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N A T U R A L S C I EN C E
BY: Prof. Sta. Ines
NATURAL SCIENCE

Competencies :

1. Apply scientific knowledge in the reservation of human life and conversation of natural
resources .
2. Apply scientific methods in the solution of everyday problems.
3. Solve problems in real life situations and suggest solutions related to personal and community
needs.

PART I : RETRIEVING CONCEPTS , PRINCIPLES , AND THEORIES IN NATURALSCIENCE

I . Definition of Science

Systematized knowledge of objectively verifiable sense experience . It may be

• Pure science – the pursuit of knowledge
• Applied Science - the search for practical uses of scientific knowledge
• Technology – through which applications are realized

II. The Goal of Science

• Not facts themselves but new ideas , principles or models that connect and explain certain facts
and lead to useful predictions aboutwhat is likely to happen in nature .
• Pursues knowledge about how the natural world works.
• Attempts to discover order in natural and use that knowledge to make prediction about what is
likely to happen in natural

III. How does Science

work?
• Ask a question or identify a problem to be answered
• Come up with a variety of possible explanation (hypotheses)
• Work on the problem to collect scientific data or fact by making observations and taking
measurements
• Confirm the scientific fact or data by repeated observation and measurement
• Through experiments, hypothesis becomes a theory and eventually a law

IV. Branches of Science

• The umbrella s Natural Science which is subdivided into Physical Sciences and Biological
Sciences ( Life Sciences ) .
• Interfacing among the sciences I recognized in formulating general scientific laws . Molecular biology
and genetics are special fields .
• Biochemistry , biophysics , biomathematics , and bioengineering are interdisciplinary fields .
• Pure Mathematics is a logic of relations and does not depend for its structure on the laws of nature . Its
applicability in the elaboration of scientific theories has resulted in its continued classification among
the science .
• The applied sciences include aeronautics , electronics , engineering , metallurgy , agronomy and
medicine .
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• Technology puts both basic and applied sciences to work by producing material objects for use by
people . Science is knowledgeand technology is application of science in the production of material
objects .

Natural Science

Physical Science Biological, or Life , Sciences

Chemistry
Physics Earth Zoology Botany
Science

V.Nature of Scientific Knowledge

• Guided by natural law
• Explanatory by reference to natural law
• Testable against the observable world
• Conclusion are tentative and subject to revision in the light of new findings and evidences
• Falsifiable

VI. The origin of Science

• Prehistoric times through (1) the designs that Paleolithic people painted on the walls of caves , (2) numerical
records that were carved in bone or stone , and (3) artifacts surviving from Neolithic civilizations .

Records of Protoscientific investigations from

Mesopotamia : cuneiform characters on clay

Astronomical Chemical Disease Mathematical

observations substances symptoms Tables

Nile Valley : papyrus documents

Calendar Units of length day

Treatment of Distribution on
Volume of a portion
disease and bread and beer
of a pyramid
wounds
• Thales said that the Earth was a flat disc floating on the universal element , water .
• The mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras and the Phythagorean scholars postulated that the
spherical Earth moved in a circular orbit about a central fire .
• Plato and Aristotle pioneered logical philosophies .
• The mathematician , astronomer , and geographer Eratosthenes measured the Earth .
• The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos espoused a heliocentric ( Sun – centered ) planetary system .
• Ptolemy advanced Geocentric ( Earth – centered ) Ptolemaic System .
• The medical works of the physician and philosopher Galen became standard scientific treatises .
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• The science of alchemy arose a century later , springing from the practice of metallurgy . By 300 ,
alchemy had acquired an overlay of secrecy and symbolism that obscured the advantages of
experimentation .
• Six leading culture groups existed during the middle ages : the Latin West , the Greek East , the
Chinese , the East Indian , the Arabic , and the Mayan .
• The Latin group contributed little to science before the 13th century , the Greek never rose above
paraphrases of ancient learning , and the Mayan had no influence on the growth of science .
• Chinese solved algebraic equations by means of matrices , and with the use of the arithmetic triangle .
• Chinese innovations such as processes for manufacturing paper and gunpowder , the use of printing ,
and the mariner’s compass had great impact in Europe .
• The formulation of the so – called Hindu – Arabic numerals and the conversion of trigonometry to a
quasi – modern form were the important contribution of India to Science .
• The Scientific method led to advances in optics and kinematics that paved the way for Galileo and the
German astronomer Johannes Kepler .
• The black death and the Hundred Years ‘ War disrupted scientific progress for more than a century . A
revival came in the 16th century.
• The work of French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier opened the revolution in quantitative chemistry
.
• The most comprehensive of the biological theories was the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin in
his “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” (1859) .
• Quantum Theory and relativity shocked physicists. Quantum mechanics dealt with statistical inferences
relating to large numbers of individual events.
• In 1927 the German physicist Werner Heisenberg formulated the uncertainty principle, which stated the
impossibility of predicting with precision, that a particle such as an electron would be in a certain place
at a certain time , moving at a certain velocity .

VII . Some Notes in Earth Science

• The study of Planet Earth, its history , its changes , and its place in the universe .
• With initial temperature after the big bang of 10 9 K, fundamental particles produced had too much
Kinetic energy to bind together .
• The universe began with the big bang which sent matter and energy exploding off in every direction.
• There are three main types of Galaxies : elliptical , spiral and irregular . The constellations are group of
star.
• Star is born within a nebula and emits its own light produced through thermonuclear reaction or fusion
of hydrogen atoms to Helium .
• A nebula is a huge cloud of gases and dust. Size of the star ranges from huge supergiants to tiny
neutron star.
• A star has a life cycle – formation of Protostar, main sequence star , red giant , white dwarf and black
hole or neutron star .
• The sun is a star and is the center of our solar system (a member of Galaxy Milky Way).
• Planets demonstrate three types of motion
1. Revolution : around the sun which results to different seasons in a year .
2. Rotation : around its axis results to night and day
3. Precision : slight movement , over a period of 26,000 years , of the Earth’s axis with minor effects on
seasons but causes positions of seasons to move slightly each year among the constellations .
• Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are terrestrial planets.
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are “ gas giants “ .
• Pluto is the outermost planet, moon – sized and ice – covered.

VIII . Some Notes in Chemistry

• Is the study of matter, Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space .
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• There are different kinds of matter as shown in the chart below.

• Elements form compounds. The products of chemistry abound at home. Examples are toothpaste,
detergents, shampoos, soaps, bleaching agents, fabric softeners, colognes, perfumes, lotions, and more.
• Each kind of matter has its own properties(chemical or physical)
• Matter changes. It may be physical, chemical or nuclear. Change may release o absorb energy. These
changes can be observed while cooking meat, burning wood, melting ice and bleaching stain.
• Matter is seldom found in nature in pure form. It usually occurs as mixture. There are many ways of
separating components of mixture.
• The separation of mixture may be physical, chemical, or both.. The techniques of separating mixtures are
based on the properties of matter. A good example is separating iron fillings from sulfur through the use
of magnet. This technique is anchored on the magnetic property of iron. Fillings cling to the magnets,
leaving behind the sulfur powder.
• Matter may exist as solid, liquid or gas, According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, all forms of matter are
composed of small, rapidly moving particles

MATTER

Homogenous Heteroeneous

Substance Solution Suspension Colloid

Element Compound

Metal Non-Metal
Non-Metal Non-Metal Non-Metal

Seme-Metal
• Inorganic Organic

• Shapes, volumes, and ability to flow; tension and rate of evaporation are influenced by the attraction
between particles..
• The particles of gases are far form each other. The attraction between particles of gases is weak. The
weak forces allow rapid, independent movement of particles. These Gases can be compressed.
• The Behaviour of gases are controlled by pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles.
• Particles of solid and liquid are tightly packed and three is every little space. Thus, solid and liquid are
incompressible.
• The basic unit of matter is atom. Democritus portrayed an atom as indivisible and indestructible
particle.
• Dalton formulated the Atomic Theory :
1. All elements are composed of atoms
2. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible particles
3. Atoms of the same elements are exactly alike
4. Atoms of different elements are different
5. Compounds are formed by joining of atoms of two or more elements
• Today atoms are known to possess subatomic particles – electron , proton , and neutron .
• The mass of the atom is in the core called nucleus which is composed of positively charged proton and
neutral neutron . The nucleus is positively charged and around it is mostly an empty space where
electrons are located . The electrons are found in a specific energy level .
• Louis de Broglie portrayed an atom to possess particle and wave nature .
• There are forces in the atom – electromagnetic force , strong force , weak force , and gravity .
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• Elements are grouped according to properties . The effort led to the chart of elements called periodic
table . It was prepared by the Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev in 1869 and
independently by the German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer in 1870 .
• Today three conventions of periodic table are known – European , American ( being adopted in the
Phil. ) and IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) .
• The periodic table brought order to the known elements and indicated where new elements would be
found and what their properties would be .
• The periodic law states that properties of elements occur at regular interval and are functions of the
atomic number of elements ( number of protons present in the nucleus )
• The link between atoms in a compound is called chemical bond . Chemical bond is formed through
electron transfer ( ionic ) or sharing of electrons ( covalent ) . Chemical bonds are either ionic or
covalent .

IX . Some Notes in Physics

• Is the study of forms of energy and the laws of motion .

• Deals with fundamental constituents of the universe , the forces they exert on one another , and the
effects of these forces .
• Average speed of a moving object is the distance covered in a time interval divided by the time interval
.
• Instantaneous speed of an object at a certain moment is the rate at which it is covering distance at that
moment .
• Velocity of an object describes both its speed and its direction of motion .
• Acceleration of an object is the rate at which its velocity changes with time . Changes in direction and
speed are considered accelerations .
• Acceleration of gravity ( g = 9.8 m/s ² )is the acceleration of a freely falling body near the earth’s
surface .
• First Law of Motion : An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will continue in
motion at constant velocity ( constant speed in a straight line ) in the absence of any interaction with
something else .
• Inertia is the tendency of an object to remain at rest or at constant velocity when no net force acts on it .
• Force is any influence that can change the velocity of an object .
• Second Law of Motion : The net force acting on an object equals the product of the mass and the
acceleration of an object . The direction of force is the same as that of the acceleration .
• A Newton is that net force which when applied to a 1– kg mass gives it an acceleration of 1m/s² .
• Mass is quantity of matter but weight is a force which changes with location .
• Third Law of Motion : When an object exerts a force on another object , the second object exerts on the
first a force of the same magnitude but in opposite direction .
• Gas and Liquid are fluids with three properties
1. The force a fluid at rest exerts on the wall of the container and vice versa always act perpendicular to
the walls .
2. An external pressure exerted on a fluid is transmitted uniformly throughtout the volume of fluid (
Pascal’s Law )
3. The pressure on a small surface in a fluid is the same regardless of the orientation of the surface .
• Archimedes laid the foundations of mechanics and Hydraulics . The buoyant force on an object in a
fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces ( Archimedes Principle ) .
• Bernoulli’s Principle : As the speed of a moving fluid ( Liquid or Gas ) increases , the pressure within
that fluid decreases .
• Friction refers to an actual force that arises to oppose relative motion between contacting surfaces .
• Friction reduces efficiency so great efforts are made in industry to minimize through use of lubricant
like grease and oil and device like a wheel .

X . Some Notes in Biology

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• Is the study of life

• Living things respire , shows irritability , move , nourish themselves , grow and develop , excrete
wastes , and reproduce .
Evolution of Life :
• Evolution of life is linked to the physical and chemical evolution of the earth . The life of earth
develop in two phase
1. The chemical evolution of organic molecules , biopolymers , and stems of chemical
reactions were needed to form first protocells ( 1 billion years ago )
2. Biological evolution of single – celled organisms ( prokaryotes and then eukaryotes )
and then multicellular organisms ( 3.7-3.8 billion years ) . Biological evolution occurred
gradually .
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling but is steadily changing
• All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineage .
• Evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transformation of older ones .
• Large differences in anatomical traits that characterize a species originate through the
accumulation of many small incremental changes over a long period of time .
• Natural selection is a creative process that generates novel features from the small individual
variations that occur among organisms in a population .
Chemistry of Life
• Water is an important biomolecule .
• Living things are made up of organic molecules like carbohydrates , lipids , proteins , and
nucleic acids .
• Chemical reactions rearrange matter . Chemical reaction either store or release energy .
• Biochemical reactions in the body are controlled by enzymes . Enzymes speed up the chemical
reaction in the cell by lowering energy barriers .
• Environment affects enzymes action . Pesticides and antibiotics in the environment of the cell
are some enzymes inhibitors .

Bioenergetics
• Biological systems need energy . Two Laws govern energy conversion (Thermodynamics) .
The First Law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy which is mentioned
under notes in Physics .
• Energy can be transformed to other forms but cannot be destroyed nor created .
• The second Law of thermodynamics states that energy conversion reduces the order of the
universe . Conversion of chemical energy to kinetic energy is accompanied by an increase in
disorder or randomness . The amount of disorder is called entropy .
• Adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of a living system .
• Green plants and photosynthetic bacteria make food through photosynthesis .
• In green plants , photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts .
• Chemosynthetic microorganisms make food using energy released during chemical reactions .
• Cellular respiration , which occurs in the mitochondrion , produces ATP ( Adenosine
Triphosphate ) .
• Food supplies organisms with molecules as raw materials for repair , growth and development
of body tissues . Molecules can be oxidized in respiration and acts a sources of energy .
• Food includes Carbohydrates , Lipids , Proteins , Vitamins , Minerals , and Fiber .
Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells . Cells come from pre – existing cells .
• Cells are the basic unit of living organisms bounded by plasma membrane and contain genetic
material and other structures to perform the functions .
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• Cells may be prokaryotic or Eukaryotic .

• Cells combine to form tissues . Tissues combine to form organs and organs form organ systems
.
• Animal organ systems are coordinated by nervous and endocrine system .
• Plant organ systems allow great efficiency through division of labor .
• Substances move in and out of the cell through passive transport , active transport ,
Phagocytosis , Exocytosis , Endocytosis .
Cellular basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
• Like begets like
• Hereditary units , genes , are found in the chromosomes .
• A chromosome is a packed chromatin fiber . A chromatin fiber is DNA coated with proteins .
• The Human cell has 46 chromosomes . 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes . Chromosomes
come in pairs called Homologous chromosomes . The pair carries different versions of genes .
• Cells reproduce through cell division – nuclear and cytoplasmic . Mitosis and meiosis are
nuclear division . As the cell divides the genes are passed on to the next generation .
• A change in number of chromosomes or structures of chromosomes leads to abnormalities .
• Growth factors are main signals to promote and control cell division .
• If the control system of cell cycle gets out of control , cancer cells develop and produce
malignant tumors .
Patterns of Inheritance
• Mendel noted the patterns of inheritance : Law of Independent Assortment and Law of
Segregation .
• A single characteristics may be under the influence of many genes . Genes on the same
chromosomes have tendencies to be inherited together .
• Chromosomes Theory : Genes are located on the chromosomes and the behavior of the
chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for the inheritance patterns .
• Technologies have been developed for early detection of hereditary disorders .

XII . Impact of Science Society

• Improved means of transportation and communications .

• New substances that are better than natural ones or replace them cheaply .
• New materials with novel uses began to appear .
• Alternative sources of energy had been explored and utilized commercially .

XIII. The flaws of Science

• Science brought forth bad effects .

The first publicized incident due to carelessness or lack of knowledge is the Famous
Love Canal in Niagara Falls .
The extremely high levels of dioxin in the solid of Times Beach , Missouri led to the
relocation of 2000 people and purchase of the entire town of times Beach by EPA .
In Dec. 1984 , a liquid chemical called methyl isocyanate overheated in a storage tank at
Union Carbide Company chemical plant in Bhopal , India . A poisonous gas entered the
atmosphere and caused death of thousands of Indian people who lived in the vicinity of
the plant .
The burning of oil wells and oil spills into the sea in the middle east during the Persian
Gulf War brought havoc in the environment .
It has also become apparent that the accumulation of pesticides , by products from
manufacturing processes , metal ions , and other pollutant in cells are often damaging to
the organisms .

XIV. Coping up with the Liabilities of Science

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• New fields of study like the environmental sciences and ecology came into the picture to provide
awareness of consequences of using scientific knowledge.
• In 1971, some people started talking about sustainable development. Some of the strategies for
sustainable development are :
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1. Environmental education
2. Price tag for our natural
resources
3. Proper zoning
4. Community participation
5. Establishment of national
park and other protected
areas
6. Proper harvest time of bio-
diversities
7. Proper land management
reforestation etc.
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• In 1988, Montreal protocol wherein producers of Freon would be out of circulation by

Year 2000.
• The Earth summit was held in 1992 in Brazil which produced a document of 800 pages
named as Agenda 21. The document indicated he mechanism to repair the damaged
environment.
• The by-word today is sustainable development. Sustainable development allows the
present generation to meet its need without compromising the needs of tomorrow’s
generation Sustainable development is a shared responsibility.

PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

1.When Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was constructed, people went to the streets to demonstrate
and voice their fears about the operation. What was the most feared consequence of its operation?

A. Leak of radioactive substance into the environment

B. Disposal of radioactive wastes
C. The site is near a major fault
D. Thermal pollution in water

Choice B: is the most feared. Radioactive wastes are dangerous because its is a mixture of
fragments from the original fuel. Such fragments are also radioactive an capable of generation
more energy. We cannot just throw away the wastes anywhere. It requires special means to
dispose radioactive wastes.

Choice A: This is not possible because the building passed the international standard set by the
international Atomic Energy Commission.

Choice C: It is a problem. The site is near a minor fault, so there is a probability for earthquake
to occur. But the building was designed to withstand certain intensity level.

Choice D: It is a problem. Water temperature increase around the secondary loop pipe with hot
water. Based on water current, heat can be dissipated without affecting greatly the water
ecosystem.
2. You are told to protect life forms in the environment. Which of the following should you do?

A. Pouch on eggs of birds

B. Keep to well-worn pathway
C. Dump garbage into a river or land
D. Pick flowers you see in parks and field

Choice B: is a good action to take. There are no plants or animals because it is often used.
There, you do not destroy any life form.

Choice A: Eggs are reproductive propagules of birds. If not allowed to hatch, there will
be no off-springs. This may lead to extinction of the organism.

Choice C: This causes water pollution and harms the organism in the system.

Choice D: Flowers are reproductive organs of the plant. If flowers are removed, then the
reproductive process of the plant is hampered. Fruits are not produced. No fruits means no
harvest.

3. Mercury ia one of the many metal pollutants. The metal is used in clinical thermometer. Most
families with infants and children are encouraged to keep clinical thermometer. Since the container
is glass, it may break accidentally. What will you do with mercury that spills out of a broken
thermometer?

A. Put them together in you hand and play with them.

B. Put them together and leave them in the corner to dry.
C. Put them together an dump them into the garbage basket
D. Put them together, sprinkle them with sulfur and bury tem under the ground
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The correct action is D.. Mercury is volatile and reacts with sulfur to produce mercuric sulfide is
no longer volatile.

Option A: There are pores in the skin. Mercury can pass through the skin pores and enter
the circulatory system. So, do not play with it.

Option Band C. Mercury is volatile. Through time, the metal evaporates into the air. A
drop of mercury liquid increases the mercury concentration in air by 30 times.

4. Eric and Carla met in a party. They fell in love at first meeting which ended in
marriage. Their off –springs have blood types A, B, AB, and O. what were blood types of
Eric and Carla?

A. Eric is IAIA and Carla is IBIB is IBIO

B. Eric is IOIO and Carla is IAIB is IOIo
C.
TheEric is IAanswer
correct IB and Carla A o
is D. s I I
D. Eric is IAIO and Carla
E. Eric is IBIO and Carla

The correct answer is D.

Blood types of parents indicated in Choice A, B, C, and e will never produce offspring
with all the four blood types.

Let us look at the blood types mentioned in choice D.

IAIO (Eric) X IBIO(Carla)

Gametes IA IO IBIO(meiosis)

Off-spring
Genotypes IAIB IBIO IAIO IOIO
(Fertilization)

Blood types AB B A O

5.Every time rain pours in the metropolis , water floods most streets . Anyone who
drives a vehicle in flooded streets avoids stepping on the brake . Why should a
driver avoid stepping on the brake ?

a) The wheel gets dirty c) Air may enter the brake drum
b) The brake fluid may leak d) Water may enter the brake drum ?

Option A. This an aesthetic reason that got nothing to do with the operation of the brake .

Option B. If there is no eroded part of the brake , then the brake fluid does not leak out .
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Option C. Since the wheel of the vehicle is under water , then not enough air enters the
brake drum .

Option D. Every time a driver steps on the brake , there is a tendency for water to enter
the brake drum . The brake fluid is no longer pure . Thus , viscosity of the liquid changes . This
changes also compressibility . The brake may not work when a driver needed it most .

6. Salt is a very important substance . It has many uses . The source of salt is seawater .
Which is evaporated in the presence of heat . Paran̄aque and Pangasinan are famous for
Salt making . The table salt coming from Pangasinan is very fine . Why ?

a) The salt water used in Paran̄aque is full of dirt which affects the formation of
salt crystals .
b) The salt water used in Pangasinan is clean . Thus , no pollutant affects the
crystallization process .
c) The heat source for evaporating seawater in Paran̄aque is the sun . Thus ,
crystallization is .
d) The source for evaporating seawater in Pangasinan is fire . Formation of crystal
is fast .
Option A and B : Even if contaminants are present in water , salt crystals form .
Crystallization is used to separate components in a mixture .

Option C. If evaporation process is slow , crystals formed can rearrange tp form large
crystals .

Option D. If crystallization is fast , crystals formed are fine because there is no time for
crystals to rearrange .

7. During new moon of every month , the moon is in direct line between the earth and the sun .
The moon casts a shadow on the earth . This produces solar eclipse . However , solar eclipse
does not occur every month . Instead , solar eclipse occurs twice a year . Why ?

a) The moon is smaller than the earth .

b) The shadow of the moon misses the earth because the orbit of the moon lies exactly
on the plane of the earth’s orbit .
c) The shadow of the moon misses the earth because the orbit of the moon is inclined 5
degrees to the plane that contains earth and sun .
d) Solar eclipse is left unobserved by people in well – lighted cities and therefore not
recorded .
The correct option is C . The moon is between the earth and the sun during new moon of
each month . The orbit of the moon is inclined 5 degrees to the plane that contains the earth and
sun . The shadow of the moon misses the earth . Thus , no solar eclipse occurs every month . It
occurs only when the moon’s orbit crosses the plane of ecliptic .

Option A. No matter how small an object is , it can still cast a shadow on another object
if the small object is between another object and the light source lies in a straight line .

Option B. The shadow of the moon does not miss the earth if the orbit of the moon lies
exactly along the plane of the earth’s orbit .

Option D. No matter how lighted the place is , solar eclipse can be detected by
instruments and is reported to the public .

PART III : PROCESSING MORE ITEMS

1. Carlo wants to find out the consequence of water in composting kitchen wastes .
Which of the following should he add to the kitchen wastes in his composting
basket ?
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a. Soil c. A & B
b. Water d. None
2. Maria is interested on the effect of sunlight in the germination of plant seeds .
What is the independent variable if she will conduct research ?
a. Soil c. Water
b. Sunlight d. Seed germination
3. The idea that the variety of organisms come from single – celled ancestor was
postulated by
a. Oparin c. Darwin
b. Pasteur d. Spallanzani
4. Which of the following substances is the carrier of inheritance instructions ?
a. Lipid c. Nucleic Acid
b. Protein d. Carbohydrates
5. Which statement is NOT true about enzymes ?
a. Enzymes are used up in the chemical reaction they catalyzed .
b. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions making it happen .
c. Enzymes are always protein in chemical nature .
d. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions .
6. Radiation has been used in medicine as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool . Which
of the following worries doctors and geneticists most ?
a. The secondary , tertiary , and quaternary structures of the proteins in our body
are opened .
b. Reactive substances are formed which attacked important biomolecules .
c. Carbohydrates in the synovial fluids is degraded
d. A portion of the genetic material is damaged .
7. Reactions in our body require energy . Which of the following is the most
possible source of energy ?
a. GTP c. ATP
b. TTP d. CTP
8. Worn out cellular organelles of cells are disposed off by using the
a. Secretory vesicles
b. Lysosomes
c. Vacuoles
d. Palsmodesmata
9. During summer , market vendors sprinkle fruits and vegetables regularly with
water __________
a. To keep the minerals
b. To maintain the taste
c. To preserve the vitamins
d. To replenish lost water
10. A young wife became emotionally distressed . The distress was due to fear of
unwanted pregnancy . What will a doctor do to alleviate the fear ?
a. Prescribe diazepam and wait to see if she misses her next menstrual period .
b. Use ultrasonography to document pregnancy .
c. Order a laboratory assays for serum progesterone .
d. Order a laboratory assay for serum human chorionic gonadotropin .
11. Dengue is one of the problems the country faces today . Which of the following is
associated with the disease ?
a. Water present in the flower vase
b. Water that accumulates in the banana
c. Water in the stagnant and dirty canal
d. Mosquitoes that bite during the night .
12. Why do people like to stay in places along bodies of water during summer ?
a. It is cool during the day and warm at night .
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b. It is warm during the day and cool at night .

c. It is vacation time .
d. None of the above .
13. Why are there frequent earthquakes in the Philippines ?
a. Because of volcanic eruptions
b. Because of many test bomb explosions
c. Because of rock falls from mountains and damaged areas
d. Because of the movements of huge unstable rock layers underneath
14. The ocean phenomenon El Nin̄o increases temperature every two years in the
equatorial Pacific off South America . What is most affected c?
a. Ocean currents and trade winds
b. Climate , ocean patterns , drought
c. Lives of fishes and birds
d. Food production
15. Water is a poor conductor of electricity . When someone happens to step into
flooded streets with a down electric post , he gets electrocuted . Why ?
a. Street water is very dirty
b. Street water is very shallow
c. Street water contains charged particles
d. None of the above
16. Erika loves green mangoes . One day she over – ate them and experienced
stomach trouble . Which of the following should she take to relieve the pain ?
a. Salt c. Milk
b. Sugar d. Alkaseltzer
17. Which of the following prevents or lessens rusting metals ?
a. Put oil on moving parts of machines
b. Kepp surface of metals dry
c. Paint cars and building
d. All of the above
18. You accidentally spill hot cooking oil on your arm , which of the following
should you do ?
a. Apply oil on the affected area
b. Dip your arm in ice – cold water
c. Apply toothpaste in the affected area
d. Place your arm inside the freezer of the refrigerator
19. During long hot summer months , the Philippine Air force pilots are ordered to
spray silver iodide crystals into the atmosphere . What is the silver iodide for ?
a. It makes air denser
b. It reacts with water in air to form clouds and rain falls
c. It cools the air quickly that makes cloud to fall as rain
d. It serves as nuclei for cloud formation which eventually fall as rain
20. Which of the following hastens global warning ?
a. Gases emitted by industries and vehicles
b. Microbial decomposition
c. Deforestation
d. All of the above

21. Carbonated beverages are bottled under great carbon dioxide pressure . They are
likeable to drink when cold . Why ?
a. More oxygen gas goes into solution
b. Less oxygen gas goes into solution
c. More carbon dioxide goes into solution
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d. Less carbon dioxide goes into solution.

22. Aerosol products carry a warning signal like “keep in cool dry place” Why ?
a. The container is a metal which is a good conductor of heat
b. The substance inside the container is very volatile
c. A fixed amount of gas which may expand is kept inside a fixed volume or
space .
d. None of the above
23. Which is the best time to buy a pair of shoes ?
a. Morning
b. Afternoon
c. Anytime
d. None of the above
24. Which of the following statements best describes what happens when the roof of a
house blows off during strong typhoons ?
a. The force of the wind pushes it off .
b. The wind creates a reduced pressure inside the house .
c. The wind creates a high pressure inside the house .
d. The wind drives the roof into vibrational resonance .
25. You and your friend are waiting for a MRT train . Your friend stands near the
edge of the subway platform . You inform him that it is dangerous to stand near
the edge of a subway platform when a train whizzes . What is the principles you
will use to explain to a friend ?
a. Newton’s Law of Motion
b. Archimedes Principle
c. Bernoulli’s Principle
d. Henry’s Law

KEY ON NATURAL SCIENCE

1. A6. D 11. A 16. D 21. C

2. B 7. C 12. A 17. D 22. C

3. A 8. B 13. D 18. B 23. B

4. C 9. D 14. D 19. D 24. B

5. A 10. C 15. C 20. D 25. C