THE FUNCTION AND PURPOSE OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT [VESTIGATION ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW 0 Atip Latipulhayat® The Indonesian Centre for Air and Space Law (ICASL) Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran Jalan Imam Bonjol Nomor 21, Bandung, Jawa Barat Abstract The main objective of an aircraft accident investigation is to find out the most probable causes of such accident. This represents a technical investigation in nature. At the practical level, however, this report is offen used as legal evidence before the court. This paper argues that the main purpose of an aircraft acecident investigation is technical in nature and judicial investigation is carried out when the technical investigation found elements of crime that has been alleged as the most probable cause of the accident Keywords: aircraft, accident, investigation, Intisari Menurut Konvensi Chicago 1944, tujuan utama suatu investigasi kecelakaan pesawat udara adalah untuk menemukan penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan tersebut. Jadi, investigasi ini bersifat teknis. Namun, laporan inyestigasi ini seringkali dijadikan alat bukti di pengadilan khususnya apabila faktor kesalahan manusia dianggap sebagai penyebab utama terjadinya kecelakaan tersebut. Investigasi teknis berubah menjadi investigasi yuridis. Tulisan ini berpendapat bahwa hakikat investigasi kecelakaan pesawat udara adalah bersifat teknis dan investigasi yuridis hanya akan dilakukan apabila laporan investigasi teknis menunjukkan adanya elemen kriminal. Kata Kunei: pesawat udara, kecelakaan, investigasi. Pokok Muatan A. Introduction 313 B, Discussion 314 1, Accident 314 2. Airetaft Accident Investigation 314 3 315 4 3i7 5 318 6. The Scope of Investigation... 319 7. Independence of Investigation Agency 319 8. Aircraft Accident Investigation: Technical or Juridical? .. 320 9. Aircraft Accident Investigation System in Indonesia 322 C. Conelusion 323 CComespondence addres; siphayst@hmail comLatipulhayat, The Function and Purpose of Aircraft Accident Investigation According to the Intemational A. Introduction Safety is the bs portation, There are so many regulations that related with aviation that are made to fulfill the high safety standard, Article 44 Chicago convention Chicago explains that the main purpose ICAO (Intemational Civil Aviation Organization) is to insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout world. Literally, safety is freedom from danger or risks.' However, in fact there is no guarantee that a flight will free from danger oraccident. According to this fact, the expert of Air law such as Wassenbergh explain that the aviation safety as no (avoidable) accidents or few accident as possible.” In the next progress, the ICAO Air navigation commission defines that aviation safety as the sate of freedom from unacceptable risk of injury to persons or damage to aircraft and property.’ Safety standard is reached by determine technical parameter and safety regulation. The important role of safety regulation is to strengthen and ensure the technical safety can be applied correctly and responsibly by everyone who are je element in Air trans- (hereinafter mention as convention) involved in the aviation activities. ‘Therefore, actually air transportation is the safest mass transportation, The technical and regulation aspect are made very completely and carefully. Raison d'etre from all aspects is to create the transportation that has a high safety and security level The resposibility consecution to fulfill the high safety standard, it must be conducted an investigation to find out the aireraft accident cause in order to prevent the same accident and it also as input to create a good system and technology which are more sophisticated to guarantee the flight 313 safety Article 26 Chicago convention oblige each country to conduct an investigation when aireraft accident is occured* Air transportation is rare occur if it is compared with ground transportation. air accident is very catastrophi ‘many vietims. The same thing is occur in Indonesia, the Fall of Sukhoi Superjet 100 at Salak Mountain ‘on 2012 is one of catastrophic aircraft accident in Indonesia. The fall of Air Asia QZ8501 at Karimata bay in the beginning of 2015 that killed 162 passengers include the aircraft crews is added the list of catastrophic accident in Indonesia’s aviation. However, is always take Different with other accident that occur in the others transportation, the aircraft accident always get more attention not only from the country that the accident happen but also International citizen, for example the report of Asiana Airlines that fail in landing at San Francisco (July 2013). Likewise the fall of Sukhoi Superjet 100 that is doing joy flight at Gunung Salak ~ Bogor (March 2012), Lion Air that fail in landing at Bali (April 2013). The most sensational is continues accident in 2104 such as the fall of MH 370 that no one know the location until today and the fall of MH 017 at Ukraine. Some speculations are popping up after the accident, from the Engine failure until the pilot negligence. Moreover, there any speculation in the criminal and terrorism case. All the speculations are legal. confirmed by investigation. The important question is: What is the main purpose of the investigation in case with the aircraft accident? The main purpose from the investigation is to find out the probable ‘cause why the accident happens. Stephen Dempsey the cause of an aviation catastrophe consists of the omissions, events, conditions, or a combination Furthermore, the validation will be say: \ Lesley Brown, 1993, The New Shorter Oxford English Ditionary Yl 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 2666 2 Henri Wassenbergh,*Safeyin Air Transportation and Market Ent, Journal af At and Space Lav, ol. 23, No.2, 1998, p83 ICAO Working Paper AN-WP7699, 11 December, 2001, paragraph 22. See C0, Mille, "Sat ofthe Artin Ait Salts, Journal of A Law and Commerce, Nol. 34,1957, pp. 343,347. aye ant Commerce, Va. 78, No.2, 2010, p23, Article 26 Chicago Convention [948 state a fllows of another co “Inthe even ofan accident to an aircraft ofa contracting tate occuring inet acting State, and involving death or serious injury, or indicating serious techical Paul Stephen Dempsey, "Independence of Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities: Keeping the Foxes fom the Henhouse", Jounal of Air toy fect i the strat or air navigation facies, the State in which te accident occurs wil insite an inquiry inthe circumstances of the aciden,n accordance, so far as Laws permit, with the procedure which may be recommended bythe Ineratonal Civil Aviston Organization’314 thereof which led to the accidentor incident.® So, the orientation prefer to the technical investigation. However, in the fact the investigation can change into judi person who responsible from the accident. According to the explanation above, the three main problems that will be discussed in this paperthat are: First, what isthe function and purpose of aircraft accident investigation according to the international air law? Second, how about relation ial investigation in order to know the and interaction between technical and judicial investigation investigation? Third, how the form and mechanism aircraft accident investigation in Indonesia that is proper with Indonesi investigation aireraft accident s law system and comply with intemational air law? B. Discussion 1. Accident ‘To make sure the purpose of aireraft accident investigation, firstly it isneedtoexplainthe definition and restriction of accident. Moreover, the word of accident is also used incident terminology. Based on the Annex 13 Chicago convention (hereinafter is mentioned Annex 13), the term of accident refer to the event that are related to the operating of air plane since a person boarding until they take off from the air plane in which in this flight occur an event that make the person have severe injury in the air plane or because of directly contact with the part of the airplane or because of the engine explosion. Including the accident that is caused by the damage of plane structure that effect to the engine and the accident that is caused by the missing of plane or the plane cannot be detected the location.” Dempsey, Opt, p_226, See Francis Schuber,"Legal Barres to MIMBAR HUKUM Volume 27, Nomor 2, Juni 2015, Halaman 312-324 Meanwhile, the meaning of accident in the term of incident (in Bahasa Indonesia it change into insiden”) is an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation” Based on the definition before the definition of accident in the term of incident is the event that exclude from the accident category, but this event can be influential to the aircraft safety. In this definition, so incident is not included to the event that needs an investigation as required by Annex 13, Even if the investigation is conducted it will bbe a preventive investigation in the meaning of to prevent the incident not to lead into accident. The basic differential between accident and incident is, firstly an accident is caused victim who {got serious injury even death,? while the incident is an event that will not caused vietim.'° ‘This thing is confirmed by expert opinion such as Kjellen, he says: “a sequence of logically and chronologically related deviating events involving and accident that results| in injury to personnel or damage to the environment So, the important thing that makes an event will be qualified as accident if itis will the event is caused serious injury or substantial plane damage."* The and reason to conduct investigation to the event that is categorized as accident that has main purpose to ‘or material assets”. ference is used as the basis prevent the same thing will be occur again. 2. Aireraft Accident Investigation Aircraft accident investigation is still become the most important and determined thing to collect information and evidences that become the cause of the accident. The evidences will be an accurate data and information then it will be used for prevent the safety Culture in Aviston”, Annals of tir and Space Lav, Wel. 29, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 19 and 28. See Annex 13 Chicago Convention: “The sole objective ofthe investigation ofan accident oF incident shall be the prevention of aevidents and incidents. Is not te purpose ofthis activity to apportion blame or liabiliy” Alo see Col. Lus E Conte & Griselda Copaldo,"Can Justice Use Technical and Law and Commerce, Nol. 65, University, Montes, pp. 158-50, See Chapter 1 Annex + hid 5 Issue 2, 1981, p. 129. sonal Information Obtained Through Aicraft Accident Investigations", Jounal of ur No.2, 2000, pp. 263, 272-77. See also, Paul Stephen Dempsey, 2008, Public International Air Las, McGill chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation 1944, {id The diffrence between an acident and a serious incident es only inthe result "hid. A incident involving ecumstanes indicating tat an accident nearly occurred, U-Kyeen and". Larson, “investigating Accidents and Reducing Risks A Dynamic Approach, Journal of Occupational Acidems, Vo "Alexander T Wells end Clarence C, Rodiguss, 2003, Commercial Aviation Safety, McGraw-Hill, New Yor, p61