Theory of

Structure II
Engr. Gabriel Gamana

1.0 Geometric Method

2.0 Force (Flexibility) Method
Table of Contents 3.0 Displacement (Stiffness) Method
4.0 Work-Energy Method
5.0 Stiffness Matrix Method

1
 1.1 Introduction
1.0 Geometric 1.2 Elastic-Beam Theory
1.3 Double Integration Method
Method 1.4 Moment-Area Method
1.5 Conjugate-Beam Method

1.1 Introduction

2
1.1 Introduction
• Deflections of structures can occur from various sources,
such as loads, temperature, fabrication errors, or settlement.
In design, deflections must be limited in order to provide
integrity and stability of roofs, and prevent cracking of
attached brittle materials such as concrete, plaster or glass.
• Furthermore, a structure must not vibrate or deflect severely
in order to “appear” safe for its occupants. More important,
though, deflections at specified points in a structure must be
determined if one is to analyze statically indeterminate
structures.

1.1 Introduction
• The deflections to be considered throughout this text apply
only to structures having linear elastic material response.
Under this condition, a structure subjected to a load will return
to its original undeformed position after the load is removed.
• The deflection of a structure is caused by its internal loadings
such as normal force, shear force, or bending moment.

3
1.1 Introduction
• Before the slope or displacement of a point on a beam or
frame is determined, it is often helpful to sketch the deflected
shape of the structure when it is loaded in order to partially
check the results.
• This deflection diagram represents the elastic curve or locus
of points which defines the displaced position of the centroid
of the cross section along the members.

1.1 Introduction
Support Conditions

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1.2 Elastic-Beam Theory
In this section we will develop two important differential
equations that relate the internal moment in a beam to the
displacement and slope of its elastic curve.

1.2 Elastic-Beam Theory

Nonlinear second-order differential equation
𝑑 𝑦 𝑀
=
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
1 𝑀
=
𝜌 𝐸𝐼
Where; 𝑀 = Internal moment in the beam
𝜌 = Radius of curvature
𝐸 = Material’s Modulus of elasticity
𝐼 = Beam’s Moment of Inertia

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5
1.3 Double Integration Method
Once M is expressed as a function of position x, then
successive integrations will yield the beam’s slope, and the
equation of the elastic curve, respectively. For each integration it
is necessary to introduce a “constant of integration” and then
solve for the constants to obtain a unique solution for a particular
problem.
𝑀
𝜃= 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝑀
𝑦= 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

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1.3 Double Integration Method

1.3.1 Sign Convention
it is important to use the proper sign for M as established by the
sign convention that was used in the derivation of the differential
equation. Furthermore, recall that positive deflection, y is
upward, and as a result, the positive slope angle 𝜽 will be
measured counterclockwise from the x axis.

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6
1.3 Double Integration Method
1.3.2 Boundary and Continuity Conditions
• The constants of integration are determined by evaluating
the functions for slope or displacement at a particular point on
the beam where the value of the function is known.
• These values are called boundary conditions. For example,
if the beam is supported by a roller or pin, then it is required
that the displacement be zero at these points. Also, at a fixed
support the slope and displacement are both zero.

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1.3 Double Integration Method

• If a single x coordinate cannot be used to express the
equation for the beam’s slope or the elastic curve, then
continuity conditions must be used to evaluate some of the
integration constants.
• Consider the beam in figure, here the and coordinates are
valid only within the regions AB and BC, respectively. Once
the functions for the slope and deflection are obtained, they
must give the same values for the slope and deflection at
point B, so that the elastic curve is physically continuous

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7
1.3 Double Integration Method
Problem 1-1
Determine the slope and deflection at point A and B of the
cantilever beam shown in figure. 𝐸 = 29 × 10 𝑃𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 =
2500 𝑖𝑛 .

Answer
𝜽𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒚𝑨 = −𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝒊𝒏 15

1.3 Double Integration Method

Problem 1-2
Determine the deflection at A and slope at point B of the beam
shown in figure. 𝐸 = 29 × 10 𝑃𝑠𝑖 and 𝐼 = 1650 𝑖𝑛 .

Answer
𝜽𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒚𝑨 = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟐 𝒊𝒏 16

8
1.3 Double Integration Method
Problem 1-3
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown in the
figure. 𝐸 = 68.948 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 2,340 10 𝑚𝑚

Answer
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎 17

1.4 Moment-Area Method

The initial ideas for the two moment-area theorems were
developed by Otto Mohr and later stated formally by Charles E.
Greene in 1873. These theorems provide a semigraphical
technique for determining the slope of the elastic curve and its
deflection due to bending. They are particularly advantageous
when used to solve problems involving beams, especially those
subjected to a series of concentrated loadings or having
segments with different moments of inertia.

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9
1.4 Moment-Area Method
1.4.1 Theorem 1
The change in slope between any two points on the elastic curve
equals the area of the M/EI diagram between these two points.

1
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐸𝐼

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1.4 Moment-Area Method

1.4.2 Theorem 2
The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on the elastic
curve with respect to the tangent extended from another point
(B) equals the “moment” of the area under the M/EI diagram
between the two points (A and B). This moment is computed
about point A (the point on the elastic curve), where the
deviation is to be determined
1
𝑡 / = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥̅
𝐸𝐼

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10
1.4 Moment-Area Method
1.4.3 Moment by Parts
• When a beam is subjected to different types of loads, such as
a combination of distributed and concentrated loads,
determination of the properties of the resultant M/EI diagram,
due to the combined effect of all the loads, can become a
formidable task.
• This difficulty can be avoided by constructing the bending
moment diagram in parts that is, constructing a separate
bending moment diagram for each of the loads. The ordinates
of the bending moment diagrams thus obtained are then
divided by EI to obtain the M/EI diagram. These diagrams
usually consist of simple geometric shapes, so their areas and
moments of areas can be easily computed.

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1.4 Moment-Area Method

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1.4 Moment-Area Method
Problem 1-4
Determine the slope and deflection at point A and B of the
cantilever beam shown in figure. 𝐸 = 29 × 10 𝑃𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 =
2500 𝑖𝑛 .

Answer
𝜽𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒚𝑨 = −𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝒊𝒏 23

1.4 Moment-Area Method

Problem 1-5
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown in the
figure. 𝐸 = 68.948 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 2,340 10 𝑚𝑚

Answer
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎 24

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1.4 Moment-Area Method
Problem 1-6
Determine the slope at point C and deflection at point A of the
beam shown in figure.. 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 15 × 10 𝑚𝑚

20 kN

Answer
𝜽𝑪 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟎°
𝒚𝑨 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 25

1.4 Moment-Area Method

Problem 1-7
Determine the fixed end moments for the beams given shown in
the figure, 𝐸 = 29 × 10 𝑃𝑠𝑖.

Answer
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝑴𝑨 = −𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒕 26

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1.5 Conjugate Beam Method
The conjugate-beam method was developed by H. Müller-
Breslau in 1865. Essentially, it requires the same amount of
computation as the moment-area theorems to determine a
beam’s slope or deflection; however, this method relies only on
the principles of statics, and hence its application will be more
familiar.

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1.5 Conjugate Beam Method

1.5.1 Theorems
The conjugate beam is “loaded” with the M/EI diagram derived
from the load w on the real beam. From the above comparisons,
we can state two theorems related to the conjugate beam,
namely
• Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the shear at the corresponding point in
the conjugate beam.
• Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point in
the conjugate beam.

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14
1.5 Conjugate Beam Method
1.5.2 Conjugate-beam Supports

29

1.5 Conjugate Beam Method

30

15
1.5 Conjugate Beam Method

31

1.5 Conjugate Beam Method

Problem 1-8
Determine the slope and deflection at point A and B of the
cantilever beam shown in figure. 𝐸 = 29 × 10 𝑃𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 =
2500 𝑖𝑛 .

Answer
𝜽𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒚𝑨 = −𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝒊𝒏 32

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1.5 Conjugate Beam Method
Problem 1-9
Determine the maximum deflection for the beam shown in the
figure. 𝐸 = 68.948 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 2,340 10 𝑚𝑚

Answer
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎 33

1.5 Conjugate Beam Method

Problem 1-10
Determine the slope at point C and deflection at point A of the
beam shown in figure. 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 15 × 10 𝑚𝑚

20 kN

Answer
𝜽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟎°
𝒚𝑨 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 34

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1.5 Conjugate Beam Method
Problem 1-11
Determine the fixed end moments for the beams given shown in
the figure, 𝐸 = 29 × 10 𝑃𝑠𝑖.

Answer
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝑴𝑨 = −𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒕 35

2.0 Force
(Flexibility) 2.1 Three Moment Equation

Method

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18
2.1 Three Moment Equation
The three-moment equation, which was initially presented by
Clapeyron in 1857, provides a convenient tool for analyzing
continuous beams. The three-moment equation represents, in a
general form, the compatibility condition that the slope of the
elastic curve be continuous at an interior support of the
continuous beam. Since the equation involves three moments—
the bending moments at the support under consideration and at
the two adjacent supports—it commonly is referred to as the
three-moment equation.

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2.1 Three Moment Equation

𝑀𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 6𝐴 𝑎 6𝐴 𝑏 ℎ ℎ
+ 2𝑀 + + + + =6 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸 𝐼 𝐸 𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝐿 𝐸 𝐼 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
38

19
2.1 Three Moment Equation
2.1.1 Three Moment Factors

39

2.1 Three Moment Equation

40

20
2.1 Three Moment Equation

41

2.1 Three Moment Equation

42

21
2.1 Three Moment Equation
Problem 2-1
Determine the reactions at each support for the continuous
beam shown in figure.

Answer
𝑴𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒕
𝑴𝑫 = −𝟔𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒕 43

2.1 Three Moment Equation

Problem 2-2
Determine the reactions at each support for the continuous
beam shown in figure.

Answer
𝑴𝑨 = −𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵 𝒎
𝑴𝑩 = −𝟕𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵 𝒎 44

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2.1 Three Moment Equation
Problem 2-3
Determine the reactions at each support for the continuous
beam shown in figure if support C settles downward by 15 mm.
𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 5 × 10 𝑚𝑚

Answer
𝑴𝑪 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 𝒎
𝑴𝑫 = −𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝒎
𝑴𝑬 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝒎 45

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