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Permanent way
Sleepers – hold the rails in ‘position’ wrt level, tilt, and gauge.
Gauge
It is the clear distance between inner faces or running faces of
two rails.
Advantages
Reduces wear and tear of wheel flanges and rails, which is due
to rubbing action of flanges with inside faces of rail heads.
To prevent wheels from slipping to some extent.
Adzing of Sleepers
Geometric Design of Track
Objective
Geometric elements
Speed of train
Cant or superelevation
Gradient
It is rate of rise or fall per unit horizontal length.
Expressed in 1 in x or n in 100 or n%
Types
Ruling gradient
Momentum gradient
Pusher or Helper gradient
Gradients at station yards
Momentum gradient
For MG
V = 0.347(Ca+Cd)×R
For NG
V = 3.65 𝑅 − 6
Radius of the curve
𝐷 3600
=
30 2𝛑𝑅
1720
D=
𝑅
Objective
F cosα = W sin α
𝑊𝑣2 𝐺 𝑒
× =W×
𝑔𝑅 𝑆 𝑆
𝑣2
e= × 𝐺 in meters α
𝑔𝑅
F
1.676 𝑉2 𝑉2
For BG, e = = 1.315 cm
1.27 𝑅 𝑅
1.000 𝑉2 𝑉2
For MG, e = = 0.80 cm
1.27 𝑅 𝑅
0.762 𝑉2 𝑉2
For NG, e = = 0.60 cm
1.27 𝑅 𝑅
3
i) Speed = × Vmax subject to a minimum of 50 kmph
ii) Safe speed on curves given by formula
i) Speed = Vmax
Maximum Superelevation
To take care of slow and fast moving trains on the same curve,
1
maximum superelevation is limited to of the gauge.
10
1
i) Maximum SE for BG = × 1.676 m = 0.1676 m = 16.7 cm
10
1
ii) Maximum SE for MG = × 1.000 m = 0.1000 m = 10.0 cm
10
1
iii) Maximum SE for NG = × 0.762 m = 0.0762 m = 7.6 cm
10
Cant Deficiency
BG 7.6 cm 10.0 cm
MG 5.1 cm Not specified
NG 3.8 cm Not specified
Negative Superelevation
Sol:
𝐺𝑉2
e=
1.27𝑅
1720 1720
R= =
𝐷 5
1.676×45×45 5
= × = 7.78 cm
1.27 1720
ii) Permissible cant deficiency for BG is 7.6 cm
= -0.18 + 7.6
= 7.42 cm
𝐺𝑉2
vi) Hence, permissible speed on branch line, from e = is
1.27𝑅
1.676×𝑉2 8
7.42 = ×
1.27 1720
V = 34.7 kmph.
Prob 2.
A 50 curve diverges from a 30 main curve in reverse direction in
the layout of a BG yard. If the speed on the branch line is
restricted to 35 kmph, determine the restricted speed on the main
line.
Sol:
𝐺𝑉2
e=
1.27𝑅
1720 1720
R= =
𝐷 5
1.676×35×35 5
= × = 4.71 cm
1.27 1720
ii) Permissible cant deficiency for BG is 7.6 cm
iii) Cant required for branch line is = 4.71 - 7.6 = -2.89 cm i.e.,
negative cant
= 2.89 + 7.6
= 10.49 cm
𝐺𝑉2
vi) Hence, permissible speed on main line, from e = is
1.27𝑅
1.676×𝑉2 3
10.49 = ×
1.27 1720
𝐿2
Shift S =
24𝑅
where S = shift in m
L = length of transition curve in m
R = radius of circular curve in m
Points and Crossings
These are the arrangements made in railway tracks to change train
from one track to another.
Facing direction
Trailing direction
Right hand and Left hand turnouts
Right hand and Left hand switches
Line diagram of right hand turnout