Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

IP: Addressing, ARP, Routing

Network Protocols and Standards

Autumn 2004-2005

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 1

IPv4
„ IP Datagram Format
„ IPv4 Addressing
„ ARP and RARP
„ IP Routing Basics
„ Subnetting and Supernetting
„ ICMP
„ Network Address Translation (NAT)
„ Dynamic Addressing
Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 2

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 1

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Internet Addresses (IP Addresses)

„ Defined when IP was standardized in 1981
„ IP addresses are 32-bit long and consist of:
„ a network address part – network identifier
„ a host address part – host number within that
network
„ IP addresses are grouped into classes (A,B,C)
depending on the size of the network
identifier and the host part of the address
„ A fourth class (Class D) was defined later
(1988) for Multicast addresses
Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 3

Internet Address Classes

0 8 16 24 32 bits

0 NETWORK HOST (24 BITS)

Class A

Class B 10 NETWORK HOST (16 BITS)

Class C 110 NETWORK HOST (8 BITS)

Class D 1110 IP MULTICAST ADDRESSES (28 BITS)

Class E 11110 RESERVED FOR EXPERIMENTS

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 4

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 2

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Internet Address Classes

„ Class A
„ 126 networks (0 and 127 reserved)
„ Assigned to very large size networks where 65K < number
of hosts < 16M
„ Class B
„ 16384 networks
„ Assigned to Intermediate size networks where 256 <
number of hosts < 65K
„ Class C
„ 2097152 networks
„ Assigned to smaller networks where #hosts < 256

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 5

Dotted Decimal Notation

„ Internet addresses are represented in
text by the dotted decimal notation
„ each byte is written in decimal values
(from 0 to 255)
„ example:
10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110
is written as 128. 10. 2. 30

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 6

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 3

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Internet Address Classes

Class Lowest Network Highest Network

Identifier Address Identifier Address

A 1.0.0.0 126.0.0.0

B 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0

C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.0

D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255

E 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 7

Uniqueness of IP Addresses
„ Network numbers are assigned by a central authority
„ The Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)
„ Another authority, the IANA – Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority sets policy
„ Network numbers are unique worldwide
„ Host numbers are assigned by network managers
„ They must be unique within a given network
„ Thus, IP addresses are unique worldwide.

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 8

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 4

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Special Purpose IP Addresses

„ 0.0.0.0
„ Means this host, used by machines as source address when they boot up (if
they don’t know their IP address, and need to get it from a boot server)
„ 255.255.255.255
„ Means limited broadcast. Used as a destination address to send packets to
all hosts on the local network where the source is. Packets sent to this
address are never relayed
„ Network part all zeros
„ Means the host on this network
„ Host part all ones
„ Broadcast address on the network specified in the network identifier;
routers typically do not forward these datagrams
„ Host part all zeros
„ Broadcast address on the network specified in the network identifier (it was
an implementation error in some networks)

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 9

Special Purpose IP Addresses

„ 127.x.x.x
„ Means loopback (datagrams are looped back in
software; they are not sent on any physical
interface)
„ 224.0.0.1
„ Multicast address for “All systems on this
subnetwork”
„ 224.0.0.2
„ Multicast address for “All routers on this
subnetwork”

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 10

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 5

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Internet Addresses
ALL 0’s This Host

ALL 0’s HOST Host on this network

ALL 1’s Limited broadcast (local net)

NET ALL 1’s Directed broadcast (for NET)

127 ANYTHING Loopback

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 11

Translating Between IP and MAC

Addresses (ARP and RARP)
„ Each interface has an IP address at Layer 3,
and a MAC address at Layer 2
„ Assume that host A wants to send a packet to
host B (A and B on the same network)
„ Host A knows the IP address of host B;
however, in order to transmit the packet,
host A must somehow know or find out what
the MAC (layer 2) address of host B is!
„ Solution: the Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP), RFC826
Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 12

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 6

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Address Resolution Protocol

„ Used to find the physical address of a target device on the local
physical network, given only the target’s IP address
„ Mechanism:
„ The source broadcasts a special packet asking the device with
target IP address to respond with a message carrying the (IP
address, physical address) mapping
„ All devices on the local physical network receive the broadcast, but
only the target recognizes its IP address and responds to the
request
„ When the source receives the reply, it sends the packet to the
target using the target’s physical address and places the mapping
in its cache (a cache is used to prevent repeated broadcasts for the
same destination)

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 13

More on ARP
„ ARP refinements
„ Source includes its <IP address, physical address> mapping in the
ARP request anticipating the target’s need for it in the near future.
This avoids extra network traffic
„ When all machines receive the ARP request broadcast, they can
store the address mapping in their cache. Do they?
„ ARP is used when an IP to physical address mapping changes to
notify hosts on the network of the change
„ ARP messages are encapsulated in MAC frames. A special value
in the type field of the frame is used to indicate that it is
carrying an ARP message (0806 hex is used for ARP)
„ Entries in the local ARP cache for each host time out after a
certain period

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 14

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 7

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

ARP Message Format

0 8 16 24 31
HARDWARE TYPE PROTOCOL TYPE
HLEN PLEN OPERATION
SENDER HA (octets 0-3)
SENDER HA (octetS 4-5) SENDER IP (octetS 0-1)
SENDER IP (octetS 2-3) TARGET HA (octets 0-1)
TARGET HA (octets 2-5)
TARGET IP (octets 0-3)

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 15

ARP Message
„ HARDWARE TYPE: specifies type of hardware interface for
which the request is made (e.g., 1 for Ethernet)
„ PROTOCOL TYPE: specifies high level protocol address supplied
in message (e.g. 0800 hex for IP)
„ HLEN and PLEN: specify length of fields for hardware address
and protocol address respectively
„ OPERATION: specifies if this is an ARP request or reply message
(1 for ARP request, 2 for ARP response, 3 for RARP request and
4 for RARP response)
„ HA and IP: hardware and IP addresses respectively

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 16

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 8

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Reverse ARP
„ Usually, a machine’s IP address is kept on its
secondary storage (OS finds it at start up)
„ Issue : Diskless Workstations!
„ files are stored on a remote server
„ need IP address to use TCP/IP to obtain initial boot image
„ Solution : Use physical address to identify machine
„ Given a physical network address, find the
corresponding Internet address
„ Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), RFC903

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 17

RARP
„ Mechanism
„ Sender broadcasts a RARP request, supplying its physical
network address in the Target HA field
„ Only machines authorized to supply the RARP service (RARP
servers) process the request and send a reply filling in the
target internet address
„ Mechanism allows a host to ask about an arbitrary
target
„ thus sender HA is separate from target HA address
„ RARP server replies to sender’s HA
„ Ethernet frame Protocol Type for RARP is 8035 hex

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 18

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 9

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

IP Routing

Network Protocols and Standards

Autumn 2002-2003

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 19

Routing IP Datagram
„ Direct Delivery (i.e., not involving routers):
„ Transmission of an IP datagram between two machines on a
single physical network does not involve routers
„ The sender encapsulates the datagram in a physical frame,
binds the destination IP address to a physical hardware
address (using ARP), and sends the resulting frame directly
to the destination
„ The two machines are known to be on the same network
because they have the same network identifier
Router
„ Example:
„ A sends IP Datagram to B
A B C

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 20

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 10

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Routing IP Datagram
„ Indirect delivery (i.e. through intermediate
routers)
„ Host performs routing decisions based on routing
table indicating “next hop”
„ “Next hop” refers to next router IP address on this
network, via which the destination is reached
„ Routing decisions are made based on network
prefixes (not full IP address)
„ The sender encapsulates the datagram in a frame
with the router’s physical destination address
(which is found by means of ARP).

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 21

Direct and Indirect Routing

B wants to send packets to A and C!

Host A
204.240.18.10
204.240.18.1

Direct Routing:
Packets sent directly using
Router Internet
MAC address of A

Indirect Routing:
Packets sent to the MAC address
Host B of the router. At the IP level, B is
204.240.18.20 The source and C is the destination

Host C
36.14.0.200

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 22

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 11

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

IP Routing Decisions
10.0.0.5 40.0.0.7
20.0.0.6 30.0.0.6
Network 20.0.0.5
10.0.0.0 R3
R1 Network Network Network
20.0.0.0 R2 30.0.0.0 40.0.0.0
30.0.0.7

Routing Table of R2
To Reach Hosts on Network Next Hop Address
20.0.0.0 Direct Delivery
30.0.0.0 Direct Delivery
10.0.0.0 20.0.0.5
40.0.0.0 30.0.0.7

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 23

IP Routing Algorithm
„ Router receives an IP datagram with network portion N and
destination D
„ If N is directly connected
„ Transmit on that network

„ Else If host specific entry for D exists

„ Use next hop in that entry

„ Else If route entry for N exists

„ Use next hop in that entry

„ Else If default route for next hop exists

„ Use default route for next hop

„ Else
„ Declare error

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 24

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 12

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Routing Within Same Network

„ Consider a small company with a single LAN
to which a class C network address has been
assigned
„ The company is interested in adding another
small physical network (connected to old
network through a router) with a few hosts
„ Question: Could this company assign these
hosts IP addresses from the same C class
network? i.e., could the two LANs share the
same class C network address?
Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 25

Proxy ARP
Main Router
To Internet Main Network

A B C
Router R
D E
Hidden Network

„ Used to allow two physical networks to share the same IP

network prefix
„ Router R’s table is configured manually to route between these
two networks
„ Router R answers ARP requests on each network for hosts on
the other network, giving its own hardware address as the
target address

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 26

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 13

Autumn 2004-2005 Oct 21, 2004

Proxy ARP
„ Advantage of Proxy ARP Router
„ Can be added without disturbing the routing table in other
hosts or routers on that network
„ Disadvantages:
„ Does not generalize to complex network topologies (does
not scale)
„ Does not support a reasonable form of routing. (relies on
network managers to maintain tables of machines and
addresses manually)
„ Issues:
„ Several IP addresses map to the same physical address.
How to distinguish between a legitimate Proxy ARP router
and spoofing?

Oct 21, 2004 CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 27

CS573: Network Protocols and Standards 14