SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON
OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AUDITING OF HIGH
REVENUE
BASE (HRB) FEEDER,ETC.
TRAINING TAKEN AT
ZONE-507(OPERATIONAL DEPARTMENT)
SAMAYPUR BADLI
TATA POWER DELHI DESTRIBUTIONZZZ
LIMITED
DURATION OF TRAINING: FROM 1ST JUNE
2018 TO 12TH JULY 2018

SUMMITED BY:
ANKIT SINGH
(17001002901)
ELECTRICAL ENGG.
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
MURTHAL(131001)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take immerse pleasure in thanking Mr. Anurag Tiwari our Zonal
Manager allowing me to learn and grow in the zone.

It is needless to mention that Mr. Yogesh Kumar our ZRDMO

under whose able guidance I am working, has been a great source of
knowledge and suggestions.

I wish to express my deep gratitude to our ZSO Mr.

who helped me at every stage of my working in all possible ways. They

guided me all through my working period and heped me tocome up
with this industrial training report.
SCOPE
CHAPTER-2
COMPANY PROFILE
Tata Power-DDL is a joint venture between Tata Power Company and
the Government of NCT of Delhi had taken over the distribution of
electric power in the area of Delhi Vidyut board (DVB) i.e. 1st july 2002.
The daily average energy requirement of TPDDL is about 17 MUs, with
annual energy requirement of around 5700 MUs. It distributes
electricity in north west parts of delhi and serves a populace of 50 lakh.
With a registered consumer base of around 12 lakh and a peak load of
around 1350 MW, the company’s operations span across an area of
510sq kms. TPDDL access to voltage supply up to 66 KV only.
For administrative purpose TPDDL is split into 46 zones comprising of
20,000 – 40,000 consumers each. Power delivered to the consumer
premises either by the company directly or through 24 odd single point
delivery (SPD) contractors still remaining out of 210 SPD’s inherited
from DVB times TPDDL also maintains consumer touch points include
consumer care centers (12 nos.) and consumer call centers. Tata
Power-DDL has been the frontrunner in implementing power
distribution reforms in the capital city and is acknowledged for its
consumer friendly practices. Since privatization, the aggregate technical
& commercial (AT&C) losses in Tata Power-DDL areas have shown a
record decline. Today they stand at 13% (as on july 12,2018) which is an
unprecedented reduction of over 75% from an opening loss level of
53%.
1.1 List of 12 Business District Offices:
S.NO Business District Offices
 1. Bawana
2. Narela
3. Rohini
4. Mangolpuri
5. Shalimar Bagh
6. Badli
7. Shakti Nagar
8. Civil Lines
9. Model Town
10. Keshav Puram
11. Moti Nagar
12. Pitam Pura

On the power supply front too, Tata Power areas have shown
remarkable improvement . The company has embarked upon an
ambitious plan to implement high-tech automated systems for its
entire distribution network. Systems such as GIS , SCADA and OTS are
the cornerstone of the company’s distribution automation project. To
fight the menace of power theft, modern techniques like High Voltage
Distribution System (HVDS) and LT Arial Bunched Conductor have been
adopted. Tata Power-DDL has to its credit several first in Delhi :SCADA
controlled Grid Stations, Automatic Meter Reading, GSM based street
lightning system and SMS based Fault Management System. To ensure
complete transperancy , the company has provided online information
on billing and payment to all its 1 million consumers . This happened in
the first year of operation itself . Tata Power-DDL believes in providing
more value than just electricity and is even rewarding its consumers for
timely payment. As a step towards captive generation, Tata Power-DDL
has also established a 108 MW gas based combined cycle power
generating facility at Rithala , North Delhi in its distribution area.
CHAPTER – 3
3.1 ZONE OVERVIEW :

A Zone has the following structure :

Mr. Anurag Tiwari

(Zonal Manager)
Zone – 507 at Glance :
3.2 OBJECTIVES:
 Planning, modernization and automation of distribution system.
 To provide service connections to various urban , rural and
industrial consumers in the allocated area.
 Maximum security of supply and mimimum durations of
interruptions.
 Safety of consumers , utility personals.
 Collection of energy payments.
 Balanced 3-phase supply.
 Good Power Factor
 Steady state voltage with permissible limits of variation.
  Minimum interruptions in power supply with minimum duration
of interruptions.
 Minimum voltage dips with in permissible limits.
 No voltage flickering.
 Reducing faults and strengthening the power supply.
 Self sustaining business organization.

3.3 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY MAINTENANCE & HRB FEEDER

ENERGY AUDITING:
The main function of zone is electrical supply maintenance & ensures
24 hrs quality supply also the energy auditing of HRB Feeders , thus the
zone serves as the ambassadors of TPDDL to the outside world. Most of
the functions of the company are served through zones. Some
important functions are:

 Street light maintenance

 System improvement & new scheme execution
 System upgradation schemes
 Revenue Discipline and network maintenance

3.3.1 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

3.3.1.1 Preventive Maintenance
 It is also known as planned maintenance. An annual maintenance
schedule is made in the zone

And the information is conveyed to the PSC , which after confirmation

gives this information to the consumers. This information is conveyed
which is done a day before the shut down is taken.

3.3.1.2 Preductive Maintenance:

Sometimes on noticing a visible defect in the equipment, or in the
absence of optimum output from the equipment, predictive
maintenance is done.

3.3.1.3 Break Down Maintenance:

Sometimes equipments may fail even after above two types of
maintenance and thus break down maintenance is done. If
maintenance is done in that case following procedure is adopted:

 PSC is informed by the authoriozed person giving details about:

 Numbers of consumers affected
 Total capacity affected in KVA
 Total load (present) affected
 A permit to work (PTW) is issued in the name of the concerned
ZSO
 The equipment is then isolated, properly earthed and a safety
zone is created
 After all this , the work starts in the supervision of the officer who
has the PTW
3.4 HRB FEEDER

3.4.1 INTRODUCTION
HRB feeders are normally known as high revenue base
feeder these feeders are placed normally at individual areas. The
feeders which have more energy consumption as compared to
domestic feeders and create high revenue for a company, these
feeders are known as high revenue base feeders.
In HRB feeder, there are maximum three phase meter are
installed to calculate the exact energy consumption. There are
different distribution transformer are installed at a required
distance or load. The rating of the transformers which are
installed on HRB feeders 16, 250, 450, 630 KVA etc.
3.4.2 ENERGY AUDIT OF HRB FEEDER:
The aggregated technical and commercial losses (AT&C) are
currently an unacceptably high level in an Indian electricity distribution
system and one of the objective of the solution is to provide a detailed
area/voltage level/network segment wise energy accounting and
auditing to provide a user friendly analysis for efficient monitoring and
taking appreciate actions to reduce technical and commercial losses.

The network database should have the important details of 66KV/33KV

substations, 11KV feeders, DTs and LT lines. Feeder wise and
distribution transformer wise consumer segregations to identify the
areas of high losses, it is essential to segregate the energy input and
feeder wise. The losses are assessed by subtracting the total energy
utilization of the consumers from the energy supply to the respective
DT and 11KV feeders.

In my internship, I went to audit the energy consumption of HRB

feeders with other trainees. Here we mainly audited the HRB feeders
energy of our zone-507 feeder name * we all go there to audit the
energy consumption there we took that the every industry have a three
phase meter to calculate the units and a one three phase meter is
installed at distribution transformer at which the meter calculates the
overall unit of whole industry which are connected by this DT in
auditing of energy the CIS/energy billing system has helped us to check
an energy audit of HRB feeders which is explained below.

One of the major roles provided by CIS and energy billing system is to
provide an account for the “billed energy” in the specified time period
for which the energy accounting activity is being performed. This will be
a guiding factor to deduct the commercial loss of a distribution system
and thus help in calculating the AT and C loss figure. In the Indian
scenario, consumers billing is normally being done on monthly basis
and the system keeps record of energy consumption against a
consumer. With the adoption of the indexed consumer data base, a
consumer can easily be mapped with his/her electrical address(sub-
station/ HT feeder/ DT/ LT feeder/ pole etc) and thus the aggregation of
the consumption data can easily be performed at any EAS policy level
(feeder wise, DT wise etc).

With the help of energy accounting system following report can

be generated in regular interval for the better energy monitoring and
management area wise/ voltage wise/ feeder wise/ DT wise technical
and technical loss. Consumption trend of different consumer base
along with their consumption pattern details in input and output of
energy of substation, feeder and distribution transformer. Finally
identification of potential energy losses area both technical as well as
commercial.

3.4.3 WHAT IS INDEXING:

Indexing is processs by which we estimates the lose by analyzing the
energy used and energy supplied to the feeder and energy used by the
consumers. In this process I took the readings of the different feeders
and the reading of distribution transformer meter and the consumer
meter. The main purpose of indexing to calculate the
losses/mismatches in distribution system.

There are two types of mismatches in indexing of HRB feeders:

1. Negative mismatch
2. Positive mismatch

NEGATIVE MISMATCH:
Negative mismatch going toward when If we give input to 1MU
(million unit) but get a output of 1.2MU via metering . So our DT has a
negative mismatch of 20%.

POSITIVE MISMATCH:
Positive mismatch going towards when If we give the input of 1MU
but get 0.8 MU via metering . So our DT has a positive mismatch of
20%.

FEEDER:
Many items of equipment are very expensive, and so the complete
power system represents a very large capital investment. To maximize
the return on this outlay, the system must be utilized as much as
possible within the applicable constraints of security supply. More
fundamental, however, is that the power system should operate in a
safe manner at all times. No matter how well designed, faults will
always occur on a power system, and these faults may represents a risk
of life and/or property. The destructive power of a fault arc carrying a
high current is very great; it can burn through copper conductors or
weld together core laminations in a transformer or machine in a very
short time – some tens or hundreds of milliseconds. Even away from
the fault arc itself, heavy currents can cause damage to plant if they
continue for more than a few seconds. The provision of adequate
protection to detect and disconnect elements of the power system in
the event offault is therefore an integral part of power system design.
Only by so doing can be the objectives of the power system be met and
the investment protected.

The outdoor switch yard in a substation has several 3*equipment

and 3-* bus bars.

Or flexible ACSR conductors supported on stain insulators. Each bay has

several equipment connected in certain well defined pattern.

CHAPTER-4
4.1 SUB STATION:
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Electric power is produced at the power generating stations, which are
generally located far away from the load centres. High Voltage
transmission lines are used to transmit the electric power from the
generating stations to the load centres. Between the power generating
station and consumers a numbers of transformationsand switching
stations are required. These are generally known as SUB STATIONS .

Sub Stations are important part of power system and form a link
between generating stations, transmission systems and distribution
system . It is an assembly of electric components such as bus bars,
switch gear apparatus, power transformers etc. Their main functions
are to receive power transmitted at high voltage from the generating
stations and reduce the voltage to a value suitable for distribution.
Some sub stations provide facilities for switching operations of
transmission lines, others are converting stations. Sub Stations are
provided with safety devices to disconnect equipment or circuit at the
time of faults. Sub Stations are the convenient place for installing
synchronous condensers for the purpose of improving power factor and
it provide facilities for making measurements to monitor the operations
of the various part of the power system.

4.2 TYPES OF SUBSTATION:

4.2.1 According to the service requirement

4.2.1.1 Transformer SubStaion

4.2.1.2 Switch SubStation

4.2.1.3 Power Factor Correction SubStation

4.2.1.4 Frequency change substation

4.2.1.5 Cconverting substation

4.2.1.6 Industrial substation

4.2.2 According to the constructional features:

4.2.2.1 Indoor substation

4.2.2.2 Outdoor substation

4.2.2.3 Underground substation

4.2.2.4 Pole mounted substation

4.2.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUB STATION:

Majority of the sub stations in the power systems are in the type. They
are used to transform power from one voltage level to another voltage
level. Transformer is the main component in such stations .
Transformer sub stations are further classified into step-up sub
stations, primary grid sub stations, secondary substations and
distribution sub stations.

4.2.1.1.1 STEP UP SUB STATION:

These sub stations are usually located at the generating stations.
Generating voltage level of the order of 11 KV needs to be stepped up
to a primary transmission voltage level of the order of 220 KV to 400
KV.

4.2.1.1.2 PRIMARY GRID SUB STATIONS:

These sub stations are located at the end of primary transmission lines
and the primary voltage are stepped down to suitable secondary
voltages of the order of 66 KV or 33KV.
4.2.1.1.3 SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS:
The voltage is further step down to 11 KV. Large consumers supplied
power at 11 KV.

4.2.1.1.4 DISTRIBUTION SUB STATIONS:

These sub stations are located near the consumer localities to supply
power at 400V 3-phase or 230V 1-phase to the consumers.

4.2.1.2 SWITCHING SUB STATIONS:

These sub stations are meant for switching operations of power lines
without transforming the voltage. Different connections are made
between the various transmission lines.

4.2.1.3 CONVERTING SUB STATION:

Such sub station are meant for either converting AC to DC or vice versa
. Some are used to change the frequency from higher to lower for
industry utilizations.

4.2.1.4 INDOOR SUB STATION:

All equipment of the sub station is installed within the station buildings
. These sub station are known as Indoor Sub Station.

4.2.1.5 OUTDOOR SUB STATION:

All equipment such as transformers , circuit breakers, isolators , etc
installed outside the sub station is known as Outdoor Sub Station.

4.2.1.6 UNDER GROUND SUB STATION:

Thickly populated areas where the space is major constraint and cost
of land is higher, under such situation the sub stations are laid under
ground.

4.2.1.7 POLE MOUNTED SUB STATION:

This is an outdoor sub station with equipment installed overhead on an
HT pole or 4 pole structures.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated
manually and automatically for controlling and protection of electrical
power system respectively. As the modern power system deals with
huge currents, the special attention should be given during designing of
circuit breaker for safe interruption of arc produced during the
operation of circuit breaker.

Types of Circuit Breaker

According different criteria there are different types of circuit breaker.
According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be
divided as-
According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be
divided as-
1. Oil circuit breaker.
2. Air circuit breaker.
3. SF6 circuit breaker.
4. Vacuum circuit breaker.
According to their services the circuit breaker can be divided as-
1. Outdoor circuit breaker
2. Indoor breaker.
According to the operating mechanism of circuit breaker they can be
divided as-
1. Spring operated circuit breaker.
2. Pneumatic circuit breaker.
3. Hydraulic circuit breaker.
According to the voltage level of installation types of circuit breaker
are referred as-
1. High voltage circuit breaker.
2. Medium voltage circuit breaker.
3. Low voltage circuit breaker.
1. Outdoor circuit breaker
2. Indoor breaker.

1. OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Mineral oil has better insulating property than air. In oil circuit
breaker the fixed contact and moving contact are immerged inside
the insulating oil. Whenever there is a separation of current carrying
contacts in the oil, the arc in circuit breaker is initialized at the
moment of separation of contacts, and due to this arc the oil is
vaporized and decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and ultimately
creates a hydrogen bubble around the arc. This highly compressed
gas bubble around the arc prevents re-striking of the arc after
current reaches zero crossing of the cycle. The oil circuit breaker is
the one of the oldest type of circuit breakers.

2. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER:

This type of circuit breakers, is those kind of circuit breaker which
operates in air at atmospheric pressure. After development of oil circuit
breaker, the medium voltage air circuit breaker (ACB) is replaced
completely by oil circuit breaker in different countries. But in countries
like France and Italy, ACBs are still preferable choice up to voltage
15KV. It is also good choice to avoid the risk of oil fire, in case of oil
circuit breaker. In America ACBs were exclusively used for the system
up to 15KV until the development of new vacuum and SF6 circuit
breaker.

3. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

SF6 gas is highly electronegative. Due to high electronegativity, it
absorbs free electrons which produced due to arcing between contacts
of circuit breaker. Combination of free electrons with molecules
produces heavy and big ions, which have very low mobility. Because of
absorption of free electrons and low mobility of ions sulphur
hexafluoride has very excellent dielectric property. Dielectric strength
of sulfur hexafluoride gas is about 2.5 times more than that of air.

4. VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc
quenching takes place in vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly
medium voltage application. For higher voltage vacuum technology has
been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening
and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption
take place in a vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum
interrupter. The vacuum interrupter consists of a steel arc chamber in
the centre symmetrically arranged ceramic insulators. The vacuum
pressure inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10- 6
bar. The material used for current carrying contacts plays an important
role in the performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. Cu/Cr is the
most ideal material to make VCB contacts.

TRANSFORMER:
 A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical
energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic
induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a varying electromotive
force (emf) or "voltage" in a second coil. Power can be transferred
between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two
circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described this
effect. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating
voltages in electric power applications.

MAIN PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER:

>TRANSFORMER CORE >TRANSFORMER OIL

> STEEL TANK >BUSHING

>OIL LEVEL INDICATOR >TAP CHANGER

>CONSERVATOR TANK >BREATHER

Core of transformer :
Core is made with laminated steel sheet in all type of transformers to
provide continuous magnetic path and also to provide minimum air
gap. For this purpose silicon enriched steel is used. hysteresis losses
also decreased in core with increase in permeability. By making core
laminated eddy current losses also reduced in core.

Steel tank :
It is a main part of transformer. It is steel made box. Transformer core is
placed inside this tank. Windings and other helpful devices are placed
inside this tank. It is filled with insulating oil ( mineral oil ). It have
usually cylindrical or cubical shape depending on transformer
construction. It is coated internally and externally with colour for safety
point of view.

Conservator tank :
It is a small tank which used in high power transformers. It is
connected above the main tank of transformer. It has cylindrical
shape.Main tank and conservator tank connected to each other
through a pipe. Buchholz relay is used between conservator tank and
main tank in transformers having capacity more than one MVA.

Buchholz relay:
This relay is connected to a pipe between main tank and conservator
tank. It is gas actuated realy. It is very important part of transformer. In
short buchholz relay provide protection for low oil level and high
temperature.

Tap changer:
Tap changer switch is used to regulate secondary voltage in case of low
voltage in primary side of transformer. Two type of tap changing
switches are used:

1. Off load switch : It is used to change winding voltage ratio. Tap

changing switch are connected with high voltage side of
 transformer. As it name suggest off load tap changing switch used
only in transformer off condition.
2. On Load Switch : On load tap changer switch can be used with on
load transformer.
Breather:
Due to the expansion and contraction of the insulating oil, moisture can
arise which cause the pressure inside the conservator to change. This
makes it very important to keep the air entering the tank to be
moisture-free. Therefore, the breather acts like an air filter and controls
the moisture levels inside the transformer.

TRANSFORMER OIL:
It provides additional insulation. It also protects the insulation from dirt
and moisture. It carries away the heat generated in the cores and oils.

BUSHING:
It is a hollow electrical insulator. Bushing are used to keep conductor
insulated. It is made up of porcelain.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
1. Power Transformer

2. Instrument Transformer

3. Auto Transformer

On the basis of working:

a) Step Up Transformer
 b) Step Down Transformer

c) Three Phase Transformer

d) Single Phase Transformer

1. POWER TRANSFORMER:
The power transformers are used in the transmission networks of
higher voltages. The ratings of the power transformer are as follows
400 KV, 200 KV, 110 KV, 66 KV, 33 KV. They are mainly rated above 200
MVA. Mainly installed at the generating stations and transmission
substations. They are designed for maximum efficiency of 100%.

The power transformer is cost effective when the power is generated at

low voltage levels. If the level of voltage is raised, then the current of
the power transformer is reduced, resulting in I2R losses and the
voltage regulation is also increased.

2. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of
electrical quantities i.e. voltage, current, power, energy, power factor,
frequency. Instrument transformers are also used with protective
relays for protection of power system.

Instrument transformer can be classified in two categories:

A. CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
Current transformer is used to step down the current of power system
to a lower level to make it feasible to be measured by small rating
Ammeter (i.e. 5A ammeter).

Primary of C.T. is having very few turns. Sometimes bar primary is also
used. Primary is connected in series with the power circuit. Therefore,
sometimes it also called series transformer.

B. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system
to a lower level to make is feasible to be measured by small rating
voltmeter i.e. 110 – 120 V voltmeter.
 Primary of P.T. is having large
no. of turns. Primary is
connected across the line
(generally between on line and
earth). Hence, sometimes it is
also called the parallel
transformer.

3. AUTO TRANSFORMER:
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on
a laminated core. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding
transformer but differ in the way the primary and secondary winding
are interrelated. A part of the winding is common to both primary and
secondary sides. On load condition, a part of the load current is
obtained directly from the supply and the remaining part is obtained by
transformer action. An Auto transformer works as a voltage regulator.

a.) STEP UP TRANSFORMER:

The transformer is static electrical equipment which transforms
electrical energy (from primary side windings) to the magnetic energy
(in transformer magnetic core) and again to the electrical energy (on
these secondary transformer side). The operating frequency and
nominal power are approximately equal on primary and secondary
transformer side because the transformer is a very efficient equipment,
while the voltage and current values are usually different.

b.) STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

The step-down transformer converts the high voltage (HV) and low
current from the primary side to the low voltage (LV) and high current
value on the secondary side. This transformer type has a wide
application in electronic devices and electrical systems. When it comes
to the operation voltage, the step-up transformer application can be
roughly divided in two groups: LV (voltages up to 1 kV) and HV
application (voltages above 1 kV).

c.) SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

A single phase Transformer is a static device, works on the principle of
Faraday’s law of mutual Induction. At a constant level of frequency and
variation of voltage level, the transformer transfers AC power from one
circuit to the other circuit. There are two types of windings in the
transformer.The winding to which AC supply is given is termed as
Primary winding and in the secondary winding, the load is connected.

d.) THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

Three phase supply is mainly used for electric power generation,
transmission and distribution for industrial purpose. It is less costly to
assemble three single phase transformer to form three-phase
transformer than to purchase one single three-phase transformer. The
three-phase transformer connection can be done by Star (Wye) and
Delta (Mesh) type.

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM:

The electric power system is a network which consists generation,
distribution and transmission system. It uses the form of energy (like
coal and diesel) and converts it into electrical energy. The power
system includes the devices connected to the system like
the synchronous generator, motor, transformer, circuit breaker,
conductor, etc.

POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE:

 Generation

 Transmission

 Distribution

GENERATION SYSTEM:
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power
fromother sources of primary energy. The generation of electricity
can be of different kinds including conventional sources and non –
 conventional sources. The electric power can be generated at the
voltage level of 11KV at a frequency of 50HZ in India.

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:
Electrical transmission is the process of delivering generated
electricity - usually over long distances - to the distribution
grid located in populated areas. An important part of this process
includes transformers which are used to increase voltage levels to
make long distance transmission feasible.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric
power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers. A distribution substation is located near or inside
city/town/village/industrial area. It receives power from a transmission
network. The high voltage from the transmission line is then stepped
down by a step-down transformer to the primary distribution level
voltage. Primary distribution voltage is usually 11 kV, but can range
between 2.4 kV to 33 kV depending upon region or consumer.

A typical power distribution system consists of -

 Distribution substation
 Feeders
 Distribution Transformers
 Distributor conductors
 Service mains conductors

DO’S and DON’TS for POWER & DISTRIBUTION

Transformers:
The transformer plays a vital role in transformation of voltage levelin
power set up as required for power distribution. So it is our prime
duty to keep them heathy for safe, stable & reliable operation of the
power distribution system.
DO’S:
1. Check and thoroughly investigate the transformer whenever any
alarm or protection operated.
2. Check air cell in conservator.
3. Attend the leakages on the bushing immediately.
4. Examine the bushings for dirt deposits and coats, and clean them
periodically.
5. Check the oil in transformer and OLTC for dielectric strength and
moisture content and take suitable action for restoring the qualitty.
6. Check the oil level in oil cup and ensure air passages are free in the
breather. If oil is less, make up the oil.
7. Check the oil for acidity and sludge as per IS : 1866
8. If inspection covers are opened or any gasket joint is to be
tightened, then tighten the bolts evenly to avoid uneven pressure.
9. Check and clean the relay and alarm contacts. Check also their
operation , and accuracy and if required change the setting.
10. Check the protection circuits periodically.
11. Check the pointers of all gauges for their free movement.
12. Clean the oil conservator thoroughly before erecting.
13. Check the buchholz relay and readjust the flats , switches etc.
14. Inspection the painting and if necessary retouching should be
done.
15. Check the OTI and WTI pockets and replenish the oil if required.
16. Remove the air through vent plug of the diverter switch before
you energies the transformer.
17. check the oil level in the diverter switch and if found less, top up
with fresh oil conforming to IS : 335.
18. Check the gear box oil level , if less top up with specified oil.
19. Examine and replace the burnt or worn out contacts as per An…….
Of maintenance schedule.
20. Check all bearings and operating mechanism and lubricate them
as per schedule.
21. Open the equalizing valve between tank and OLTC wherever
provided at the time of filling the oil tank.
22. Connect gas cylinder with automatic regulator if transformer is to
be stored for long, in order to maintain positive pressure.
23. Fill the oil in the transformer at the earliest opportunity at site
and follow storage instruction.
24. Check the door seals of marshalling box change the rubber lining
if required.
25. Equalize the diverter compartment of the OLTC by connecting
equalizing pipe between flange joints provided on the tap changer
head.
DON’TS:
1. Do not energies without thorough investigation of the transformer,
whenever any alarm of protection has operated.
2. Do not re-energies the transformer, unless the Buchholz gas in
analyzed.
3. Do not re-energies the transformer or without conducting all pre-
commissioning checks. The results must be comparable with results
at works.
4. Do not handle the off circuit tap switch when the transformer is
energized.
5. Do not energies the transformer, unless the off-circuit tap switch
handle is in locked position.
6. Do not leave –off circuit tap switch handle unlocked.
7. Do not leave tertiary terminals unprotected outside the tank
connect them to tertiary lightning arrestors protection scheme
when connected to load.
8. Do not allow WTI/OTI temperature to exceed 55 0C during dry out
of transformer , and filter machine temperature beyond 600C
9. Do not parallel transformers which do not fulfill the condition.
10. Do not use low capacity lifting jack on transformer for jacking.
11. Do not move the transformer with bushings mounted.
12. Do not overload the transformer other than the specified limits as
per IS : 6600
13. Do not change the settings of WTI and OTI alarm and trip
frequently . The setting should be done as per the site condition.
14. Do not leave red pointer behind the black pointer in OTI and WTI.
15. Do not leave any connection loose
16. Do not meddle with the protection circuits
17. Do not allow conservator oil level to fall below ¼ level
18. Do not allow oil level to fall in the bushings , they must
immediately to be topped up.
19. Do not leave marshalling box doors open, they must be locked.
20. Do not switch off the heater in marshalling box except to be
periodically cleaned.
21. Do not allow dirt and deposits on bushings, they should be
periodically cleaned.
22. Do not allow unauthorized entry near the transformer
23. Do not leave ladder unlocked, when the transformer is “ON” in
service, in case it is provided.
24. Do not change the sequence of valve opening for taking stand by
pump and motor into circuit.
25. Do not switch on water pump unless oil pump is switched on.
26. Do not allow water pressure more than oil pressure in differential
pressure gauge.
27. Do not mix the oil, unless it conforms fully to IS :335
28. Do not allow inferior oil to continue in transformer . The oil
should be immediately processed and to be used only when
BDV/ppm conforms to 1S :1866.
29. Do not continue with pink silica gel , this should immediately be
changed or regenerated.
30. Do not leave secondary terminal of an unloaded CT Open.
31. Do not store transformer for long after reaching site, commission
at the earliest.
32. Do not keep the transformer gas filled at site for a longer period.

CABLES:
LT & HT cables form a very delicate part of electric network.
HT – 11KV, LT- 400v and XLPE U/G cables are being used.
Sizes vary as per load requirement, which various from:
3*150sqm – 3*300sqm for HT
3*95sqm – 3*150sqm for LT
There is HT & LT ABC (Aerial Bunched Conductors) Is being used in O/H
system.
Sizes vary from:
HT : 3*95sqm – 3*150sqm
LT: 3*70sqm – 3*95sqm
Consumers service line cables are armored XLPE cable used to provide
supply from pole to consumer premises. There are many category of
consumers like domestic, industrial, commercial, agricultural etc. Size
of various cable vary as per sanctioned load:
Upto 5KW -------- 2*10 sqmm
6KW-10KW -------- 2*25 sqmm
11KW – 25 KW -------- 4*25 sqmm
Above 26KW -------- 4*95 sqmm

AERIAL BUNCHED CABLE:

Aerial bundled cables (also aerial bundled conductors or simply ABC)

are overhead power lines using several insulated phase
conductors bundled tightly together, usually with a bare neutral
conductor. This contrasts with the traditional practice of using
uninsulated conductors separated by air gaps. This variation of
overhead power lines utilizes the same principles as bundled
conductors, except that they are closer together to the point of
touching but each conductor is surrounded by an insulating layer
(except for the neutral line).

LT ABC:
LT aerial bunched cables provides higher safety and reliability, lower
power losses and ultimate system economy by reducing installation,
maintenance and operating cost. Aerial bunched cables also considered
to the best choice for power distribution.
HT ABC:
While specifically talking about HT Aerial Bunched Cables , these are
basically three single cored unarmoured cables laid around a weight
carrying conductor which also serves as an earth or neutral conductor.