Name : Nafrianti

Class :B
NIM : 1212817023
Course : Philosophy of Science
Mid-test

1. a. a theory is a framework created from statement and description that has connection
and coherence, constructed based on some particular facts and those facts can be
explained and described in terms of that frame.
b. a theory can be generated scientifically through the empirical facts. Theory is designed,
proved, developed, and evaluated through some experiential ways which are in a
scientific method
c. no, it does not. Everything in our surrounding always changes time by time, include a
theory. At that time, a theory can be a scientifically true. However, changing time, many
aspects can affect that theory, can be added some additional fact even omitted some
information, a theory can be no longer as a scientifically true.

2. Assumption, theory, and axiom are different things, however they interconnection with
each other. Assumption is the prediction received as the basis or basis of thinking
because it is considered true but it is still not proven. Theory is a hypothesis that has been
confirmed or established by observation or experiment and is accepted by the scientific
community as accounting for known facts. Their connection, assumption is as basis for
scientist can be accepted for them in proving the theory. While axiom is as a self-evident
truth. Axiom is merely background of assumption we make. So, it starts from the axiom,
continue with creating the assumption, and assumption is proven by scientific method
that produce a theory.

3. The philosophy of science is the way to think about something while scientific method is
the way to study it scientifically. Their connection starts from how to achieve knowledge
which is called as epistemology. To prove it, it must be through some scientific ways
which is begun from finding a problem continues with empirical ways. If using deductive
reasoning, the research is a quantitative research while using inductive reasoning, the
research is qualitative research.

4. PMPBI is divided to two major, pedagogy and linguistics. In pedagogy, we learn about
how teach human in other words we learn about pedagogy. In pedagogy, we get TEFL
and methodology course. Many methods were explained in the course. Then, another
major is linguistics. Kinds of linguistics were introduced from the formal linguistics,
include syntax, semantics, phonology, and morphology. Then, there are two other course
be taught in terms of skill and lexiogrammar. The skills consist of four elements,
 listening, speaking, writing, and reading. In those skills also have some branches like
speaking skill we can learn the pronoun which is divided to be segmental and premental.
In terms of how gained scientific knowledge about those subject, it can be divided to be
approaches, quantitative and qualitative approach in research. In pedagogy, we want to
prove a theory in teaching methodology, using deductive reasoning which is can be a
quantitative reasoning since to prove or confirm the theory. While, for example in
conducting research about speech act, it can be used inductive reasoning which is star
from finding problem from the observation then in the end can generated the new theory.
In terms of axiology, the result from those research can be used for teachers their
teaching and learning process or help them to understand more about linguistics in the
future and know how to use it..

5. .The material object for pedagogy itself is human, we teach human in this field. For
formal object is about teaching methodology, the way how to teach human in appropriate
way. While, for linguistics, the material object is English language because the major of
this magister is magister of English education. It focuses on everything related with
English language. For formal object, it consist of linguistics, language acquisition,
syntax, and everything that coverage elements of English as language.

6. Philosophy of science has three terminologies, they are ontology, epistemology,

and axiology. Three of them cannot be separated because they have connection with each
other. The ontology related with to study about being or the essence of the truth or the
essence of reality, in other word like metaphysic. It is study how determine the meaning,
structure and principal toward the object. To know the characteristics of it use
epistemology that has two views to approach the subject in ontology. Epistemology is
how to gain knowledge in truth. Starting from using scientific method in order to prove a
scientific knowledge. Conducting research is the way to examine it and begin from
finding a problem.
There two paradigms or approaches can be used in this case, quantitative and
qualitative. The quantitative approach use paradigm positivism. This paradigm believes
that the truth cannot be achieved if we do not involve in finding truth. In the positivism,
the data must be explained in statistic way with chart or diagram. This type of paradigm
think that a personal or public judgment is not appropriate for scientific truth. Therefore,
to prove or gain knowledge through quantitative approach use experiment and non-
experiment like correlation, ex post facto, etc. Deductive reasoning is the way of thinking
which used in this approach. Next step is hypothesis testing because this approach create
the hypothesis before to prove or confirm it. It is created the context of justification. The
purpose of this research is to know the coherence between the theory with the result of
finding.
 Another paradigm can be sued is qualitative. This approach uses a
phenomenology paradigm. This paradigm is created to against the positivism paradigm.
In this paradigm think that everything based on an experience. It tries to comprehend an
event and connection with people in certain situation. Truth not just proved by number or
chart. It starts from an observation and in the end can generate a new concept or develop
a theory. Therefore, kinds of research that be conducted are content analysis,
introspective and retrospective, grounded theory, case study, ethnographic study, etc. the
way of thinking that can be used for this approach is inductive reason which is started
from the observation. In this case, it does not confirm the hypothesis with a theory but
even can generated hypothesis that can bring to make a new theory or develop it. The
context of discovery is result from this paradigm. It is as a correspondence toward the
truth.
A science that result from both of approaches has one goal, to answers some
questions. Since a research begins with a problem or questions. The difference is just how
to approach the problem. So, in axiology, the result from these approaches can be give
meaning or value or use for others. The role of philosophy here is asking about the result
from those approach in terms of axiology because it is questioned to answer.