Multi-layer – packet oriented radio
Cross-layer design (Layer 1 – Layer 2)

user
Fast fading Transmission time throughput
~ User 1
Achievable Fixed ressource
Throughput allocation Circuit oriented and
layered design
User 2
Time
global
Fast fading throughput
~ User 1
Achievable good
Multi-user
Throughput diversity gain Intelligent Packet oriented and
scheduling
bad
with feedback cross layer design
User 2
Time
Usage of terminal feedback for resource allocation and phy-layer configuration

Cross-layer mechanisms already implemented in HSDPA.
Extension to frequency adaptive scheduling and adaptive MIMO transmission

Uplink power control in E-UTRAN
Interference
Data coordination interference
Intra-cell power control Inter-cell power control

To control To control
Received Data Quality Received Interference
Combination of open loop power control with closed loop adjustments
Closed loop updates are send les frequently than for UMTS (<200 Hz)
No intra-cell interference between users
Regular updates are send for power control of control channels
A periodic updates are send together with the UL scheduling grant
Inter-cell interference coordination is achieved via NodeB-NodeB
communication.
Uplink power control in E-UTRAN
Basic formula implemented in the terminal:
P = min ( Pmax , 10 log M + Po + α x PL + delta_mcs + f(delta_i))

Po : UE specific offset
α : Fractional Path-Loss compensation (cell specific)
M : the number of assigned RBs in the uplink grand (only for data)
delta_mcs : MCS specific correction
delta_i : cumulative or absolute correction value per UE signalled in the
UL grant (data channels) or periodically (control channels)
Discussion still ongoing in particular on the interactions with interecell
coordination

outline: LTE
physical layer
use case: mobile TV

what is interference in OFDMA?
no intra-cell
interference
inter-cell interference
is due to collisions
between chunks

interference calculations
Exercise

link budget for throughput calculations

equipment parameters propagation model received signals SINR throughput

link level curves
provide throughput vs SNR

curves according to:
– multiple antenna use
(SISO, MIMO)
– channel model (AWGN,
Vehicular A, ..)
– speed

main output
stand-alone user throughput as a function of the distance to the base station
Max throughput
DL Cell Throughput versus Distance
18000
16000
DL Cell Throughput (Kbps)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250
Distance (Km) Throughput @ cell edge

application: impact of some design parameters
inter-site distance impact on

DL average cell throughput vs ISD
DL average cell throughput: 6.0
5.5
throughput (Mbps)
– when the cell is larger, a
DL average cell
larger proportion of users is 5.0
at cell edge 4.5
neighboring cell load impact 4.0
on DL average cell throughput: 3.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Inter-site distance (km)
– when the load of
neighboring cells increases, DL average cell throughput vs DL load
inter-cell interference 16.0
increases
throughput (Mbps)
14.0
DL average cell 12.0

10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
DL load (%)

outline: LTE
physical layer
use case: mobile TV

how can link budget help capacity analysis?
link budget gives the throughput vs distance:

– throughput depends on position
cell can be decomposed into rings:
– To simplify analysis
– Homogeneous throughput in each ring
18000
16000
DL Cell Throughput (Kbps)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250
Distance (Km)

voice traffic: multi-Erlang analysis
Consider voice traffic

– Calls arrive with Poisson rate λ
– Stay in communication for an average time T=3min
– Require each 20 Kbps, or are blocked otherwise.
Example: 2 rings
– 1 Mbps for cell center, 500 Kbps for cell edge
– One cell center (edge) user occupies 2% (4%) of the resources
– Admission control constraint: 2*Kcenter+4*Kedge<100
Multi-Erlang analysis can be used to assess capacity:
– Several classes corresponding to the number of rings
– Gives blocking rates

Best effort traffic: average cell throughput
Consider best effort traffic

– Calls arrive with Poisson rate λ
– Stay connected until transmitting a file of average size 1 Mbits
Example: 2 rings
– 1 Mbps for cell center, 500 Kbps for cell edge
– One cell center (edge) user stays in average 1 second (2 seconds)
in the cell until transmitting its file
– the time necessary for the two users to transmit their files is 1+2=3
seconds
– Within these three seconds, the volume of data transferred is equal
to 2 files= 2 Mbit.
– The average throughput of the cell is then:
T=2 Mbit/3 second=667 Kbps

Best effort traffic: Arithmetic versus harmonic mean
The arithmetic mean of the throughput is:

Tarith=(1 Mbps+0.5 Mbps)/2=750 Kbps
This is different from the average throughput calculated
previously.
However, this corresponds to the harmonic mean:
Tharm={[(1 Mbps)-1+(0.5 Mbps)-1]/2}-1=667 Kbps
This harmonic mean gives larger weights for cell edge users as
they stay longer in the cell
The harmonic mean is convenient to measure the cell
throughput

Best effort traffic: Harmonic mean calculations
18000
DL Cell Throughput (Kbps) 16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250
Distance (Km)
Represents the maximal traffic that can be carried by the cell.

Used since the paper of Bonald el al., 2003.

Best effort traffic: Processor sharing
Objective:
– Estimate QoS for a given traffic
Data users share the remaing resources
– not used by streaming and voice ones (priority to
streaming/voice)
– Fair in time, but not fair in throughput
Processor sharing analysis can be used to assess capacity:
– Several classes corresponding to the number of rings
– Gives average individual throughput at each position of the cell.

general model
predict the QoS based on marketing traffic forecasts.

determine the number of resources needed to ensure a target
QoS.
streaming traffic streaming QoS

multi-Erlang
data traffic
category PS
distribution data QoS
throughput pdf
(link budget)
outline: LTE
physical layer
use case: mobile TV

Use case: TV traffic
mobile TV traffic expected to explode unicast too greedy in resources:
TV traffic evolution spectrum resources
6
8
7 5
carriers of 5 MHz
4
5
Erlang
×15
4 3
3
2
2
1 1
0
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

broadcast solution
Point to Multipoint is the solution adapt to radio conditions
QPSK 1/2
16QAM 1/2
16QAM 3/4
64QAM 3/4
transmit with QPSK ½ transmit with 16QAM ½

advantage: simple advantage: optimal
drawback: suboptimal drawback: needs
feedback

total broadcast: Single Frequency Network
if every body is watching TV

– why not cooperating all base stations?
Interference is seen as a multipath propagation

drawback: tight synchronization between cells is needed
Delay and multipath impact
Weight function for the constructive portion of a received SFN signal:
w(delay ) = 1 if 0 ≤ delay ≤ TCP

TCP + Tu − delay
w(delay ) = if TCP < delay < TCP + Tu
Tu
w(delay ) = 0 if TCP + Tu < delay
w(delay)
Tcp Tu+Tcp delay
Take into consideration of multipath propagation in the calculation

SINR calculation
Based on the weight function w() and the multipath table, the following equation for
calculating average SINR per subcarrier for a MBSFN user M(r, θ) in cell 0 is
derived: N 6 w( d ( M , j ) + dm ( p )) × rm ( p) × Psubc
DL
∑∑
j = 0 p =1 PLDL
SINRsubc ( M ) =
M,j
N 6 (1 − w( d ( M , j ) + dm ( p )) ) × rm ( p ) × Psubc
DL
∑∑
j = 0 p =1 PLDL
+ N th
M,j
where:
Shadowing is also to be considered.

SFN parameters
LTE MBSFN FDD inputs FDD Case 1 FDD Case 2 FDD Case 3
Carrier spacing (∆f) 15 kHz 15 kHz 7.5 kHz
Symbols number per subframe 14 12 6
Subcarriers number per RB
12 12 24
(Resource Block)
MBSFN reference symbols
18 18 18
number per RB
4.69 μs 16.67 μs 66.67 μs
TCP = 144×Ts TCP-e = 512×Ts TCP-low = 1024×Ts
(for OFDM (for OFDM (for OFDM
Cyclic prefix duration (TCP)
symbol #1 to #6) symbol #0 to #5) symbol #0 to #2)
Ts = 1/ (2048 × Ts = 1/ (2048 × Ts = 1/ (2048 ×
∆f) ∆f) ∆f)
Extended Vehicular A (EVA)

Relative
relative delay (ns) Power ratio [lin]
Mean Power[dB]
0 0 1
30 -1.5 0.71
150 -1.4 0.72
310 -3.6 0.44
370 -0.6 0.87
710 -9.1 0.12
1090 -7.0 0.20
1730 -12.0 0.06
2510 -16.9 0.02

comparing TV deployment strategies
when TV traffic increases
– unicasting it will be disastrous on other services…
– single-cell broadcast (PtM) with modulation adaptation is a good
intermediate solution
– total broadcast (MBSFN) is the best solution…

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

hybrid CDMA/TDMA access
CDMA radio
reduced inter-cell interference no CDMA in the same cell

residual intra-cell interference – TDMA
how it works
scrambling code is used to reduce inter-cell interference

within the same cell, channelization code is used to separate
signalling, UMTS and HSDPA signals.
HSDPA users share the same code in time
when there is at least one HSDPA user in the cell, the base
station emits at maximal power

Radio model
1. The SINR for a mobile depends on the distance r0 from the BS, as inter-
cell interference increases at cell edge.
2. To simplify the problem, divide the cell into concentric rings: A mobile is
thus charcterized by its service and its position in the cell.
3. Calculate R99 power and deduce the power remaining for HSDPA, as
shown below.
Pmax
HSDPA Variable
rate
data R99 Constant

rate
voice R99
Common channels
admission control for R99
power of base station limited by Pmax

wa can show that admission control constraint remains the
same as for pure R99 systems:
n C
∑ (αP
i =1
max + χ Pmax Fi + N 0 qi )( ∑β M
c =1
c i ,c ) ≤ Pmax − PCom
noise

HSDPA throughput
4000
3500
3000
throughput (Kbps)
DCH=0
2500
DCH=20%
2000 DCH=40%
DCH=60%
1500
DCH=65%
1000
500
0
0,040 0,060 0,080 0,100 0,120 0,140 0,160 0,180
distance to base station (Km)

UMTS/HSDPA model
UMTS traffic UMTS QoS

multi-Erlang
PDCH
streaming traffic multi-Erlang streaming QoS
data traffic PS data QoS

outline

– GSM
– UMTS
– LTE

fast…
relays
– increases useful signal
open issues:
– choosing the relay type (AF, DF)
– dimensioning of links

fast…
relays coordinated multipoint (CoMP)
– increases useful signal – increases useful signal
– decreases interference
open issues: open issues:

– choosing the relay type (AF, DF) – choosing the CoMP type
– dimensioning of links – dimensioning of backhaul

Advanced Telecommunication Systems

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Advanced telecommunication

Salah Eddine El Ayoubi

objective: ensuring QoS in mobile networks

2 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

objective: ensuring QoS in mobile networks

3 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

mobile operators have to ensure complete coverage:

4 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

each base station covers a cell / sector

5 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

coverage is not the only criterion:

6 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

Radio waves are characterized by their frequency,

30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz

VHF UHF SHF

Spectrum is the continuous aggregation of these frequencies

7 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

400 1000 5000 Frequency

8 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

9 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

10 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

objective: ensuring QoS in mobile networks

11 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

link budget objective

equipment parameters propagation model received signals SINR cell range

12 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

determine gains and losses due to equipments.

13 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

link budget objective

equipment parameters propagation model received signals SINR cell range

14 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

15 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

propagation models allow to compute:

16 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

free space propagation

– only valid for line of sight, without multi-

statistical models (e.g. Okumura-Hata) e.g. urban environment

17 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

link budget objective

equipment parameters propagation model received signals SINR cell range

18 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

for a user situated at distance d from a base station:

– PL(d)=path loss at distance d

19 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

link budget objective

equipment parameters propagation model received signals SINR cell range

20 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

interference is received by the mobile

21 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

interference is received by the base

22 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

collisions decrease the Signal to Interference Ratio (SINR):

a lower SINR means a larger Bit Error Rate (BER):

23 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

link budget objective

equipment parameters propagation model received signals SINR cell range

24 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

for a good reception, the SINR must be larger than a target:

25 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

26 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

objective: ensuring QoS in mobile networks

27 Salah Eddine EL AYOUBI – October 2010

need to install resources: