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Some 4–20 mA field devices can be powered by the current loop itself,
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removing the need for separate power supplies, and the “smart” HART
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protocol uses the loop for communications between field devices and
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controllers. Various automation protocols may replace analog current
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loops, but 4–20 mA is still a principal industrial standard.
These loops are used both for carrying sensor information from field
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instrumentation, and carrying control signals to the process modulating
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devices, such as a valve.
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3/21/2019 4-20 mA Process Control Loops | DCS Control Loop | Inst Tools
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3/21/2019 4-20 mA Process Control Loops | DCS Control Loop | Inst Tools
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The key advantages of the current loop are:
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The loop can often power the remote device, with power supplied
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by the controller, thus removing need for power cabling. Many
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instrumentation manufacturers produce 4–20 mA sensors which are
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“loop powered”.
The “live” or “elevated” zero of 4 mA allows powering of the device
even with no process signal output from the field transmitter.
The accuracy of the signal is not affected by voltage drop in the
interconnecting wiring.
It has high noise immunity as it is low impedance circuit usually Like
It can be carried over long cables up to the limit of the resistance for
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Since input terminals of instruments may have one side of the current
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loop input tied to the chassis ground (earth), analog isolators may be
required when connecting several instruments in series.
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This example shows the versatility of the 4-20 mA current loop system Archime
in
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multiple applications. It can be used to cascade a set point from another
controller, and it can both control and supply power to passive field
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devices which “sink” the current. In each loop there has to be one source
of current, usually the controller.
The 3–15 psi standard had the same features of being able to power
some remote devices, and have a “live” zero. However the Accept
4–20 mA
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3/21/2019 4-20 mA Process Control Loops | DCS Control Loop | Inst Tools
The transition was gradual and has extended into the 21st century, due
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to the huge installed base of 3–15 psi devices. As the operation of
pneumatic valves over motorised valves has many cost and reliability
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advantages, pneumatic actuation is still an industry standard. Profess
valve positioners have become available since the mid-1980s and are
very popular for new installations. These include an I to P converter, plus
valve position and condition monitoring. These latter are fed back over
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the current loop to the controller, using such as the HART protocol.
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