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Summer
Internship Report
Submitted By:
Mr Aqeel Ahmed 14TL 62
Department of Telecommunication
Mehran University of Engineering
Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan
Corporate Vision
To be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider in the
region by achieving customer satisfaction and maximizing shareholders' value'.
Mission
To achieve our mission by having: An organizational environment that fosters
professionalism, motivation and quality an environment that is cost effective and quality
conscious Services that are based on the most optimum technology "Quality" and "Time"
conscious customer service
Core Values
Professional Integrity
Teamwork
Customer Satisfaction
Loyalty to the Company
PTCL is all set to redefine the established boundaries of the telecommunication market and is
shifting the productivity frontier to new heights. Today, for millions of people, we provide
instant access to new products and ideas. More importantly, by setting free the spirit of
innovation, we enable higher living standards through our ICT services.
PTCL is going to be your first choice in the future as well, just as it has been over the past six
decades.
0800-Toll free number, 0900-Preminum rate services, VPN-Virtual Private Network, Audio
Conference Service, Digital Cross Connect (DXX), ISDN (Policy), Tele plus (ISDN/BRI),
Digital Phone Facilities/ Modification Charges, UAN, UIN.
Landline
PTCL landline has always been a part of family and providing services from generations and
it continues to be the primary choice of customers for making voice calls for many decades.
PTCL gives its customers highest quality at very affordable rates along with attractive
packages and Value Added Services to choose from. PTCL offers many attractive packages
like Freedom Package, International Packages, Mobile Buckets & Double Up Unlimited
(double play services)
PTCL Introduced EVO Nitro in Pakistan - “The World’s first & most cutting-edge EV-DO
Rev.B commercial network”. PTCL is the first operator in the world to commercially launch
EV-DO Rev.B products, which offer blazing fast speeds of up to 9.3 MBPS
V-fone
PTCL also continues to be the largest CDMA operator in the country with approximately 1.4
million Vfone customers. It gives the liberty of payment in both prepaid and postpaid options.
It offers fixed wireless telephone for your homes & business. With CDMA2000 1X
technology, ours is the largest WLL network with a capacity of 2.6M, covering over 10,000
urban & rural areas. The network is already enabled for Voice, Dialup-Internet access
(153.6kbps), SMS and for EVDO Broadband.
International Network
PTCL’s ability to support both individual and corporate customers on a cross-border basis is
anchored by its extensive network of submarine cables.In order to ensure service availability
to expanded customer base of PTCL, the said bandwidth procurement was strategically
spread on each of our existing three submarine cable size. I-ME-WE, SEA-ME-WE3 and
SEA-ME-WE4. PTCL is the only telecom operator in Pakistan having a network of three
redundant and resilient submarine cable systems thus offering its customers better quality of
service.
Wireless Section
Definition:
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic
waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the
communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ
acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also
sometimes classified as wireless.
The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using
radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit
voices and music via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio." With the advent
of television, fax, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the
spectrum, the term "wireless" has been resurrected.
Basic Terminology
Dow
Air Interface: The operating system of a wireless network. Technologies include
AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, GSM and iDEN.
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) is the original analog “cellular”
service transmission standard first deployed in the United States, still used as a default
standard for cellular systems in the U.S., and in some regions around the world.
Analog: The traditional method of adapting radio signals so they can carry
information. AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) are the
two most common analog systems. Analog has largely been replaced by digital
technologies, which are more secure, more efficient and provide better quality.
Antenna: A device for transmitting and receiving radiofrequency (RF) signals. Often
camouflaged on existing buildings, trees, water towers or other tall structures, the size
and shape of antennas are generally determined by the frequency of the signal they
manage.
Base Station: The central radio transmitter/receiver that communicates with mobile
telephones within a given range (typically a cell site).
Bluetooth: The name for a technological standard (a communications protocol) that
enables mobile devices equipped with a special chip to send and receive information
Radio propagation is also affected by several other factors determined by its path from
point to point. This path can be a direct line of sight path or an over-the-horizon path
aided by refraction in the ionosphere, which is a region between approximately 60 and
600 km above the earth's surface.
Receiving power additionally influenced by
fading (frequency dependent)
shadowing
reflection at large obstacles
scattering at small obstacles
diffraction at edges
Figure (1)
Antenna
A device for transmitting and receiving radiofrequency (RF) signals. Often
camouflaged on existing buildings, trees, water towers or other tall structures, the size
and shape of antennas are generally determined by the frequency of the signal they
manage.
We have different types of antennas for different purposes:
Isotropic radiator
equal radiation in all directions (three dimensional) only a theoretical reference
antenna .Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/or horizontally)
Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an antenna
Media Accesses
In telecommunications that resource is a transmission medium and is divided into
channels in order to allow multiple users to access the same transmission medium
simultaneously. This simultaneous use of channels is called multiple accesses. A
channel can be defined as an individually assigned, dedicated pathway through a
transmission medium for a single user's information. The physical medium of
transmission, which in our case is the wireless spectrum, can be divided into
individual channels based on a set of criteria. These criteria depend on the technology
that is utilized to make the distinction between channels.
The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the
BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC
handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones,
and controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC
handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC). A key
function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity
connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization) become reduced to a smaller
number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high level
of utilization). Overall, this means that networks are often structured to have many
BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to large
centralized MSC sites.
It is the component of a GSM system that carries out call switching and mobility
management functions for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations. It
is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile devices to
communicate with each other and telephonesin the wider public switched telephone
network (PSTN). The architecture contains specific features and functions which are
needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.
The authentication center (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that
attempts to connect to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered
on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and
services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently
used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile
phone and the GSM core network.
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database of the subscribers who have
roamed into the jurisdiction of the MSC (Mobile Switching Center) which it serves.
Each main base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR (one BTS may be
served by many MSCs in case of MSC in pool), hence a subscriber cannot be present
in more than one VLR at a time.
TRANSMISSION SECTION
Terminology
Guided media:
Electromagnetic waves are guided along a solid medium, such as copper
twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, and optical fiber
Unguided media
Wireless transmission occurs through the atmosphere, outer space, or water.
Bandwidth:
All other factors remaining constant, the greater the bandwidth of a signal, the
higher the data rate that can be achieved.
Transmission impairments
Impairments, such as attenuation, limit the distance. For guided media, twisted
pair generally suffers more impairment than coaxial cable, which in turn suffers
more than optical fiber.
Interference
Interference from competing signals in overlapping frequency bands can distort
or wipe out a signal. Interference is of particular concern for unguided media,
but is also a problem with guided media. For guided media, interference can be
caused by emanations from nearby cables.
Number of receivers:
A guided medium can be used to construct a point to-point link or a shared link
with multiple attachments. In the latter case, each attachment introduces some
attenuation and distortion on the line, limiting distance and/or data rate.
Optical Fiber
Physical Description
An optical fiber is a thin (2 to ),flexible medium capable of guiding an optical ray.
Various glasses and plastics can be used to make optical fibers. The lowest losses
have been obtained using fibers of ultrapure fused silica. Ultrapure fiber is difficult to
manufacture; higher-loss multicomponent glass fibers are more economical and still
provide good performance. Plastic fiber is even less costly and can be used for short-
haul links, for which moderately high losses are acceptable. An optical fiber cable has
a cylindrical shape and consists of three concentric sections: the core, the cladding,
and the jacket (Figure 4.2c).The core is the innermost section and consists of one or
more very thin strands, or fibers, made of glass or plastic; the core has a diameter in
the range of 8 to Each fiber is surrounded by its own cladding, a glass or plastic
coating that has optical properties different from those of the core and a diameter of
The interface between the core and cladding acts as a reflector to confine light that
would otherwise escape the core. The outermost layer, surrounding one or a bundle of
cladded fibers, is the jacket. The jacket is composed of plastic and other material
• Greater capacity: The potential bandwidth, and hence data rate, of optical fiber is
immense; data rates of hundreds of Gbps over tens of kilometers have been
demonstrated. Compare this to the practical maximum of hundreds of Mbps over
about 1 km for coaxial cable and just a few Mbps over 1 km or up to 100 Mbps to 10
Gbps over a few tens of meters for twisted pair.
• Smaller size and lighter weight: Optical fibers are considerably thinner than
coaxial cable or bundled twisted-pair cable—at least an order of magnitude thinner for
comparable information transmission capacity. For cramped conduits in buildings and
underground along public rights-of-way, the advantage of small size is considerable.
The corresponding reduction in weight reduces structural support requirements.
• Lower attenuation: Attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for
coaxial cable or twisted pair (Figure 4.3c) and is constant over a wide range.
• Electromagnetic isolation: Optical fiber systems are not affected by external
electromagnetic fields. Thus the system is not vulnerable to interference, impulse
noise, or crosstalk. By the same token, fibers do not radiate energy, so there is little
interference with other equipment and there is a high degree of security from
eavesdropping. In addition, fiber is inherently difficult to tap.
• Greater repeater spacing: Fewer repeaters mean lower cost and fewer sources of
error. The performance of optical fiber systems from this point of view has been
steadily improving. Repeater spacing in the tens of kilometers for optical fiber is
common, and repeater spacing’s of hundreds of kilometers have been demonstrated.
Coaxial and twisted-pair systems generally have repeaters every few kilometers.
Different Modes of fiber Optical
Fusion Splicing
Preparing the fiber - Strip the protective coatings, jackets, tubes, strength members,
etc. leaving only the bare fiber showing. The main concern here is cleanliness.
Step 2: Cleave the fiber - Using a good fiber cleaver here is essential to a successful
fusion splice. The cleaved end must be mirror-smooth and perpendicular to the fiber
axis to obtain a proper splice.
Mechanical Splicing
Mechanical splicing is an optical junction where the fibers are precisely aligned and
held in place by a self-contained assembly, not a permanent bond. This method aligns
the two fiber ends to a common centerline, aligning their cores so the light can pass
from one fiber to another.
Step 1: Preparing the fiber - Strip the protective coatings, jackets, tubes, strength
members, etc. leaving only the bare fiber showing. The main concern here is
cleanliness.
Step 2: Cleave the fiber - The process is identical to the cleaving for fusion splicing
but the cleave precision is not as critical.
Distribution Frame
In telecommunications, a distribution frame is a passive device which terminates
cables, allowing arbitrary interconnections to be made. For example, the Main
Distribution Frame (MDF) located at a telephone central office terminates the cables
leading to subscribers on the one hand, and cables leading to active equipment (such
as DSLAMs and telephone switches).
SWOT ANALYSIS
PTCL is a big organization regarding all the departments including Finance, Operations,
Human resource etc. there are several strengths, weakness opportunities and thrats of
these departments, which will be discussed as follow:
Weaknesses
Ambiguity In Strategic Direction
PTCL is doing business very well but only to that extend to which customers respond.
Although PTCL is generating revenue from its value added services but it doesn’t have
any solid financial strategic outline, which can cope the entire complex financial
situation, and also ambiguity exists in implementation strategic financial plans.
Externally, PTCL has no competitors so it has no benchmark to gauge financial
performance of its different departments with those of competitors.
Seniority Bases Promotions
PTCL is leading information technology but it is not knowledge oriented so far as
promotions of its employees are concerned. Promotions of PTCL employees are
seniority based. Most of employees are concerned. Promotions of PTCL employees,
The equipment should be updated, the company is using the same BTS system since three
decades. Their efficiency has been reduced and traffic has increased, hence the system must
be time and technology oriented.
Recruitment of technical people on the basis of merit should be done.
Refreshing courses of the training are not scheduled and is not provided to all the staff
equally. I have a suggestion for it that training department should arrange the training
courses properly and it should be at least once a year.