Janet Fabode

Intern Mentor G/T

11/5/18

Annotated Source List

Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. ​American Psychologist,

59​(7), 614-625. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.7.614

Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is
good, but . . . : A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness
stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109–128

Evans, Elizabeth H., et al. “Risk Factors for Eating Disorder Symptoms at 12 Years of Age: A
6-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study.” ​Appetite,​ vol. 108, 1 Jan. 2017, pp. 12–20.,
doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.005.

This article discusses the rise of eating disorders in children and adolescents and possible
variables that may play a role in this increase. The main variable is body dissatisfaction. Body
dissatisfaction affects almost half of children aged 6-11 and continues to be a growing problem.
It not only directly relates to eating disorders but also indirectly through influencing dietary
restriction and elevating depressive symptoms in adolescents. According to a study conducted,
dietary restrictions and elevated depressive symptoms are more telling of an eating disorder in
children rather than the standard eating disorder symptoms used to diagnose adults. The study
also found significant sex differences in eating disorder symptoms. At the tender age of 12, girls
had much higher depressive symptoms scores than boys of the same age. Through the data
collected the authors concluded that more research must be done on the origin of childhood
dietary restraint and body dissatisfaction, in order to help identify children with eating disorders
at an earlier stage.
This article was helpful in narrowing down the broad subject of all children mental health
illnesses to one specific mental illness a researcher could focus on. In addition, with multiple
surveys conducted, this article provides numerous statistics that one could use for supporting
evidence.

“Family Support Begets Positive Mental Health.” ​USA Today Magazine​, vol. 145, no. 2857,
Oct. 2016, p. 4. ​EBSCOhost,​ search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=sch&AN=118407194&site=ehost-live.
 This article addresses the recent finding of a study observing the mental health of
transgender children. The study suggests that society’s perception of a child’s sexual orientation
greatly impacts his/her mental health. The study compared the depression levels of children who
successfully transitioned from one gender to another, meaning they are living with the support of
their parents, and those who did not experience this same smooth transition. The results showed
that the latter had significant higher levels of depression. The study, however, also investigated
how mental illness differs between sexual orientation as whole. This was investigated by
examining and comparing the depression levels of transgender people to those who identify as
heterosexual. There was no significant difference between the two, thus demonstrating that it is
not so much the sexual orientation that determines the mental illness but the amount of support
the child receives from his/her loved ones.
This article was very helpful because it introduced a perspective most people do not
consider.
Not only that but this article provided comprehensible statistics from the conducted experiment
as supporting evidence. Although this article only covers one known cause of the spike in
children's’ mental health, it still provides intricate details on that one cause specified.

Hinshaw, Stephen P. “The Mark of Shame.” ​Google Books​, 2007,

books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1boVDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=mor
alistic%2Bviews%2Bof%2Bmental%2Billness&ots=lCWOnX6Kp8&sig=O_SRU-KSd0
cpyQ-lzo3Y3VRF12Y#v=onepage&q=moralistic%20views%20of%20mental%20illness
&f=false.

Kalb, Claudia, and Joan Raymond. “Troubled Souls.” ​Newsweek​, vol. 142, no. 12, Sept. 2003, p.
68. ​EBSCOhost​,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sch&AN=10822037&site=
ehost-live. Accessed 24 September 2018.

This article addresses the lack of awareness concerning children with mental health
disorders. Mental health disorders in children are far more complex in comparison to adults,
adding this to the the common misconception that mental health disorders are developed later on
in life; children with these disorders are often overlooked and thus leading to future
complications. Despite the slight improvement in detecting these disorders, mental health
professionals still face ongoing challenges such as determining the best treatment for young
people struggling with mental health. These professionals wonder if the psychotropic drugs used
on adults are safe for children or even effective. The article also provides details on the different
symptoms experienced by children in comparison to adults. For example, depression is usually
detected in adults by observations of sadness and withdrawal, in children however one would
witness elated moods, grandiose thoughts and daredevil acts. These types of differences are the
reason why it is so difficult to detect mental health disorders early on in a child’s life.
This article was helpful in providing some background on mental health disorders in the
scope of children. Knowing this information can help someone who wishes to know more
context before researching specific mental disorders in children.

Kataoka, Sheryl H., et al. “Unmet Need for Mental Health Care Among U.S. Children: Variation
by Ethnicity and Insurance Status.” ​American Journal of Psychiatry,​ vol. 159, no. 9, 1
Sept. 2002, pp. 1548–1555., doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1548.

This article discusses the difference in mental health care among children of different
ethnicities and insurance status. The authors administered multiple studies, to determine if the
differences are statistically significant or insignificant. The results of the study revealed that for
children aged three to seventeen estimated to possess a mental health disorder; 79% have not
received any type of care in the last 12 months. The fact that children who identified as African
American and/or Hispanics represented more than half of this percentage proved to be even more
significant. In another study conducted, the investigators found that a higher percentage of
children who receive mental health services possess public insurance while children who are
uninsured lack the service necessary. The overall implication of children not receiving the care
they need can lead to harsh consequences in the future. Some of these consequences include:
adolescent suicidal thoughts and actions and poor academic functioning. Thus, improvement in
effective mental health treatment for children has become a world wide necessity.
This article served to be quite useful due to the saturation of statistics throughout the
article. However, there is no guarantee that these statistics are 100% accurate due to the authors
stating there is a chance of underestimation on their part.

Koschorke, M., Padmavati, R., Kumar, S., Cohen, A., Weiss, H. A., Chatterjee, S., . . . Patel, V.
(2014). Experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with schizophrenia in India. ​Social
Science & Medicine,​ ​123​, 149-159. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.035

Metraux S, Caterina R, Cho R. "Incarceration and Homelessness" Toward Understanding

Homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Ed. Deborah
Dennis, Gretchen Locke & Jill Khadduri. Washington DC: US Department of Housing &
Urban Development, 2008. http://works.bepress.com/metraux/1

Moses, Tally. “Being Treated Differently: Stigma Experiences with Family, Peers, and School
Staff among Adolescents with Mental Health Disorders.” ​Social Science & Medicine
(1982)​, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 2010,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20122768.
Oliver, John, director. ​Mental Health .​ ​YouTube​, YouTube, 4 Oct. 2015,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGY6DqB1HX8.

Owen, Patricia. “Dispelling Myths About Schizophrenia Using Film.” ​Journal of Applied Social
Psychology​, vol. 37, no. 1, 10 Jan. 2007, pp. 60–61.,
doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2007.00147.x.

Pellegrini, Christina. "Mental illness stigma in health care settings a barrier to care." ​CMAJ:
Canadian Medical Association Journal,​ 7 Jan. 2014, p. E17. Science In Context,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A357473019/SCIC?u=elli85889&sid=SCIC&xid=38
eb61a7​.

PEARCE STEVENS, ALISON. “Finding and Helping Teens for Whom Sadness Is a Disease.”
Science News for Students​, Apr. 2018, p. 2.
EBSCOhost,​ search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=sch&AN=128892785&site=scirc-live.

This article discusses the link between depression and suicide rates in teens and the need
for early detection of this illness. Pediatricians should begin to attend a mental health training
class in order to identify the symptoms of depression. In addition, mental health screening should
become an addition to regular annual checkups of every teen. After depression is detected, the
doctors can work with psychiatrists and begin to discuss treatment plans. Besides pediatricians,
peers can also aid in the detection of mental health illnesses. Peers should watch out for
symptoms like hopelessness, constant irritability or participation in excessive drama. Learning
what kinds of people are more at risk can also make detection easier. Teens who have a history
of depression in their family and those who identify themselves as social outcasts are more prone
to symptoms relating to depressions. Teens who possess mental or physical traits that make them
appear different are often bullied and their self esteem is negatively affected. Learning who to
help is a necessity in order to successfully treat depression in teens.
This article was helpful because it was not filled with overwhelming statistics thus
making the content easier to comprehend. Someone who does not wish to not only focus on
mental health illnesses in adolescents but also teenagers would find this article quite useful
because it focuses on people between ages fifteen and twenty-four.

Quindlen, Anna. “The C Word in the Hallways.” ​Newsweek​, vol. 134, no. 22, Nov. 1999, p. 112.
EBSCOhost​, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sch&AN=2514906
&site=scirc-live.
 This article discussed the stigma surrounding mental illnesses in children. Boys receive
the least amount of mental health treatment due to the suspicion that all forms of counseling lack
masculinity. People often refer to mental disorders in children as a character flaw or an excuse
for their behavior. In reality, the child received his/her diagnosis early on but was forced in a
mental health system that does not know how to treat children with illnesses properly. More than
half of children with emotional disturbances are either receiving incorrect treatment or no
treatment at all. Majority of health insurance doesn't cover mental health so parents must pay an
extra expense in order to keep their child healthy. With most parents feeling ashamed and afraid,
children end up being punished and being told their illnesses are disgraceful instead. Teachers
also play a part in the stigma by commonly dismissing mental illnesses as bad behavior. If
parents, teachers, insurance providers etc. saw and treated mental illnesses as a true illness and
not as flaws or excuses, children would be much better off.
This article is helpful because it provided a new view on mental health stigmas. This
would be useful to someone who is researching causes behind the increasing number of children
with mental disorders.

Reavley, Nicola J, and Anthony F Jorm. “Recognition of Mental Disorders and Beliefs about
Treatment and Outcome: Findings from an Australian National Survey of Mental Health
Literacy and Stigma.” ​The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,​ U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Nov. 2011, ​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995330​.

Springer, Sarah I., and Dana Heller Levitt. “Eating Issues and Body Image in Elementary
School:
Detection and Prevention Strategies for School Counselors.” ​Journal of School
Counseling​, vol. 14, no. 2, Jan.
2016.​EBSCOhost​,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&
AN=EJ1092712&site=ehost-live.

This article discusses prevalent risk factors associated with body image disturbances and
possible methods of prevention. Parental influences, the media, friends and societal changes
proved to impact the messages children receive about body image. Puberty is another factor with
the unavoidable weight gain contrasting harshly with society’s ideal image of thinness. During
this time, a child’s changing body may contribute to disconnection from the body. Increases in
purging and thinness expectancies supposedly correlate with puberty; thus with puberty
beginning as early as age nine, eating disorders in children are also developing earlier. During
the stage of puberty, peer approval becomes more vital. Children begin to place more value in
peer expectations rather than parental expectations and body image becomes a field of
comparison. Studies suggest that negative peer relationships are detrimental to a child’s self
confidence and increases body dissatisfaction. Possible forms of treatment includes: individual
counseling, family counseling, group counseling, school wide initiatives such as fitness groups
and peer mentoring. These treatments should be administered through school counselors and
specifically in elementary schools because it marks the start of puberty.
This article is helpful because it provides risks factors for eating disorders in a school
setting rather than a general one. Also, this is a useful article for someone who wishes to learn
more about the actions taken in school to combat body image disturbances.

“SUFFER THE CHILDREN: Mental Illness and Youth Suicide.” ​Maclean’s,​ vol. 120, no. 9,
Mar. 2007, p. 8.​EBSCOhost,​
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sch&AN= 24353401&site=scirc-live.

This article discusses the increasing rate of youth suicide due to lack of treatment for
teenagers with mental health illnesses. Studies show that teens are less likely to seek or receive
treatment for mental health disorders, and suicide is the price they pay for their condition. The
key to suicide prevention is to recognize youth who are at risk and intervene before it is too late.
This includes promoting suicide awareness in the community, supporting families with at risk
children and introducing prevention programs into schools. Another key component is to
examine the reason behind why some teens are more prone to suicide than others. Studies show
that male teens are less likely to seek mental health treatment in comparison to females because
of the social stigma that seeking counseling is a symbol of weakness. This could relate to why
young males die by suicide four times more often than young females. In order to combat this,
parents must converse with their children about constructing notions of masculinity in today’s
society. These types of conversations could become essential to suicide prevention.
This article was helpful because it did not only discuss the prevention and treatment of
mental disorders but also suicide being a major consequence of lack of treatment. Someone who
is interested in learning more about the repercussions of mental illnesses in children would find
this article useful.

Swanbrow Becker, Marty. “Why Schools Need to Step Up Suicide Prevention Efforts.”
Education Digest,​ vol. 83, no. 2, Oct. 2017, p. 17. ​EBSCOhost,​
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sch&AN=124788422&site=ehost-live.

This article discusses the need for schools to increase their suicide prevention efforts.
Many students are surrounded by other’s suicidal experiences. These students either personally
know someone who committed suicide or attempted to commit suicide. More than half of college
students admit to having their first serious thought of suicide in high school or earlier. Schools
should focus on creating an environment that promotes well being in peers. This can be done by
strictly prohibiting discrimination, interpersonal violence and bullying. Schools should promote
an environment where classmates feel comfortable turning to each other for support. School staff
should attend training sessions where they would learn to identify students with mental illnesses
and the best way to openly discuss suicide in class without triggering vulnerable students.
Suicide prevention training should not be too complex or else it will be harder to implement.
Instead, it should be simple in a way that makes the topic less fearful and easier to address.
This article is helpful because it focuses on a consequence of ineffective prevention
methods. Someone who is looking to learn more about prevention methods in an academic
setting would find this article useful.

Thompson, J. Kevin., and Linda Smolak. “Body Image, Eating Disorders and Obesity in Youth-
The Future Is Now.” ​Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment,
Prevention, and Treatment,​ American Psychological Association, 2007, pp. 1–12.

This article discusses the increasing gravity of eating disorders in children and
adolescents. Investigators discovered that young people who are unhappy with their body resort
to dieting before exercise. Boys showed a greater concern for weight gain than girls. Almost
90% of the children identified as obese experienced a form of teasing and lower self esteem
showed a high correlation with heavier weight. Some influences behind eating disturbances in
youth may be comparing traits to celebrities, believing in the media’s images of attractiveness,
being teased on appearance, mimicking parents’ or peers’ eating habits, experiencing early
pubertal growth and sexual harassment. According to scientists, prevention begins with better
education. Parents must teach their children the wrongs behind objectification and
dehumanization particularly during the transition between childhood and adolescence because
girls and boys are most at risk for body dissatisfaction and poor weight management practices
during this period. Other prevention efforts come from a cultural context, such as looking more
at how young people are taught to think about and behave towards the opposite sex. Farther
investigations aim to prevent negative body image and eating problems.
This article was extremely helpful because it discussed methods of treatment and
prevention for eating disorders in children. One could use this article to learn about the current
methods of prevention and use it to create his/her own method.

Wahl, O. F. (1999). Mental health consumers' experience of stigma. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10478782

Wang, JianLi. “The Relationship between Mental Health Literacy, Personal Contacts and
Personal Stigma against Depression.” ​Journal of Affective Disorders,​ Elsevier, 7 Feb.
2008, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032708000244