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 An electrocardiograph, in its simplest form, is a

voltmeter (galvanometer) that records the


changing electrical activity in the heart by means
of + ve & – ve electrodes.
 Electrocardiography = Process of recording these
changing potential differences.
Purposes of the ECG

• To detect arrhythmias
• To monitor patient under anesthesia
• To find cause of syncope
• To detect electrolyte imbalances
• To detect heart enlargement
• To evaluate therapy
• To evaluate prognosis
• To evaluate progression of disease
Limitations of the ECG:

• Only tells electrical activity


• Does not tell how heart is pumping
• Wide variety of animals and sizes within
species
• Positioning important
Holter Monitor:
Hand-held, wireless ECG & real time computer display
(Courtesy: www.vmedtech.com)
Positioning, Lead placement and
Recording of ECG
Patient Positioning: Dogs
Cats :
Cattle:
STANDARD BIPOLAR LEADS:

Lead I - Right arm (-) compared with left arm (+)

Lead II - Right arm (-) compared with left leg (+)

Lead III - Left arm (-) compared with left leg (+)

The standard leads are especially useful for studying

abnormalities in the P-QRST-T deflections, diagnosing cardiac

arrhythmias and determining the mean electrical axis.


AUGMENTED UNIPOLAR LIMB LEADS:

Lead aVR - Right arm (+) compared with left arm and left leg (-)

Lead aVL - Left arm (+) compared with right arm and left leg (-)

Lead aVF - Left leg (+) compared with right and left arm (-)

These leads are useful for determining the mean electrical axis or the

position of heart and confirming the information obtained from other leads.
Placement of the Chest leads:
Formation of the ECG wave
Parts of the ECG:

• P Wave

• PR interval

• QRS Complex

• Q-T interval

• T wave
Normal Small Animal ECG:
Normal cattle ECG:
Analysis of the ECG:
Measurement of Waves:
Measurement of the waves:
Mean Electrical Axis:
Mean Electrical Axis:
Artifacts on ECG:

• 60 cycle

• Movement

• Changes in position
60 cycle / Electric interference:
Patient movement:
Classification of Normal Rhythms:

• Sinus rhythm

• Sinus arrhythmia

• Wandering pacemaker
Sinus Rhythm
Classification of abnormal
rhythms
(Arrhythmia)
Cardiac Causes:

• Hereditary arrhythmias

• Acquired heart disease

• Atrial disease

• Ventricular disease
Non-cardiac Causes:

• Hypoxia
• Acid base imbalances
• Electrolyte abnormalities
• Drugs
• Mechanical stimulation
• Systemic diseases
Classifications:

1) Rate

2) Origin

3) Timing

4) Other
1. Classification by rate:
Tachyarrhythmia:

• > 160 BPM in large dogs

• > 180 BPM in toy dogs

• > 220 BPM in puppies and cats

Bradyarrhythmia:

• < 70 BPM in all small animals


2. Classification by Origin:

• Supra-ventricular

• Ventricular
3. Classification by Timing:

• Premature

• Escape
4. Classification – Others:

Conduction disturbances:

• First degree heart block

• Second degree heart block

• Third degree heart block

• AV dissociation
Supra-ventricular Tachycardia (SVT):

1) Atrial premature beats

2) Atrial tachycardia (PAT)

3) Atrial Flutter

4) Atrial Fibrillation
1. Atrial Premature Beats (APCs)

• Short R - R interval

• P wave of premature beat is different

• QRS complex normal width

• No pauses
2. Atrial Tachycardia:
• 3 - 4 APCs in a row

• Worsening of underlying problem

• May come and go

• Animals are usually symptomatic


4. Atrial fibrillation:

• Most common arrhythmia in cattle

• Absence of P waves, presence of f waves, ventricular tachycardia with irregular rhythm

• Atria remain distended & vibrate due to numerous independent fronts of depolarization

• CHF unlikely

• Functional - 2º to other abnormalities (GI disturbances, electrolyte abnormalities,

pulmonary disease, brain disease)

• Most cases are functional

• May be paroxysmal or established

• May convert to normal sinus rhythm (NSR) spontaneously


Ventricular Arrhythmias:

• Ventricular premature beats (VPCs)

• Ventricular tachycardia

• Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular Premature Complex
(VPC):
• Short R-R interval

• QRS is wide and bizarre

• P waves present

• Compensatory pause
• 3 - 4 or more VPCs in a row

• Uni-focal versus multifocal


• Incompatible with life
Escape Beats:

• Junctional

• Ventricular
Conduction Disturbances:

• Heart blocks

• Pre-excitation
Standard Textbooks on Veterinary Cardiology:

1. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Cardio-respiratory Medicine

2. Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology by Tilley

3. Small Animal Cardiology by Nelson

4. Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice by

Philip R. Fox

5. Cardiovascular Disease in Small Animal Medicine by Wendy A. Ware


Web resources for Veterinary Cardiology:

http://www.martindalecenter.com/Vet.html

www.vetgo.com/cardio/index.php

http://www.vmth.ucdavis.edu/cardio/cases/

http://www.vetvisions.com/p411.htm

http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/clinsci/callan/index.html

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/newsmcardiac/default.htm

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/lgcardiac/index.html
Surprise
Quiz
Across:
2.The precursor of thrombocytes found in bone marrow is termed as? (13)
8.This is a most common liver finding in a chronic anorectic obese cat (9)
10.The ECG wave generates at this node (10)
13.Cellular debris in the urine is termed as? (4)
14.This is the commonly used test for detecting urine protein (7)
16.Mean Electrical Axis measures the cardiac vector in __________ plane. (7)
19.The foramen used to collect CSF in small animals is? (13)
21.The most common Bovine disease causing lymphadenopathy in the Large Animal
Medicine ward is? (12)
24.This is the common test used in detecting urine ketones (8)
25.The most common biopsy needle used for organ tissue sampling is? (6)
26.This lead system is commonly used for recording ECG in cattle (8)
28.This is the common test used to detect urine glucose (9)
29.Name of the famous cardiac triangle (9)
Down:
1.It is the derivative from the urinary excretory salts (7)
3.Anticoagulant used for blood collection in Medicine ward is? (4)
4.The biopsy needle YOU used for bone marrow aspiration is called as? (9)
5.Incompatible blood groups transfusion results in? (11)
6.The dog is kept in ____________recumbency for recording ECG (5)
7.It is the preservative used for tissues (8)
8.A neoplasm in which all lymph nodes are greatly enlarged. (8)
9.It is the color of the ring formed in positive Ross test (6)
11.Irregular heart beat is termed as___________ (10)
12.Term used to denote the faster heart rate (11)
15.It is the preservative used for URINE sample (9)
17.Other name of electrical interference artifact is? (7)
18.The term used to denote increased nucleated cells in the CSF (11)
20.This is the main electrolyte which can be assessed through ECG (9)
22.This monitor is used for continuous evaluation of ECG (6)
23.Fainting due to cardiac reasons is termed as_______. (7)
27.This is the common biopsy technique for SKIN (5)

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