TUTORIAL # 3 SOLUTIONS MATRIX FORMULATION OF

THE FLEXIBILITY METHOD

1 FUNDAMENTALS
(a) Write down the two fundamental equations of the flexibility method.
(b) Use the above two fundamental equations to derive the four standard equations used
to obtain the solution of any structure.
(c) Define all the symbols used in the above six equations.
(d) How is the equilibrium matrix evaluated?
(e) What is a compatibility matrix?

Solution 1 (a)
The two fundamental equations of the flexibility method are:
[F] [P] = [∆] ………………… Eqn 1
[FM ] = [b] [P] ……………..…. Eqn 2

Solution 1 (b)
Eqn 1 is written in partitioned matrix format as

[f11] [f12] [P1] [∆1]

= ……...…………... Eqn 3
[f21] [f22] [P2] [∆2]

Expanding Eqn 3 we obtain

[f11][P1] + [f12][P2] = [∆1] ……………………………… Eqn 4
and [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] = [∆2] …………………………...… Eqn 5

The redundant forces [P1] are obtained by re-arranging and solving Eqn 4
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] ………………….…….…….. Eqn 6
The displacements [∆2] are obtained by back-substituting the sub-vector [P1] into Eqn 5
[∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] …………..…………...……… Eqn 7

Eqn 2 is written in partitioned matrix format as

[FM] [b1M] [b2M] [P1]

= ………… Eqn 8
[RS] [b1R] [b2R] [P2]

The member-end forces and support reactions are obtained by expanding Eqn 8
[FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2] …………………….. Eqn 9
[RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] ……..……….……… Eqn 10

Eqns 6, 7, 9 and 10 are the four standard equations used to obtain the solution of any structure

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 Solution 1 (c)
The symbols used in the above equations are defined as follows:
[P] = a column vector of ALL the forces acting on the structure
[∆] = a column vector of ALL the nodal displacements
[F] = the Structure Flexibility Matrix
[FM] = a column vector of ALL the member-end forces.
[b] = the Structure Equilibrium Matrix

[P1] = a column sub-vector of all unknown redundant forces

[∆1] = a column sub-vector of prescribed displacements corresponding to [P1]
[P2] = a column sub-vector of all applied loads corresponding to displaceable dof
[∆2] = a column sub-vector of all unknown displacements corresponding to [P2]
[f11] = flexibility sub-matrix which relates [P1] to [∆1]
[f12] = flexibility sub-matrix which relates [P2] to [∆1]
[f21] = flexibility sub-matrix which relates [P1] to [∆2]
[f22] = flexibility sub-matrix which relates [P2] to [∆2]

[RS] = a column sub-vector of all support reactions

[b1M] = the equilibrium sub-matrix for the redundant forces [P1]
[b1R] = the equilibrium sub-matrix for the reactions corresponding to [P1]
[b2M] = the equilibrium sub-matrix for the applied loads [P2]
[b2R] = the equilibrium sub-matrix for the reactions corresponding to [P2]

Solution 1 (d)
The technique for evaluating the equilibrium matrix is the same for ALL types of structures. The
equilibrium sub-matrices [b1M], [b1R], [b2M] and [b2R] are evaluated by analyzing the released structure
subject to the appropriate unit loads. That is why [b] is called the equilibrium matrix.

Each column of the [b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices is composed of the values of internal member forces
and support reactions that are induced by a unit load corresponding to each redundant force [P1],
acting on the released structure.

Each column of the [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices is composed of the values of internal member forces
and support reactions that are induced by a unit load corresponding to each displaceable degree of
freedom [∆2], acting on the released structure.

Solution 1 (e)
The forces and displacements at the ends of a member act along the member axes system.
Compatibility matrices are transformation matrices which are used to transform the member-end
forces and displacements from the member axes system to the structure axes system.

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2 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
(a) Write down the force displacement relation at the ends of a truss member.
(b) Write down the member flexibility matrix for a truss member.
(c) Write down the unassembled flexibility matrix for a truss with four members.
(d) Write down an expression for the strain energy in terms of [FM ] and [Fu ]
(e) Write down a expression for the external work done in terms of [P] and [∆]
(f) Given that [FM ] = [bM ] [P] and [∆] = [F] [P] and considering an externally redundant
truss derive expressions for the structure flexibility sub-matrices [f11], [f12], [f21] and [f22]
(g) If the truss is internally redundant, write down, without any further derivation, the relevant
expressions for the structure flexibility sub-matrices [f11], [f12], [f21] and [f22]

Solution 2 (a)
The force-displacement relation at the ends of a truss member is given by
j
δij fii fij Fij
= i
δji fji fjj Fji

Solution 2 (b)
The member flexibility matrix for a truss member is given by

L/EA 0
[fm] =
0 L/EA

Solution 2 (c)
The unassembled flexibility matrix for a truss with four members may be written as:

L1/EA1 0 0 0
[Fu ] = 0 L2/EA2 0 0
0 0 L3/EA3 0
0 0 0 L4/EA4

Solution 2 (d)
The strain energy stored in the members of the truss is expressed as
T
U = ½ [FM ] [Fu ] [FM ]

Solution 2 (e)
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as
T
U = ½ [P] [∆]

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 Solution 2 (f)
The strain energy stored in the members of the truss is expressed as U = ½ [FM ]T [Fu ] [FM ] Eqn 1
The member-end forces are related to the applied loads by [FM ] = [bM ][P] ………….…… Eqn 2
The strain energy is obtained by substituting Eqn 2 into Eqn 1
T T T
U = ½ {[bM ] [P]} [Fu ] {[bM ] [P]} = ½ [P] [bM ] [Fu ] [bM ] [P] .………………………. Eqn 3

The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as U = ½ [P]T [∆] ………..….. Eqn 4
The structure displacements are related to the applied loads by [∆] = [F] [P] ……..……… Eqn 5
The external work done is obtained by substituting Eqn 5 into Eqn 4
U = ½ [P]T [F] [P] …………………….…………………………………………………… Eqn 6

The principle of conservation of energy requires that the strain energy must be equal to the external
work done. A comparison of Eqn 3 and Eqn 6 reveals that:
[F] = [bM ]T [Fu] [bM ] …………….………..…………… Eqn 7

Eqn 7 may be written in partitioned matrix format as:

T
[b1M]
[F] = T
[Fu] [b1M b2M] ……………………….…… Eqn 8
[b2M]

Eqn 8 can be expanded to obtain:

T T
[b1M] [Fu] [b1M] [b1M] [Fu] [b2M]
[F] = …………… Eqn 9
[b2M]T [Fu] [b1M] [b2M]T [Fu] [b2M]

The fundamental flexibility equation in partitioned matrix format is written as:

[f11] [f12] [P1] [∆1]

= …………………………… Eqn 10
[f21] [f22] [P2] [∆2]

A comparison of Eqn 9 and Eqn 10 shows that the structure flexibility sub-matrices are given by
[ f11 ] = [b1M ]T [Fu ] [b1M ]
[ f12 ] = [b1M ]T [Fu ] [b2M ]
T
[ f21 ] = [b2M ] [Fu ] [b1M ]
[ f22 ] = [b2M ]T [Fu ] [b2M ]

Solution 2 (g)
If the truss is internally redundant, the structure flexibility sub-matrices are given by
T
[ f11 ] = [b1M ] [Fu2 ] [b1M ] + [Fu1 ]
[ f12 ] = [b1M ]T [Fu2 ] [b2M ]
[ f21 ] = [b2M ]T [Fu2 ] [b1M ]
T
[ f22 ] = [b2M ] [Fu2 ] [b2M ]

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 3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
(a) Outline the standard procedure for the analysis of trusses
(b) Analyse the truss shown below and determine all member forces, all support reactions and
3
all nodal displacements. Take EA = 42.86x10 kN, for all members. No support yield.
(c) Repeat (b) above if support B yields by 2.8 mm horizontally to the right.
40 kN C
Member Forces (b) Member Forces (c)
FAC = – 25 kN FAC = – 25 kN

1.5 m
FAD = 0 FAD = 30 kN
FBC = –75 kN A FBC = –75 kN
D B
FBD = 0 FBD = 30 kN
FCD = 60 kN 60 kN FCD = 60 kN

2m 2m

Solution 3 (a)
The standard procedure for the analysis of trusses may be outlined as follows:
1. Number the nodes and all displaceable dof. Define the released structure
2. Define the input and output vectors [P1], [∆1], [P2], [∆2], [FM] and [RS].
3. Write down the unassembled SFM [Fu].
4. Evaluate the equilibrium sub-matrices [b1M], [b1R], [b2M] and [b2R].
5. Evaluate the structure flexibility sub-matrices [f11], [f12], [f21] and [f22].
6. Evaluate the redundant forces [P1] using the equation [f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2]
7. Evaluate all nodal displacements [∆2] using the equation [∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2]
8. Evaluate the member forces [FM] using the equation [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]
9. Evaluate the support reactions [RS] using the equation [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2]
10. Draw the Output diagram.

Solution 3 (b) [Example 1]

Let HB be the
Step 1: Node numbers, Dof numbers and Released structure redundant force
40 kN 1 d1 40 kN 1 d1
Node Numbers
X X
And Y d2 Released d2
Y
Dof Numbers Structure
2 2 4
3 4 3
d3 d3
60 kN 60 kN
d4 d4

Step 2: Input and Output Vectors [P1] and [∆1] must correspond; [P2] and [∆2] must correspond
[P1] = [ HB ] F1-2
40 d1 HA
[∆1] = [ 0 ] [FM] = F1-3
[P2] = 0 [∆2] = d2 [RS] = VA
since there is no F1-4
0 d3 VB
support yield F2-3
60 d4
F2-4

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Step 3: Unassembled SFM [fii j = L/EA] Entries in [Fu] must correspond with entries in [FM ].
2
Member Flexibilities: Member 1-2: f11 = 3/2EA 1-2 3/2 0 0 0 0
3
Member 1-3: f11 = 5/2EA [Fu] = 1-3 0 5/2 0 0 0
Member 1-4: f114 = 5/2EA {1/EA} 1-4 0 0 5/2 0 0
3
Member 2-3: f22 = 2/EA 2-3 0 0 0 2 0
4
Member 2-4: f22 = 2/EA 2-4 0 0 0 0 2

Step 4: Equilibrium Sub-matrices HB

[b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1] 1-2 0
HB
1 [b1M] = 1-3 0
HA –1
[HB] 1-4 0

1.5 m
0 0 [b1R] = VA 0
0 2-3 1
VB 0
1 3 1 1 4 1 2-4 1
2

Entries in [b1M] must correspond to entries in [FM].

0 0
2m 2m Entries in [b1R] must correspond to entries in [RS]

Step 4 Contd: [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each displaceable dof

1 1 1
[d1] 1
[d2]
1.5 m

5/8 -5/8

1.5 m
0 -5/6 -5/6
0
1 3 1/2 2 1/2 4 3 2/3 2 2/3 4

2m 2m 3/8 2m 2m
3/8 1/2 1/2
1
[d3] 1
1.5 m

0 0 [d4]
0
1.5 m

-5/6 -5/6
3 4 1
1 2 0
1 3 2/3 2 2/3 4
1
2m 2m
1
2m 2m
1/2 1/2
d1 d2 d3 d4
1-2 0 0 0 1
[b2M] = 1-3 5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6
d1 d2 d3 d4
1-4 –5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6 HA –1 0 –1 0
2-3 1/2 2/3 1 2/3 [b2R] = VA –3/8 1/2 0 1/2
2-4 1/2 2/3 0 2/3 VB 3/8 1/2 0 ½
Note: [b2M] must correspond to [FM] Entries in [b2R] must correspond to entries in [RS]

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Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices
T
[f11] = [b1M] [Fu][b1M] = [0 0 0 1 1] 3/2 0 0 0 0 0
0 5/2 0 0 0 0
= 4/EA {1/EA} 0 0 5/2 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0 1
0 0 0 0 2 1

T
[f12] = [b1M] [Fu][b2M] = [0 0 0 1 1] 3/2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 5/2 0 0 0 5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6
{1/EA} 0 0 5/2 0 0 –5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6
0 0 0 2 0 1/2 2/3 1 2/3
= (1/EA)[ 2 8/3 2 8/3] 0 0 0 0 2 1/2 2/3 0 2/3

[f22] = [b2M]T[Fu][b2M] = 0 5/8 –5/8 1/2 1/2 3/2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 –5/6 –5/6 2/3 2/3 0 5/2 0 0 0 5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6
{1/EA} 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5/2 0 0 –5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6
1 –5/6 –5/6 2/3 2/3 0 0 0 2 0 1/2 2/3 1 2/3
0 0 0 0 2 1/2 2/3 0 2/3

T
[f22] = 189/64 4/3 1 4/3 [f21] = [f12] = 2
4/3 21/4 4/3 21/4 8/3
{1/EA} 1 4/3 2 4/3 {1/EA} 2
4/3 21/4 4/3 27/4 8/3

Step 6: Redundant Force 40

[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] 0
(4/EA)P1 = 0 – (1/EA) [ 2 8/3 2 8/3 ] 0
P1 = HB = – 60 kN 60

Step 7: Nodal Displacements [∆2] = [f21][P1] – [f22][P2]

d1 2 189/64 4/3 1 4/3 40 625/8EA
d2 = 8/3 [–60] + 4/3 21/4 4/3 21/4 0 = 625/3EA
d3 {1/EA} 2 {1/EA} 1 4/3 2 4/3 0 0
d4 8/3 4/3 21/4 4/3 27/4 60 895/3EA

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

F1-2 0 0 0 0 1 40 60 kN
F1-3 = 0 [–60] + 5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6 0 = –25 kN
F1-4 0 –5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6 0 –75 kN
F2-3 1 1/2 2/3 1 2/3 60 0
F2-4 1 1/2 2/3 0 2/3 0

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2]

HA –1 –1 0 –1 0 40 20 kN
VA = 0 [–60] + –3/8 1/2 0 1/2 0 = 15 kN
VB 0 3/8 1/2 0 1/2 0 45 kN
60

Step 10: Output Qu 3 (b) C

[Example 1] 40 kN
1.5 m

-75 Displacements
[N] (kN) -25 60 [EA = 42.86x103 kN]
d1 = δC→ = 625/8EA = 1.8 mm
20 A 0 D 0 B 60 d2 = δC↓ = 625/3EA = 4.9 mm
d3 = δD→ = 0
2m 60 kN 2m d4 = δD↓ = 895/3EA = 7.0 mm
15 45

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Solution 3 (c) [Example 2]: Step 2: [∆1] = 120/EA Steps 1, 3, 4 and 5: DITTO Solution 3 (b)

Step 6: Redundant Force 40

[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] 0
(4/EA)P1 = 120/EA – (1/EA) [ 2 8/3 2 8/3 ] 0
P1 = HB = – 30 kN 60

Step 7: Nodal Displacements [∆2] = [f21][P1] – [f22][P2]

d1 2 189/64 4/3 1 4/3 40 1105/8EA
d2 = 8/3 [–30] + 4/3 21/4 4/3 21/4 0 = 865/3EA
d3 {1/EA} 2 {1/EA} 1 4/3 2 4/3 0 60/EA
d4 8/3 4/3 21/4 4/3 27/4 60 1135/3EA

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

F1-2 0 0 0 0 1 40 60 kN
F1-3 = 0 [–30] + 5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6 0 = –25 kN
F1-4 0 –5/8 –5/6 0 –5/6 0 –75 kN
F2-3 1 1/2 2/3 1 2/3 60 30 kN
F2-4 1 1/2 2/3 0 2/3 30 kN

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2]

HA –1 –1 0 –1 0 40 –10 kN
VA = 0 [–30] + –3/8 1/2 0 1/2 0 = 15 kN
VB 0 3/8 1/2 0 1/2 0 45 kN
60

Step 10: Output Qu 3 (c) [Example 2]

40 kN C
[N] Displacements
1.5 m

(kN)
-25
-75 [EA = 42.86x103 kN]
60
A d1 = δC→ = 1105/8EA = 3.2 mm
10 D 30 B 30
30
d2 = δC↓ = 865/3EA = 6.7 mm
60 kN d3 = δD→ = 60/EA = 1.4 mm
15 45 d4 = δD↓ = 1135/3EA = 8.8 mm
2m 2m
∆B→ = 120/EA = 2.8 mm

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 4 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
(a) Outline the properties of the structure flexibility matrix
(b) Analyse the truss shown below and determine all member forces, all support reactions and
3
all nodal displacements. Take EA = 11.44x10 kN, for all members.
(c) Repeat (b) above if member AC was too short by 2.94 mm.

120 kN
B C
Member Forces (b) Member Forces (c)
FAB = –96.67 kN 60 kN FAB = – 99 kN
FAC = 36.11 kN FAC = 40 kN

1.5 m
FAD = 31.11 kN FAD = 28 kN
FBC = 31.11 kN FBC = 28 kN
FBD = –38.89 kN A FBD = –35 kN
D
FCD = –21.67 kN FCD = –24 kN

2m

Solution 4 (a)
The structure flexibility matrix has the following properties:
1. The structure flexibility matrix (SFM) is a square symmetric matrix with positive quantities on
the lead diagonal since positive load cannot cause a corresponding negative displacement.
2. The SFM as a whole is singular because until sufficient and valid boundary conditions are
applied, the structure can deform elastically as well as undergo rigid body motion.
3. Sufficient and valid boundary conditions are applied by partitioning the SFM so as to reflect the
distinct physical divisions of the structural system.
4. The direct flexibility sub-matrices [f11] and [f22] are non-singular square symmetric sub-
matrices with positive quantities on the lead diagonal.
5. The cross flexibility sub-matrices [f12] and [f21] are singular rectangular sub-matrices which are
not necessarily square or symmetric.

Solution 4 (b) [Example 3]: Step 1: Node numbers, Dof numbers and Released Structure

120 kN 120 kN
X 2 60 kN 2 60 kN
1 1 X
d1 d3 d1
d3 Let FAC = F2-4 be
Y Node and Dof d2 the redundant
d2 d4 Y d4
Numbers force
4 3 d5 4 3 d5 Released
Structure

Step 2: Input and Output Vectors

0 d1 F1-2
[P1] = FAC = F2-4 HA
[P2] = 120 [∆2] = d2 [FM] = F1-3
[∆1] = 0 [RS] = VA
60 d3 F1-4
since there is no VD
0 d4 F2-3
lack-of-fit
0 d5 F3-4

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 4
Step 3: Unassembled SFM: Redundant Member: Member 2-4: f22 = 5/2EA [Fu1] = {5/2EA}
Member Flexibilities: Member 1-2: f112 = 2/EA 1-2 2 0 0 0 0
Member 1-3: f113 = 5/2EA [Fu2] = 1-3 0 5/2 0 0 0
[fii j = L/EA] Member 1-4: f114 = 3/2EA {1/EA} 1-4 0 0 3/2 0 0
3
Member 2-3: f22 = 3/2EA 2-3 0 0 0 3/2 0
4
Member 3-4: f33 = 2/EA 3-4 0 0 0 0 2

Step 4: [b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1] -4/5
1 2
FAC
1 1
1-2 –4/5
-3/5
[b1M] = 1-3 1 FAC -3/5
1
1-4 –3/5 HA 0
4 -4/5 3
2-3 –3/5 [b1R] = VA 0
3-4 –4/5 VD 0 [FAC]

Step 4: Contd: [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]

1 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 2 1
1
1

-5/4 0 -5/4
3/4 -1 0 3/4 0
0

4 3
4 1 3 4 0 3 1 1
1 [d1] [d2]
[d3]
3/4 3/4
3/4 1 3/4
1
1 0 0 2 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
2 1
1-2 0 0 1 0 0
[b2M] = 1-3 –5/4 0 –5/4 0 0
0 0 1-4 3/4 –1 3/4 0 0
0 -1 0 0 2-3 0 0 0 –1 0
3-4 1 0 1 0 1
4 0 3 4 1 3

[d4] 1 1 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
[d5]
1 HA –1 0 –1 0 –1
[b2R] = VA –3/4 1 –3/4 0 0
VD 3/4 0 3/4 1 0

T
Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices [f11] = [b1M] [Fu2][b1M] + [Fu1]
= [–4/5 1 –3/5 –3/5 –4/5] 2 0 0 0 0 –4/5 + [5/2EA]
0 5/2 0 0 0 1
{1/EA} 0 0 3/2 0 0 –3/5
= 307/50EA + 5/2EA 0 0 0 3/2 0 –3/5
= 216/25EA 0 0 0 0 2 –4/5

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 [f12] = [b1M]T[Fu2][b2M] = [–4/5 1 –3/5 –3/5 –4/5] 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 5/2 0 0 0 –5/4 0 –5/4 0 0
{1/EA} 0 0 3/2 0 0 3/4 –1 3/4 0 0
= {1/EA}[–27/5 9/10 –7 9/10 –8/5] 0 0 0 3/2 0 0 0 0 –1 0
0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1

[f22] = [b2M]T[Fu2][b2M]
0 –5/4 3/4 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 0 –1 0 0 0 5/2 0 0 0 –5/4 0 –5/4 0 0
{1/EA} 1 –5/4 3/4 0 1 0 0 3/2 0 0 3/4 –1 3/4 0 0
0 0 0 –1 0 0 0 0 3/2 0 0 0 0 –1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1

[f22] 27/4 –9/8 27/4 0 2 [f21] = [f12]T –27/5

= –9/8 3/2 –9/8 0 0 = 9/10
{1/EA} 27/4 –9/8 35/4 0 2 {1/EA} –7
0 0 0 3/2 0 9/10
2 0 2 0 2 –8/5

Step 6: Redundant Force [f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] 0

120
(216/25EA)P1 = 0 – (1/EA) [–27/5 9/10 –7 9/10 –8/5] 60
P1 = F2-4 = FAC =325/9 = 36.11 kN 0
0

Step 7: Nodal Displacements [∆2] = [f21][P1] – [f22][P2]

d1 –27/5 27/4 –9/8 27/4 0 2 0 75/EA
d2 = 9/10 [325/9] + –9/8 3/2 –9/8 0 0 120 = 145/EA
d3 {1/EA} –7 {1/EA} 27/4 –9/8 35/4 0 2 60 1235/9EA
d4 9/10 0 0 0 3/2 0 0 65/2EA
d5 –8/5 2 0 2 0 2 0 560/9EA

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

F1-2 –4/5 0 0 1 0 0 0 31.11 kN
F1-3 = 1 [325/9] + –5/4 0 –5/4 0 0 120 = –38.89 kN
F1-4 –3/5 3/4 –1 3/4 0 0 60 –96.67 kN
F2-3 –3/5 0 0 0 –1 0 0 –21.67 kN
F3-4 –4/5 1 0 1 0 1 0 31.11 kN

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2]

HA 0 –1 0 –1 0 –1 0 –60 kN
VA = 0 [325/9] + –3/4 1 –3/4 0 0 120 = 75 kN
VD 0 3/4 0 3/4 1 0 60 45 kN
0
0

Step 10: Output Qu 4 (b)

120 kN 31.11 C Displacements
[Example 3]
B [EA = 11.44x103 kN]
36.11 60 kN
d1 = δB→ = 75/EA = 6.6 mm
1.5 m

[N] (kN) -96.67 -38.89 -21.67

d2 = δB↓ = 145/EA = 12.7 mm
A 31.11 D d3 = δC→ =1235/9EA = 12.0 mm

60 d4 = δC↓ = 65/2EA = 2.8 mm

75 2m 45 d5 = δD→ = 560/9EA = 5.4 mm

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 11

Solution 4 (c) [Example 4]: Step 1: DITTO Step 2: [∆1] = 33.6/EA Steps 3, 4 and 5: DITTO

Step 6: Redundant Force [f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2]

(216/25)P1 = 33.6 – [–27/5 9/10 –7 9/10 –8/5] 0
120
P1 = F2-4 = FAC = 40 kN 60
0
0

Step 7: Nodal Displacements [∆2] = [f21][P1] – [f22][P2] EA = 11.44 x103 kN

d1 –27/5 27/4 –9/8 27/4 0 2 0 54/EA = δB→ = 4.7 mm
d2 = 9/10 [40] + –9/8 3/2 –9/8 0 0 120 = 297/2EA = δB↓ = 13.0 mm
d3 {1/EA} –7 {1/EA} 27/4 –9/8 35/4 0 2 60 110/EA = δC→ = 9.6 mm
d4 9/10 0 0 0 3/2 0 0 36/EA = δC↓ = 3.1 mm
d5 –8/5 2 0 2 0 2 0 56/EA = δD→ = 4.9 mm

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

F1-2 –4/5 0 0 1 0 0 0 28 kN
F1-3 = 1 [40] + –5/4 0 –5/4 0 0 120 = –35 kN
F1-4 –3/5 3/4 –1 3/4 0 0 60 –99 kN
F2-3 –3/5 0 0 0 –1 0 0 –24 kN
F3-4 –4/5 1 0 1 0 1 0 28 kN

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2]

HA 0 –1 0 –1 0 –1 0 –60 kN
VA = 0 [40] + –3/4 1 –3/4 0 0 120 = 75 kN
VB 0 3/4 0 3/4 1 0 60 45 kN
0
0

Step 10: Output Qu 4 (c)

[Example 4] 120 kN
B 28 C
Displacements
40 60 kN 3
[EA = 11.44x10 kN]
[N] (kN) -35
1.5 m

-99 d1 = δB→ = 54/EA = 4.7 mm

-24
d2 = δB↓ = 297/2EA = 13.0 mm
A 28 D
d3 = δC→ =110/EA = 9.6 mm
60
2m d4 = δC↓ = 36/EA = 3.1 mm
75 45
d5 = δD→ = 56/EA = 4.9 mm

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 12

 5 ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
(a) Write down the force displacement relation at the ends of a beam member.
(b) Derive the member flexibility matrix for a beam member ignoring axial and shear strains.
(c) Write down the unassembled flexibility matrix for a beam with two members.
(d) What are equivalent joint loads? What are free end displacements?
(e) Write down an expression for the strain energy in terms of [FM ], [Fu ] and [δE ]
(f) Write down a expression for the external work done in terms of [P] and [∆]
(g) Given that [FM ] = [bM ] [P] and [∆] = [F] [P] show that the redundant forces [P1] and the
nodal displacements [∆2] are given by the equations:
T E
[f11] [P1] = [∆1] – [f12] [P2] – [b1M] [δ ]
[∆2] = [f21] [P1] + [f22] [P2] + [b2M]T [δE]

Solution 5 (a) j
δij fii fij Fij
The force-displacement relation at the ends of a = i
beam member is given by δji fji fjj Fji

Solution 5 (b)
If axial and shear strains are ignored, the beam member may be modeled as shown below:
The direct flexibility relation at the end i is expressed as F1
F2
δ1 f11 f12 F1 EI L
= Eqn 1 i j
δ2 f21 f22 F2
F1 F2
The strain energy stored in the member is given by: M
2
U = ∫L (M /2EI) dx
i
The bending moment is given by: M = –F1 x – F2 x
The strain energy is therefore given by:
2 2 3 2 2
U = ∫L {(–F1 x – F2) /2EI} dx = F1 L /6EI + F1F2L /2EI + F2 L/2EI Eqn 2
The direct flexibility coefficients in Eqn 1 are evaluated by applying Castigliano’s 2nd theorem on Eqn 2
f11 = ∂2U/∂F12 = L3/3EI f12 = ∂2U/∂F1∂F2 = L2/2EI (By symmetry f21 = f12 = L2/2EI) f22 = ∂2U/∂F22 = L/EI
Since the end j is fixed, the cross flexibility at the end j is zero
Similarly, if the member was fixed at the end i and loaded at the end j it can be sheen that the direct and
cross flexibilities at j are the same as 3 2
L /3EI L /2EI 0 0
at the end i. The member flexibility 2
L /2EI L/EI 0 0
matrix for the beam member is [fm ] = 3 2
0 0 L /3EI L /2EI
therefore given by 2
0 0 L /2EI L/EI

Solution 5 (c)
The unassembled flexibility matrix L3/3EI L2/2EI 0 0
2
[Fu ] = L /2EI L/EI 0 0
for a beam with two members is 3 2
0 0 L /3EI L /2EI
2
written as: 0 0 L /2EI L/EI

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 13

 Solution 5 (d)
Equivalent joint loads are the forces acting at the joints due to the loads applied within the span.
Free end displacements are joint displacements due to the loads applied within the span.

Solution 5 (e)
The strain energy stored in the members of the beam is expressed as
U = ½ [FM ]T [Fu ] [FM ] + ½ [FM ]T [δE ]

Solution 5 (f)
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as U = ½ [P]T [∆]

Solution 5 (g)
The strain energy stored in the members of the beam is expressed as
T T E
U = ½ [FM ] [Fu ] [FM ] + ½ [FM ] [δ ] …………………………………………………. Eqn 1
The member-end forces are related to the applied loads by
[FM ] = [bM ][P] …………………………………………………………………………… Eqn 2
The strain energy is obtained by substituting Eqn 2 into Eqn 1
T T E
U = ½ {[bM ][P]} [Fu ] {[bM ][P]} + ½ {[bM ][P]} [δ ]
T T T T E
= ½ [P] [bM ] [Fu ] [bM ] [P] + ½ [P] [bM ] [δ ] …………………………….….. Eqn 3
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as
U = ½ [P]T [∆] ………………………………………………………………………..….. Eqn 4
A comparison of Eqn 3 and Eqn 4 shows that
T T E
[∆] = [bM ] [Fu ] [bM ] [P] + [bM ] [δ ] ……………………………………………….. Eqn 5
Eqn 5 may be written in partitioned matrix format as:
T T
∆1 b1M P1 b1M
= [Fu ] [b1M b2M] + [δE ] ……………. Eqn 6
∆2 b2MT P2 b2M T

Expanding Eqn 6 we obtain:

[∆1] = [b1M ]T [Fu ] [b1M ] [P1] + [b1M ]T [Fu ] [b2M ] [P2] + [b1M ]T [δE ] …………….... Eqn 7
T T T E
[∆2] = [b2M ] [Fu ] [b1M ] [P1] + [b2M ] [Fu ] [b2M ] [P2] + [b2M ] [δ ] ……………….. Eqn 8
The structure flexibility sub-matrices are given by
[f11] = [b1M]T [Fu] [b1M] [f12] = [b1M]T [Fu] [b2M]
T T
[f21] = [b2M] [Fu] [b1M] [f22] = [b2M] [Fu] [b2M] …………………. Eqns 9
(since there cannot be internally redundant members in a beam)
Substitute [f11] and [f12] from Eqns 9 into Eqn 7 and re-arrange to obtain
T E
[f11] [P1] = [∆1] – [f12] [P2] – [b1M] [δ ] ………………………………………………. Eqn 10
The redundant forces are obtained by solving Eqn 10
Substitute [f21] and [f22] from Eqns 9 into Eqn 8 to obtain
[∆2] = [f21] [P1] + [f22] [P2] + [b2M]T [δE] ……………………………………………….. Eqn 11
The nodal displacements are obtained by back-substituting the evaluated “former” redundant forces
[P1] into Eqn 11.

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 14

6 ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
(a) Outline the standard procedure for the analysis of beams
(b) How is the standard procedure modified in order to account for support yield?
(c) Analyse the beam shown below and determine MA, MB, VA, VB, VC, θB and θC.
3 2
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape. Take EI = 32x10 kNm . No support yield.
(d) Repeat (c) above if support A yields by 64/EI clockwise.

24 kN/m 200 kN
B C
A EI 2EI

8m 4m 4m

Solutions (c) Solutions (d)

MA= – 93.6 kNm MB = – 196.8 kNm MA= – 64.8 kNm MB = –206.4 kNm
VA = 83.1 kN VB = 233.5 kN VC = 75.4 kN VA = 78.3 kN VB = 239.5 kN VC = 74.2 kN
EIθB = 688/5 EIθC = –1344/5 EIθB = 624/5 EIθC = –1312/5

Solution 6 (a)
The standard procedure for the analysis of beams may be outlined as follows:
1. Number the nodes and all displaceable dof. Define the released structure.
2. Use Handout 3 to obtain EJL, FED and ERS.
A E E E
Assemble the vectors [P2 ], [P2 ], [δ ] and [RS ].
Define the input and output vectors [P1], [∆1], [P2], [∆2], [FM] and [RS].
3. Write down the unassembled SFM [Fu ]
4. Evaluate the equilibrium sub-matrices [b1M ], [b1R ], [b2M ] and [b2R ]
5. Evaluate the structure flexibility sub-matrices [f11], [f12], [f21] and [f22]
T E
6. Evaluate the redundant forces [P1] using the equation [f11] [P1] = [∆1] – [f12] [P2] – [b1M ] [δ ]
7. Evaluate all nodal displacements [∆2] using the equation [∆2] = [f21] [P1] + [f22] [P2] + [b2M ]T [δE ]
8. Evaluate the member-end forces [FM ] using the equation [FM] = [b1M ][P1] + [b2M ][P2]
E
9. Evaluate the support reactions [RS ] using the equation [RS] = [b1R ][P1] + [b2R ][P2] + [RS ]
10. Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape.

Solution 6 (b)
The effect of support yield is to cause additional free end displacements. The solution procedure is
modified in Steps 2, 6 and 7 in order to take account of the effects of support yield. The modified solution
procedure may be outlined as follows:
Step 1: DITTO
Step 2: DITTO Except define the support yield vector [δS ]
Steps 3, 4 and 5: DITTO
T E T S
Step 6: Obtain [P1] using the equation [f11] [P1] = [∆1] – [f12] [P2] – [b1M ] [δ ] + [b1M ] [δ ]
Step 7: Obtain [∆2] using the equation [∆2] = [f21] [P1] + [f22] [P2] + [b2M ]T [δE ] – [b2M ]T [δS ]
Steps 8, 9 and 10: DITTO

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 15

 Question 6 (c) [Example 5]: Determine MA, MB, VA, VB, VC, θB and θC.
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape. Take EI = 32x103 kNm2.
No support yield. Solutions (c)
MA= – 93.6 kNm
24 kN/m 200 kN MB = – 196.8 kNm
B C VA = 83.1 kN
VB = 233.5 kN
A EI 2EI VC = 75.4 kN
8m 4m 4m EIθB = 688/5
EIθC = –1344/5

Solution 6 (c): Step 1: Node numbers, Dof numbers and Released Structure
24 kN/m d2
d1 200 kN X
Node Numbers 2 3
And
1 EI 2EI
Dof Numbers
Y 8m 4m 4m

Let MA and MB be 24 kN/m 200 kN

the redundant 2 3
forces
1 EI 2EI
Released 8m 4m 4m
Structure

EJL at End i Joint Load Step 2: EJL, FED and ERS

(Handout 3) ERS Vector
Vector
Member 1-2 FED at End i EJL at End j
F1 = ωL [P2 A] = 0 (Handout 3) (Handout 3) 0
= 192 kN Member 1-2 Member 1-2 [RS ] = E
192
2 0 4
F2 = –ωL /2 δ1= –ωL /8EI F1 = –ωL
= –768 kNm = –12288/EI = –192 kN (VB) 200
(= P2E for d1) δ2 = –ωL3/6EI F2 = ωL2/2
[P2 E] = –768 FED Vector
Member 2-3 = –2048/EI = 768 kNm
F1 = P –800 Member 2-3 Member 2-3 –12288/EI
3
= 200 kN δ1 = –5PL /48(2EI) F1 = –P E
[δ ] = –2048/EI
F2 = –PL/2 = –16000/3EI = –200 kN (VC)
= –800 kNm [P2] = –768 δ2 = –PL2/8(2EI) F2 = PL/2 –16000/3EI
(= P2E for d2) = –800/EI = 800 kNm –800/EI
–800

E
Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors [P1], [∆1]: [P2], [∆2]: [FM], [δ ] must corresp0nd
[P1] = MA [P2] = –768 –12288 V1-2 VA 0
E E
MB –800 [δ ] = –2048 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = VB [RS ] = 192
[∆1] = 0 [∆2] = d1 (1/EI) –16000/3 V2-3 VC 200
0 d2 –800 M2-3

Step 3: Unassembled SFM

1-2 2L13 3L12 0 0 512/3 32 0 0
2
Entries in [Fu]
[Fu] = 3L1 6L1 0 0 = 32 8 0 0
3 2
must correspond
{1/6EI} 2-3 0 0 L2 (3/2)L2 (1/EI) 0 0 256/3 16
to entries in [FM]
0 0 (3/2)L22 3L2 0 0 16 4

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 16

Step 4: Equilibrium Sub-Matrices MA MB
[b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit loads in place of [P1]
1-2 –1/8 –1/8
1 [MA] 2 [b1M] = 1 0
3
1 2-3 0 1/8
8m 8m
0 –1
1/8 1/8
[MB] 1 1 MA MB
1 2 3
VA –1/8 –1/8
8m 8m [b1R] = VB 1/8 1/4
1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 VC 0 –1/8

Entries in [b1M] and [FM] must correspond. Entries in [b1R] and [RS] must correspond.

Step 4: (Contd): [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]
d1 d2
1 [d1] 1 2 3 1-2 –1/8 0
[b2M] = 0 0
8m 8m
2-3 0 –1/8
1/8 1/8
0 0
1 [d2] 1
2 3
d1 d2
8m 8m VA –1/8 0
1/8 1/8
[b2R] = VB 1/8 –1/8
Entries in [b2M] and [∆2] must correspond.
Entries in [b2R] and [RS] must correspond VC 0 1/8

Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices

T
[f11] = [b1M] [Fu][b1M] = –1/8 1 0 0 512/3 32 0 0 –1/8 –1/8
–1/8 0 1/8 –1 32 8 0 0 1 0
= 8/3 –4/3 {1/EI} 0 0 256/3 16 0 1/8
{1/EI} –4/3 4 0 0 16 4 0 –1

T
[f12] = [b1M] [Fu][b2M] = –1/8 1 0 0 512/3 32 0 0 –1/8 0
–1/8 0 1/8 –1 32 8 0 0 0 0
[f21] = –4/3 8/3
= –4/3 0 {1/EI} 0 0 256/3 16 0 –1/8
{1/EI} 0 2/3
{1/EI} 8/3 2/3 0 0 16 4 0 0

[f22] = [b2M]T[Fu][b2M] = –1/8 0 0 0 512/3 32 0 0 –1/8 0

0 0 –1/8 0 32 8 0 0 0 0
= 8/3 0 {1/EI} 0 0 256/3 16 0 –1/8
{1/EI} 0 4/3 0 0 16 4 0 0

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 17

 Step 6: Redundant Forces 1/EI cancels off –12288
T E
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M] [δ ] –2048
8/3 –4/3 MA 0 –4/3 0 –768 –1/8 1 0 0 –16000/3
–
–4/3 4 MB
= 0
– 8/3 2/3 –800 –1/8 0 1/8 –1 –800
8/3 –4/3 MA –512 MA –93.6 kNm
= =
–4/3 4 MB 912 MB 196.8 kNm

Step 7: Nodal Displacements EI taken to LHS –12288

T E
[∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M] [δ ] –2048
EI d1 –4/3 8/3 –93.6 8/3 0 –768 –1/8 0 0 0 –16000/3
= + +
EI d2 0 2/3 196.8 0 4/3 –800 0 0 –1/8 0 –800
EIθB 688/5
=
EIθC –1344/5

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB –1/8 –1/8 –93.6 –1/8 0 –768 83.1 kN
M1-2 MAB 1 0 196.8 0 0 –800 –93.6 kNm
= = + =
V2-3 VBC 0 1/8 0 –1/8 124.6 kN
M2-3 MBC 0 –1 0 0 –196.8 kNm

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RS E]

VA –1/8 –1/8 –93.6 –1/8 0 –768 0 83.1 kN
VB = 1/8 1/4 196.8 + 1/8 –1/8 –800 + 192 = 233.5 kN
VC 0 –1/8 0 1/8 200 75.4 kN

Step 10: Output Qu 6 (c) [Example 5]

93.6 kNm 24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
83.1 kN 233.5 kN 75.4 kN

83.1 MA= – 93.6 kNm

SFD (kN) 124.6 + MB = – 196.8 kNm
+
– – VA = 83.1 kN
108.9 VB = 233.5 kN
3.463 m 75.4
196.8 VC = 75.4 kN
93.6 θB = 688/5EI
– BMD (kNm) = 4.3x10-3 rad
–
+ θC = –1344/5EI
-3
50.3 + = –8.4x10 rad
301.6

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 18

 Question 6 (d) [Example 8]: Determine MA, MB, VA, VB, VC, θB and θC
3 2
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape. Take EI = 32x10 kNm .
Support A yields by 64/EI clockwise Solutions (d)
MA= – 64.8 kNm
24 kN/m 200 kN MB = – 206.4 kNm
B C VA = 78.3 kN
VB = 239.5 kN
A EI 2EI VC = 74.2 kN
8m 4m 4m EIθB = 624/5
EIθC = –1312/5

Solution 6 (d): Step 1: DITTO Solution 6 (c) EXCEPT Support Yield Vector

24 kN/m d1 200 kN d2
2 3 X
1 EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
Support Yield
Node Numbers and Dof Numbers
Y Vector
24 kN/m Released Structure 200 kN 1-2 0
2 3 S
[δ ] = 64/EI
1 EI 2EI
2-3 0
8m 4m 4m 0

EJL at End i Joint Load Step 2: EJL, FED and ERS

(Handout 3) ERS Vector
Vector
Member 1-2 FED at End i EJL at End j
A 0
F1 = ωL [P2 ] = 0 (Handout 3) (Handout 3)
= 192 kN Member 1-2 Member 1-2 [RS ] = E
192
0 4
F2 = –ωL2/2 δ1= –ωL /8EI F1 = –ωL
= –768 kNm = –12288/EI = –192 kN (VB) 200
E
(= P2 for d1) E δ2 = –ωL3/6EI F2 = ωL2/2 FED Vector
[P2 ] = –768
Member 2-3 = –2048/EI = 768 kNm
F1 = P –800 Member 2-3 Member 2-3 –12288/EI
3
= 200 kN δ1 = –5PL /48(2EI) F1 = –P E
[δ ] = –2048/EI
F2 = –PL/2 = –16000/3EI = –200 kN (VC)
= –800 kNm [P2] = –768 δ2 = –PL2/8(2EI) F2 = PL/2 –16000/3EI
(= P2E for d2) = –800/EI = 800 kNm –800/EI
–800

Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors

[P1] = MA [P2] = –768 –12288 V1-2 VA 0
E
MB –800 [δ ] = –2048 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = VB [RSE] = 192
[∆1] = 0 [∆2] = d1 (1/EI) –16000/3 V2-3 VC 200
0 d2 –800 M2-3
E
[P1] and [∆1] must correspond. [P2] and [∆2] must correspond. [FM] and [δ ] must corresp0nd

Steps 3, 4 and 5: DITTO Solution 6 (c)

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 19

Step 6: Redundant Forces [f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M]T[δE] + [b1M]T [δS]
8/3 –4/3 MA 0 1024 –512 64 –448
= – – + =
–4/3 4 MB 0 –7744/3 5008/3 0 912
8/3 –4/3 MA –448 MA –64.8 kNm
= = 1/EI cancels off
–4/3 4 MB 912 MB 206.4 kNm

Step 7: Nodal Displacements [∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M]T[δE] – [b2M]T[δS]

(EI taken to LHS)
EI d1 = EIθB 3184/5 –2048 1536 – 0 624/5
= + + =
EI d2 EIθC 688/5 –3200/3 2000/3 0 –1312/5

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB –1/8 –1/8 –64.8 –1/8 0 –768 78.3 kN
M1-2 MAB 1 0 206.4 0 0 –800 –64.8 kNm
= = + =
V2-3 VBC 0 1/8 0 –1/8 125.8 kN
M2-3 MBC 0 –1 0 0 –206.4 kNm

E
Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RS ]
VA –1/8 –1/8 –64.8 –1/8 0 –768 0 78.3 kN
VB = 1/8 1/4 206.4 + 1/8 –1/8 –800 + 192 = 239.5 kN
VC 0 –1/8 0 1/8 200 74.2 kN

Step 10: Output Qu 6 (d) [Example 8] MA= – 64.8 kNm

MB = – 206.4 kNm
64.8 kNm 24 kN/m VA = 78.3 kN
200 kN
VB = 239.5 kN
A B C VC = 74.2 kN
EI 2EI θB = 624/5EI
-3
= 3.9x10 rad
8m 4m 4m θC = –1312/5EI
78.3 kN = –8.2x10-3 rad
239.5 kN 74.2 kN
ΘA = 64/EI
78.3 125.8 = 2.0x10-3 rad
SFD (kN) +
+
– –
113.7 74.2 Note
3.263 m
206.4 In Step 2 define [δS]
64.8 In Steps 6 and 7 modify Eqns 4
– BMD (kNm)
– and 5 to take account of [δS]
+
62.9 ALL other Steps remain DITTO.
+
That is the beauty with Matrix
296.8
Formulation.

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 20

7 Question 7 (a) [Example 6]: Determine MB, VA, VB, VC, θA, θB and θC.
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape.
Solutions (a)
Take EI = 32x103 kNm2. No support yield.
MB = – 228 kNm
24 kN/m 200 kN VA = 67.5 kN
VB = 253 kN
A B C
VC = 71.5 kN
EI 2EI EIθA = 208
EIθB = 96
8m 4m 4m EIθC = –248

Solution 7 (a): Step 1: Node numbers, Dof numbers and Released Structure

d1 24 kN/m d2 200 kN d3
1 2 3 X
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
Node and Dof Numbers
Y

24 kN/m 200 kN Let MB be the

1 2 3 redundant force
EI 2EI
Released Structure
8m 4m 4m

EJL at End i Joint Loads Step 2: EJL, FED and ERS

(Handout 3) ERS Vector
0
Member 1-2 FED at End i EJL at End j
A 0
F1 = ωL [P2 ] = 0 (Handout 3) (Handout 3)
= 192 kN Member 1-2 Member 1-2 [RS ] =
E
192
0
F2 = –ωL2/2 δ1= –ωL4/8EI F1 = –ωL
= –768 kNm 0 = –12288/EI = –192 kN (VB) 200
3 2
(= P2E for d2) E δ2 = –ωL /6EI F2 = ωL /2 FED Vector
[P2 ] = –768
Member 2-3 = –2048/EI = 768 kNm
F1 = P –800 Member 2-3 Member 2-3 –12288/EI
= 200 kN δ1 = –5PL3/48(2EI) F1 = –P E
[δ ] = –2048/EI
0
F2 = –PL/2 = –16000/3EI = –200 kN (VC)
2
= –800 kNm [P2] = –768 δ2 = –PL /8(2EI) F2 = PL/2 –16000/3EI
E
(= P2 for d3) = –800/EI = 800 kNm –800/EI
–800

Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors

[P1] = MB 0 –12288 V1-2 VA 0
E E
[P2] = –768 [δ ] = –2048 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = VB [RS ] = 192
[∆1] = 0 –800 (1/EI) –16000/3 V2-3 VC 200
d1 –800 M2-3
[∆2] = d2 [P1] and [∆1] must correspond. [P2] and [∆2] must correspond
d3 [FM] and [δE] must corresp0nd

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 21

Step 3: Unassembled SFM
1-2 2L13 3L12 0 0 512/3 32 0 0
[Fu] = 3L1 2
6L1 0 0 = 32 8 0 0 Entries in [Fu]

{1/6EI} 2-3 0 0 L2
3
(3/2)L2
2
(1/EI) 0 0 256/3 16 and [FM] must

0 0 (3/2)L22 3L2 0 0 16 4 correspond

Step 4: Equilibrium Sub-Matrices

[b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1] MB
MB
1-2 –1/8
1 [MB] 1 1 3 VA –1/8
2 [b1M ] = 0
[b1R] = VB 1/4
2-3 1/8
8m 8m VC –1/8
1/8 1/8 –1
1/8 1/8

Entries in [b1M] must correspond to [FM]. Entries in [b1R] must correspond to [RS]

Step 4: Contd: [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]
d1 d2 d3
1 1 [d1] 1-2 –1/8 –1/8 0
2 3
[b2M ] = 1 0 0
8m 8m 2-3 0 0 –1/8
1/8 1/8
0 0 0
[d2] 1
1 2 3
d1 d2 d3
8m 8m
VA –1/8 –1/8 0
1/8 1/8
[d3] 1 [b2R] = VB 1/8 1/8 –1/8
1 2 3
VC 0 0 1/8
8m 8m
1/8 1/8

Entries in [b2] and [FM] must correspond. Entries in [b2R] and [RS] must correspond

Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices

[f11] = [b1M]T[Fu][b1M] = –1/8 0 1/8 –1 512/3 32 0 0 –1/8
32 8 0 0 0
= [ 4/EI ] {1/EI} 0 0 256/3 16 1/8
0 0 16 4 –1

[f12] = [b1M]T[Fu][b2M] = –1/8 0 1/8 –1 512/3 32 0 0 –1/8 –1/8 0

32 8 0 0 1 0 0 [f21] = –4/3
= {1/EI} –4/3 8/3 2/3 {1/EI} 0 0 256/3 16 0 0 –1/8 {1/EI} 8/3
0 0 16 4 0 0 0 2/3

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 22

 [f22] = [b2M]T[Fu][b2M] = –1/8 1 0 0 512/3 32 0 0 –1/8 –1/8 0
8/3 –4/3 0 –1/8 0 0 0 32 8 0 0 1 0 0
= –4/3 8/3 0 0 0 –1/8 0 0 0 256/3 16 0 0 –1/8
{1/EI} 0 0 4/3 {1/EI} 0 0 16 4 0 0 0

Step 6: Redundant Forces 1/EI cancels off

T E
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M] [δ ] –12288
[4] [MB] = [0] – [–4/3 8/3 2/3] 0 – [–1/8 0 1/8 –1] –2048
–768 –16000/3
4MB = 912 MB = 228 kNm –800 –800

Step 7: Nodal Displacements EI taken to LHS

T E
[∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M] [δ ] –12288
EIθA –4/3 8/3 –4/3 0 0 –1/8 1 0 0 –2048 208
EIθB = 8/3 [228] + –4/3 8/3 0 –768 + –1/8 0 0 0 –16000/3 = 96
EIθC 2/3 0 0 4/3 –800 0 0 –1/8 0 –800 –248

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB –1/8 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 67.5 kN
M1-2 MAB 0 [228] 1 0 0 –768 0
V2-3
= VBC
= 1/8
+ 0 0 –1/8 –800
= 128.5 kN
M2-3 MBC –1 0 0 0 –228 kNm

E
Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RS ]
VA –1/8 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0 67.5 kN
VB = 1/4 [228] + 1/8 1/8 –1/8 –768 + 192 = 253 kN
VC –1/8 0 0 1/8 –800 200 71.5 kN

Step 10: Output Qu 7 (a) [Example 6]

24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
67.5 kN 253 kN 71.5 kN

67.5 SFD (kN) 128.5

+
+ MB = – 228 kNm
– 124.5 –
2.813 m 71.5 VA = 67.5 kN
VB = 253 kN
228 VC = 71.5 kN
θA = 208/EI
BMD (kNm) -3
= 6.5x10 rad
– θB = 96/EI
+ = 3.0x10-3 rad
+
94.9 θC = –248/EI
286 = –7.8x10-3 rad

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 23

 7 Question 7 (b) [Example 7]: Determine MB, VA, VB, VC, θA, θB and θC.
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape.
Solutions (a)
Take EI = 32x103 kNm2. Support B yields by 256/EI
MB = – 212 kNm
24 kN/m 200 kN VA = 69.5 kN
VB = 249 kN
A B C
VC = 73.5 kN
EI 2EI EIθA = 784/3
EIθB = 256/3
8m 4m 4m EIθC = –872/3

Solution 7 (b): Step 1: DITTO Solution 7 (a) EXCEPT Support Yield Vector
d1 24 kN/m d2 200 kN d3
1 2 3 X
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
Node and Dof Numbers Support Yield
Y
Vector
24 kN/m Released Structure 200 kN 1-2 256/EI
1 2 3 S
[δ ] = 0
EI 2EI 2-3 –256/EI
8m 4m 4m 0

EJL at End i Joint Loads Step 2: EJL, FED and ERS

(Handout 3) ERS Vector
0
Member 1-2 FED at End i EJL at End j
A 0
F1 = ωL [P2 ] = 0 (Handout 3) (Handout 3)
= 192 kN Member 1-2 Member 1-2 [RS ] =E
192
0
F2 = –ωL2/2 δ1= –ωL4/8EI F1 = –ωL
= –768 kNm 0 = –12288/EI = –192 kN (VB) 200
E 3 2
(= P2 for d2) E δ2 = –ωL /6EI F2 = ωL /2 FED Vector
[P2 ] = –768
Member 2-3 = –2048/EI = 768 kNm
F1 = P –800 Member 2-3 Member 2-3 –12288/EI
3
= 200 kN δ1 = –5PL /48(2EI) F1 = –P E
[δ ] = –2048/EI
0
F2 = –PL/2 = –16000/3EI = –200 kN (VC)
= –800 kNm [P2] = –768 δ2 = –PL2/8(2EI) F2 = PL/2 –16000/3EI
(= P2E for d3) = –800/EI = 800 kNm –800/EI
–800

Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors

[P1] = MB 0 –12288 V1-2 VA 0
E E
[P2] = –768 [δ ] = –2048 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = VB [RS ] = 192
[∆1] = 0 –800 (1/EI) –16000/3 V2-3 VC 200
d1 –800 M2-3
[∆2] = d2 [P1] and [∆1] must correspond. [P2] and [∆2] must correspond
d3 [FM] and [δE] must corresp0nd

Steps 3, 4 and 5: DITTO Solution 7 (a)

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 24

Step 6: Redundant Forces 1/EI cancels off
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M]T[δE] + [b1M]T[δS]
[4] [MB] = [0] – [–7744/3] – [5008/3] + [–64]
4MB = 848 MB = 212 kNm

Step 7: Nodal Displacements EI taken to LHS

T E T S
[∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M] [δ ] – [b2M] [δ ]
EIθA –848/3 1024 –512 –32 784/3
EIθB = 1696/3 + –2048 + 1536 – –32 = 256/3
EIθC 424/3 –3200/3 2000/3 32 –872/3

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB –1/8 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 69.5 kN
M1-2 MAB 0 [212] 1 0 0 –768 0
V2-3 = VBC = 1/8
+ 0 0 –1/8 –800
= 126.5 kN
M2-3 MBC –1 0 0 0 –212 kNm

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RSE]

VA –1/8 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0 69.5 kN
VB = 1/4 [212] + 1/8 1/8 –1/8 –768 + 192 = 249 kN
VC –1/8 0 0 1/8 –800 200 73.5 kN

Step 10: Output Qu 7 (b) [Example 7]

MB = – 212 kNm
VA = 69.5 kN
24 kN/m 200 kN VB = 249 kN
A B C VC = 73.5 kN
θA = 784/3EI
EI 2EI = 8.2x10-3 rad
4m 4m θB = 256/3EI
8m -3
= 2.7x10 rad
69.5 kN 249 kN 73.5 kN θC = –872/3EI
= –9.1x10-3 rad
69.5 126.5 ∆B = 256/EI
SFD (kN) + = 8.0 mm
+
2.896 m – –
122.5 73.5 Note
S
212 In Step 2 define [δ ]
In Steps 6 and 7 modify Eqns 4
– BMD (kNm)
and 5 to take account of [δS]
+ ALL other Steps remain DITTO.
+
100.6 That is the beauty with Matrix
294 Formulation.

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 25

7 Question 7 (c) [Example 9]: Determine MB, VA, VB, VC, θA, θB, θC, δD and δE.
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape. MB = – 228 kNm
3 2
Take EI = 32x10 kNm . No Support yield. VA = 67.5 kN
VB = 253 kN
24 kN/m 200 kN VC = 71.5 kN
A B C EIθA = 208
D EIθB = 96
EI EI 2EI E 2EI
EIθC = –248
4m 4m 4m 4m EIδD = 368
EIδE = 1832/3

Solution: Step 1: Node numbers, Dof numbers and Released Structure

d1 24 kN/m d4 200 kN d7
2 3 4 5 X
1
EI d3 d2 EI 2EI d6 d5 2EI
4m 4m 4m 4m

Node and Dof Numbers

Y
24 kN/m 200 kN
1 3 5 Let MB be the
EI 2 EI 2EI 4 2EI redundant force

4m 4m 4m 4m Released Structure

Step 2: EJL, ERS, FED and FM Vectors FED at End i

(Handout 3)
EJL at End i RS Vector Member 1-2
(Handout 3) δ1= –ωL4/8EI FED Vector FM Vector
VA = –768/EI
Member 1-2 –768/EI V1-2
3
F1 = ωL = 96 kN (d2) [RS ] = VB δ2 = –ωL /6EI
2
F2 = –ωL /2 = –256/EI –256/EI M1-2
VC Member 2-3
= –192 kNm (d3) –768/EI V2-3
4
Member 2-3 δ1= –ωL /8EI E
F1 = ωL = 96 kN (VB) = –768/EI [δ ] = –256/EI [FM ] = M2-3
2 ERS Vector δ2 = –ωL3/6EI
F2 = –ωL /2 0 V3-4
= –192 kNm (d4) 0 = –256/EI
Member 3-4 Member 3-4 0 M3-4
[RS E] = 96 δ1= 0 δ2 = 0
F1 = 0 F2 = 0 0 V4-5
Member 4-5 0 Member 4-5
F1 = 0 F2 = 0 δ1= 0 δ2 = 0 0 M4-5

Step 2: C0ntd: Input and Output Vectors

A E
Redundant Displaceable Dof Nodal Loads EJL [P2] = [P2 ] + [P2 ]
d1 0 0 0
Force
d2 0 96 96
[P1 ] = [MB] d3 0 –192 –192
A E
[∆2 ] = d4 [P2 ] = 0 [P2 ] = –192 [P2 ] = –192
d5 200 0 200
[∆1 ] = [0] d6 0 0 0
d7 0 0 0

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 26

 Step 3: Unassembled SFM
1-2 64/3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
2-3 0 0 64/3 8 0 0 0 0
[Fu] = 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 Entries in [Fu]
3-4 0 0 0 0 32/3 4 0 0
{1/EI} 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 and [FM] must
4-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 32/3 4 correspond
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2

Step 4: Equilibrium Sub-Matrices

[b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1] MB
1-2 –1/8
1 1 1 5
2 3 4 0
4m 4m 4m 4m 2-3 –1/8
1/8 1/8 [b1M ] = –1/2
1/8 1/8
[MB] 3-4 1/8 MB

–1 VA –1/8
Entries in [b1M] must correspond to [FM]. 4-5 1/8 [b1R] = VB 1/4
Entries in [b1R] must correspond to [RS] VC –1/8
–1/2

Step 4 Contd: Equilibrium Sub-Matrices

[b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]
1
1 [d1] [d2] 3 5
1 2 3 4 5 1 4
2
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
1/8 1/8 1/2 1/2

1 [d3] 3 5 [d4] 1
1 2 4 1 2 3 4 5

4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
[d5] 3 1 5 [d6] 1
1 2 1 2 3 4 5
4
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
1/2 1/2 1/8 1/8
[d7] 1
1 2 3 4 5
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
1-4 –1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0
4m 4m 4m 4m 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1/8 1/8 4-2 –1/8 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0
[b2M ] = 1/2 2 1/2 –1/2 0 0 0
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 2-5 0 0 0 0 1/2 –1/8 –1/8
VA –1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[b2R] = VB 1/8 1/2 1/8 1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 5-3 0 0 0 0 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8
VC 0 0 0 0 1/2 1/8 1/8 0 0 0 0 2 1/2 –1/2

Entries in [b2R] and [RS] must correspond. Entries in [b2M] and [FM] must correspond.

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 27

 Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices: [f11] = [b1M]T[Fu][b1M]
[f11 ] = [–1/8 0 –1/8 –1/2 1/8 –1 1/8 –1/2] 64/3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 –1/8
8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 64/3 8 0 0 0 0 –1/8
0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 –1/2
0 0 0 0 32/3 4 0 0 1/8
[f11 ] = [4/EI] {1/EI} 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 –1
0 0 0 0 0 0 32/3 4 1/8
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 –1/2

T
[f12 ] = [b1M] [Fu][b2M] = [–1/8 0 –1/8 –1/2 1/8 –1 1/8 –1/2] X
64/3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 –1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0
8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 64/3 8 0 0 0 0 –1/8 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0
0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 1/2 2 1/2 –1/2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 32/3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1/2 –1/8 –1/8
{1/EI} 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 32/3 4 0 0 0 0 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 2 1/2 –1/2
[f12 ] ={1/EI} [–4/3 –4 –1/3 8/3 –2 1/6 2/3]

[f22] = [b2M]T[Fu][b2M]
64/3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 –1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0
8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 64/3 8 0 0 0 0 –1/8 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0
[f22 ] = [b2M]T 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 1/2 2 1/2 –1/2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 32/3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1/2 –1/8 –1/8
{1/EI} 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 32/3 4 0 0 0 0 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 2 1/2 –1/2

–1/8 1 –1/8 1/2 0 0 0 0 16/3 32/3 –8/3 –8/3 0 0 0

1/2 0 –1/2 2 0 0 0 0 3 4 –1 –1 0 0 0
–1/8 0 –1/8 1/2 0 0 0 0 4/3 16/3 4/3 –20/3 0 0 0
[f22 ] = –1/8 0 –1/8 –1/2 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 –3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1/2 0 –1/2 2 0 0 0 0 16/3 –4/3 –4/3
{1/EI} 0 0 0 0 –1/8 0 –1/8 1/2 0 0 0 0 2 –1/2 –1/2
0 0 0 0 –1/8 0 –1/8 –1/2 0 0 0 0 8/3 2/3 –10/3
0 0 0 0 2 1/2 –3/2

8/3 4 –1/3 –4/3 0 0 0 –4/3

4 32/3 0 –4 0 0 0 –4
–1/3 0 2/3 –1/3 0 0 0 –1/3
[f22 ] = –4/3 –4 –1/3 8/3 0 0 0 [f21 ] = [f12]T = 8/3
0 0 0 0 16/3 0 –2 –2
{1/EI} 0 0 0 0 0 1/3 –1/6 {1/EI} 1/6
0 0 0 0 –2 –1/6 4/3 2/3

T E
Step 6: Redundant Force [f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M] [δ ] 1/EI cancels off
[4] [MB] = [0] – [–4/3 –4 –1/3 8/3 –2 1/6 2/3] 0 – [–1/8 0 –1/8 –1/2 1/8 –1 1/8 –1/2] –768
96 –256
–192 –768
4MB = 0 – (–1232) – 320 –192 –256
200 0
4MB = 912 MB = 228 kNm 0 0
0 0
0

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 28

 T E
Step 7: Nodal Displacements [∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M] [δ ] EI taken to LHS
EId1 EIθA –4/3 8/3 4 –1/3 –4/3 0 0 0 0
EId2 EIδD –4 4 32/3 0 –4 0 0 0 96
EId3 EIθD –1/3 –1/3 0 2/3 –1/3 0 0 0 –192
EId4 = EIθB = 8/3 [228] + –4/3 –4 –1/3 8/3 0 0 0 –192
EI d5 EIδE –2 0 0 0 0 16/3 0 –2 200
EId6 EIθE 1/6 0 0 0 0 0 1/3 –1/6 0
EId7 EIθC 2/3 0 0 0 0 –2 –1/6 4/3 0

–1/8 1 –1/8 1/2 0 0 0 0 –768 208

1/2 0 –1/2 2 0 0 0 0 –256 368
–1/8 0 –1/8 1/2 0 0 0 0 –768 –76
+ –1/8 0 –1/8 –1/2 0 0 0 0 –256 = 96
0 0 0 0 1/2 0 –1/2 2 0 1832/3
0 0 0 0 –1/8 0 –1/8 1/2 0 38
0 0 0 0 –1/8 0 –1/8 –1/2 0 –248
0

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAD –1/8 –1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0 0 67.5 kN
M1-2 MAD 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 0
V2-3 VDB –1/8 –1/8 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0 –192 –28.5 kN
M2-3 = MDB = –1/2 [228] + 1/2 2 1/2 –1/2 0 0 0 –192 = 78 kNm
V3-4 VBE 1/8 0 0 0 0 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 200 128.5 kN
M3-4 MBE –1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 –228 kNm
V4-5 VEC 1/8 0 0 0 0 –1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 –71.5 kN
M4-5 MEC –1/2 0 0 0 0 2 1/2 –1/2 286 kNm

E
Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RS ]
VA –1/8 –1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 0 0 0 0 0 67.5 kN
VB = 1/4 [228] + 1/8 1/2 1/8 1/8 1/2 –1/8 –1/8 96 + 96 = 253 kN
VC –1/8 0 0 0 0 1/2 1/8 1/8 –192 0 71.5 kN
–192
200
0
0

Step 10: Output Qu 7 (c) [Example 9]

MB = – 228 kNm VA = 67.5 kN
24 kN/m VB = 253 kN VC = 71.5 kN
200 kN
EIθA = 208 EIθB = 96
A B C EIθC = –248 EIδD = 368
EI D EI 2EI E EIδE = 1832/3
2EI
4m 4m 4m 4m
If deflns within the span are
67.5 kN 253 kN 71.5 kN
required, the computational
67.5 128.5 effort required to manually
SFD (kN) +
+ generate [f11 ], [f12 ], [f21 ] and
2.813 m – – [f22 ] increases significantly.
124.5 71.5 Deflns within the span have
228
BMD (kNm) there4 been omitted in the rest
–
of the Tut Qus. Nevertheless,
+
+ the Examiner remains at liberty
94.9 78
286 to set ANY QUESTION.

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 29

 8 Question 8 [Example 10]
VA = 192 kN; HA = 72 kN
Determine VA, HA, MA, MB, VC, HC, θB, and θC MA = 72 kNm; MB = –144 kNm
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape VC = 144 kN; HC = –72 kN
-3
θB = 108/EI = 3x10 rad
Take EI = 36x103 kNm2. No support yield. -3
θC = –180/EI = –5x10 rad

Solution: Step 1
56 kN/m
[Frame NOT 2 d2
B 2 X 3 3
Subject to C d1
2EI d2
Sway] d1
Let MB and HC be
EI
3m

Y Node and Dof the redundant

6m numbers forces
A 1 Released Structure
1

Step 2 EJL at end i FED at end i EJL at end j

Member 1-2 Member 1-2 Member 1-2
EJL, FED and ERS
F1 = 0 δ1= 0 F1 = 0
F2 = 0 δ2 = 0 F2 = 0
Member 2-3 Member 2-3 Member 2-3
F1 = ωL δ1 = – ωL4/8(2EI) F1 = –ωL
= 336 kN = –4536/EI = –336 kN (VC)
2
F2 = –ωL /2
3
δ2 = – ωL /6(2EI) F2 = ωL2/2
= –1008 kNm = –1008/EI = 1008 kNm

Step 2: Contd Transformed EJL Joint Load ERS Vector

T T
[βij ] Matrices [Pi ] = [βij ] [Fij ] Vector 0
Member 1-2 Member 1-2: [P1E] = [β12]T[F12] [P2 A] = 0 E
[RS ] = 0
(θ = 90°) 0 0 0 = 0 0 0
[β12 ] T = 0 0 0 1 0 0 336
E
0 1 [P2 ] = 0 FED Vector
Member 2-3 Member 2-3: [P2E]
= [β23] [F23] T
–1008 0
(θ = 0) –1 0 336 = –336 [δ E] = 0
[β23 ] T = –1 0 0 1 –1008 –1008 [P2] = 0 –4536/EI
0 1 –1008 –1008/EI

Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors

[P1] = MB [P2] = 0 0 V1-2 VA 0
E E
HC –1008 [δ ] = 0 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = HA [RS ] = 0
[∆1] = 0 [∆2] = d1 (1/EI) –4536 V2-3 MA 0
0 d2 –1008 M2-3 VC 336
E
[P1] and [∆1] must correspond. [P2] and [∆2] must correspond. [FM] and [δ ] must corresp0nd

Step 3: Unassembled SFM

1-2 2L13 3L12 0 0 9 9/2 0 0
2
[Fu] = 3L1 6L1 0 0 = 9/2 3 0 0 Entries in [Fu]
{1/6EI} 2-3 0 0 L23 (3/2)L22 (1/EI) 0 0 36 9 and [FM] must
2
0 0 (3/2)L2 3L2 0 0 9 3 correspond

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 30

Step 4: [b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1]
MB HC
2 1 3 3 1 1-20 1
2 [b1M] = –1 –3
1 2-3 1/6 0
[MB] [HC] –1 0
1/6
3
1 MB H C
1 1 1 VA 1/6 0
[b1R] = HA 0 –1
1/6 MA –1 –3
Entries in [b1M] must correspond to [FM]. VC –1/6 0
Entries in [b1R] must correspond to [RS]

Step 4: Contd: [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]
d1 d2
2 3 2 1 3 1-2 0 0
[b2M] = –1 0
1 2-3 0 –1/6
[d1] 1/6 0 0
[d2]

1 d1 d2
1 1 VA 0 –1/6
[b2R] = HA 0 0
1/6 MA –1 0
Entries in [b2M] must correspond to [FM]. VC 0 1/6
Entries in [b2R] must correspond to [RS]

Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices

T
[f11] = [b1M] [Fu][b1M] = 0 –1 1/6 –1 9 9/2 0 0 0 1
1 –3 0 0 9/2 3 0 0 –1 –3
= 4 9/2 {1/EI} 0 0 36 9 1/6 0
{1/EI} 9/2 9 0 0 9 3 –1 0

[f12] = [b1M]T[Fu][b2M] = 0 –1 1/6 –1 9 9/2 0 0 0 0

1 –3 0 0 9/2 3 0 0 –1 0
[f21] = 3 9/2
= 3 1/2 {1/EI} 0 0 36 9 0 –1/6
{1/EI} 1/2 0
{1/EI} 9/2 0 0 0 9 3 0 0

T
[f22] = [b2M] [Fu][b2M] = 0 –1 0 0 9 9/2 0 0 0 0
0 0 –1/6 0 9/2 3 0 0 –1 0
= 3 0 {1/EI} 0 0 36 9 0 –1/6
{1/EI} 0 1 0 0 9 3 0 0

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 31

Step 6: Redundant Forces 1/EI cancels off 0
T E
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M] [δ ] 0
4 9/2 MB 0 3 1/2 0 0 –1 1/6 –1 –4536
–
9/2 9 HC
= 0
– 9/2 0 –1008 1 –3 0 0 –1008
4 9/2 MB 252 MB 144 kNm
=
9/2 9 HC 0 HC = –72 kN

Step 7: Nodal Displacements EI taken to LHS 0

T E
[∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M] [δ ] 0
EI d1 3 9/2 144 3 0 0 0 –1 0 0 –4536
= + +
EI d2 1/2 0 –72 0 1 –1008 0 0 –1/6 0 –1008
EIθB 108
=
EIθC –180

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB 0 1 144 0 0 0 –72 kN
M1-2 = MAB = –1 –3 –72 + –1 0 –1008 = 72 kNm
V2-3 VBC 1/6 0 0 –1/6 192 kN
M2-3 MBC –1 0 0 0 –144 kNm

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RSE]

VA 1/6 0 144 0 –1/6 0 0 192 kN
HA = 0 –1 –72 + 0 0 –1008 + 0 = 72 kN
MA –1 –3 –1 0 0 72 kNm
VC –1/6 0 0 1/6 336 144 kN

Step 10: Output Qu 8 [Example 10]

192 144
56 kN/m

B C + C 144 B – C
B
2EI 72 72 –
– +
EI D-Shape
3m

144 – 144
185.2
72 72 SFD (kN)
A A A BMD (kNm)
6m 72 72
192

θB = 108/EI = 3x10-3 rad θC = –180/EI = –5x10-3 rad

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 32

9 Question 9 [Example 11]
VA = 151.5 kN; HA = –144 kN
Determine VA, HA, MA, MB, VC, θB, θC and δB MA = –333 kNm; MB = 99 kNm
VC = 184.5 kN
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape
θB = 351/EI = 2.1x10-3 rad
Take EI = 170.1x103 kNm2. No support yield. θC = –603/2EI = – 1.8x10-3 rad
δB → = 1701/2EI = 5.0 mm

Solution [Frame Subject to Sway]

Step 1 56 kN/m
144 kN d1 X 3 d1 d3 3
C 2 2 d1
d1
B 2EI
d3
d2
d2
EI Let MB be the
3m

6m Node and Dof redundant force

Y
numbers
A 1 1 Released Structure

Step 2 EJL at end i FED at end i EJL at end j

Member 1-2 Member 1-2 Member 1-2
EJL, FED and ERS
F1 = 0 δ1= 0 F1 = 0
F2 = 0 δ2 = 0 F2 = 0
Member 2-3 Member 2-3 Member 2-3
4
F1 = ωL δ1 = – ωL /8(2EI) F1 = –ωL
= 336 kN = –4536/EI = –336 kN (VC)
F2 = –ωL2/2 δ2 = – ωL3/6(2EI) F2 = ωL2/2
= –1008 kNm = –1008/EI = 1008 kNm

Step 2: Contd Transformed EJL Joint Load ERS Vector

[βij ] T Matrices T
[Pi ] = [βij ] [Fij ] Vector 0
Mem 1-2 (θ = 90°) Member 1-2: [P1E] = [β12]T[F12] [RS E] = 0
T
[β12] = –1 0 –1 0 0 = 0 144 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 [P2 A] = 0 336
0 1 0 1 0 0 FED Vector
Mem 2-3 (θ = 0) Member 2-3: [P2E] = [β23]T[F23] 0
T
[β23] = 0 0 0 0 336 = 0 0 [δ E] = 0
–1 0 –1 0 –1008 –336 [P2 E] = 0 –4536/EI
0 1 0 1 –1008 (d3) –1008 –1008/EI

Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors

[P1] = MB 144 d1 0 V1-2 VA
E
[P2] = 0 [∆2] = d2 [δ ] = 0 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = HA
[∆1] = 0 –1008 d3 (1/EI) –4536 V2-3 MA
–1008 M2-3 VC
E
[P1] and [∆1] must correspond. [P2] and [∆2] must correspond. [FM] and [δ ] must corresp0nd

Step 3: Unassembled SFM

3 2
1-2 2L1 3L1 0 0 9 9/2 0 0
Entries in [Fu]
[Fu] = 3L12 6L1 0 0 = 9/2 3 0 0
and [FM] must
{1/6EI} 2-3 0 0 L23 (3/2)L22 (1/EI) 0 0 36 9
2 correspond
0 0 (3/2)L2 3L2 0 0 9 3

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 33

Step 4: [b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1]
2 1 3 MB
MB VA 1/6
1 1-2 0 [b1R] = HA 0
MA –1
[MB] 1/6 [b1M] = –1 VC –1/6
1 2-3 1/6
1 –1
Entries in [b1M] must correspond to [FM].
1/6 Entries in [b1R] must correspond to [RS]

Step 4: Contd: [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]
1
1 2 3 2 3 2 3

1
[d1] [d2] 1/6
[d3]
3 1
1 1 1 1

1/6
d1 d2 d3 d1 d2 d3
1-2 1 0 0 VA 0 0 –1/6 Entries in [b2M] must
[b2M] = –3 –1 0 [b2R] = HA –1 0 0 correspond to [FM].
2-3 0 0 –1/6 MA –3 –1 0 Entries in [b2R] must
0 0 0 VC 0 0 1/6 correspond to [RS]

Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices

[f11] = [b1M]T[Fu][b1M] = 0 –1 1/6 –1 9 9/2 0 0 0
9/2 3 0 0 –1
= [4/EI] {1/EI} 0 0 36 9 1/6
0 0 9 3 –1

T
[f12] = [b1M] [Fu][b2M] = 0 –1 1/6 –1 9 9/2 0 0 1 0 0
9/2 3 0 0 –3 –1 0 [f21] = 9/2
= {1/EI} 9/2 3 1/2 {1/EI} 0 0 36 9 0 0 –1/6 {1/EI} 3
0 0 9 3 0 0 0 1/2

[f22] = [b2M]T[Fu][b2M] = 1 –3 0 0 9 9/2 0 0 1 0 0

0 –1 0 0 9/2 3 0 0 –3 –1 0
0 0 –1/6 0 0 0 36 9 0 0 –1/6
9 9/2 0 (1/EI) 0 0 9 3 0 0 0
= {1/EI} 9/2 3 0
0 0 1

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 34

 Step 6: Redundant Forces [f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M]T[δE] 1/EI cancels off
[4 MB] = 0 – 9/2 3 1/2 144 – 0 –1 1/6 –1 0
0 0
4MB = –396 MB = –99 kNm –1008 –4536
–1008

Step 7: Nodal Displacements [∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M]T[δE] EI taken to LHS

EI d1 9/2 9 9/2 0 144 1 –3 0 0 0
EI d2 = 3 [–99] + 9/2 3 0 0 + 0 –1 0 0 0
EI d3 1/2 0 0 1 –1008 0 0 –1/6 0 –4536
EId1 = EIδB → = 1701/2 EId2 = EIθB = 351 EId3 = EIθC = –603/2 –1008

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB 0 1 0 0 144 144 kN
M1-2 = MAB = –1 [–99] + –3 –1 0 0 = –333 kNm
V2-3 VBC 1/6 0 0 –1/6 –1008 151.5 kN
M2-3 MBC –1 0 0 0 99 kNm

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RSE]

VA 1/6 0 0 –1/6 144 0 151.5 kN
HA = 0 [–99] + –1 0 0 0 + 0 = –144 kN
MA –1 –3 –1 0 –1008 0 –333 kNm
VC –1/6 0 0 1/6 336 184.5 kN

Step 10: Output Qu 9 [Example 11]

θB = 351/EI = 2.1x10-3 rad
56 kN/m θC = –603/2EI = – 1.8x10-3 rad
144 kN 151.5 δB → = 1701/2EI = 5.0 mm
C
B 2EI +
144 C B 99 C
EI D-shape B
3m

99
184.5
– +
333
A + SFD (kN)
303.9
144 6m 184.5 –
A A
151.5 BMD (kNm)
144 333

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 35

10 Question 10 [Example 12]
HA = 33.75 kN VA = 270 kN
Determine HA, VA, MA, HD, VD, MD, θB and θC MA = 45 kNm
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape HD = –33.75 kN VD = 270 kN
MD = –45 kNm
Take EI = 15x103 kNm2. No support yield.
θB = 90/EI θC = – 90/EI

Solution: Step 1
2 d2 3 2 3
135 kN/m
[Frame NOT
B C X
Subject to d1
2EI Node and Let Member 2-3
Sway] Be Redundant
Dof Numbers

4m
EI EI
1 4 1 4
4m
A D
Y Released Structure

Step 2 EJL at end i FED at end i EJL at end j

Mem 1-2 and 3-4 Mem 1-2 and 3-4 Mem 1-2 and 3-4
EJL, FED and ERS
F1 = 0 δ1= 0 F1 = 0
F2 = 0 δ2 = 0 F2 = 0
Member 2-3 Member 2-3 Member 2-3
4
F1 = ωL δ1 = – ωL /8(2EI) F1 = –ωL
= 540 kN = –2160/EI = –540 kN (VD)
2 3 2
F2 = –ωL /2 δ2 = – ωL /6(2EI) F2 = ωL /2
= –1080 kNm = –720/EI = 1080 kNm

Step 2: Contd Transformed EJL Joint Load FED Vector

T T
[βij ] Matrices [Pi ] = [βij ] [Fij ] Vector
For Member 2-3
Mem 1-2 and 3-4 [P2 A] = 0
(θ = 90°) Member 1-2 and 3-4 0
[βij ]T = 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
E 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 [P2 ] = 0
E
Member 2-3 –1080 [δrs ] = –2160/EI
(θ = 0) Member 2-3: [P2E] = [β23]T[F23]
–720/EI
[β23 ]T = –1 0 –1 0 540 = –540 VD [P2] = 0
0 1 0 1 –1080 –1080 d2 –1080

Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors HA 0

N2-3 [P2] = 0 0 V1-2 VA 0
[P1] = V2-3 E E
M2-3 –1080 [δ ] = 0 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = MA [RS ] = 0
[∆2] = d1 (1/EI) 0 V3-4 HD 0
0
[∆1] = 0 d2 0 M3-4 VD 540
E
0 [P1] : [∆1] and [P2] : [∆2] and [FM] : [δ ] must corresp0nd MD 0

Step 3: Unassembled SFM Entries in [Fu2 ] and [FM ] must correspond

1-2 64/3 8 0 0 2-3 0 0 0 The axial force in member
[Fu2 ] = 8 4 0 0 [Fu1 ] = 0 32/3 4 2-3 is suppressed. Entries
{1/EI} 3-4 0 0 64/3 8 (1/EI) 0 4 2 in row 1 and column 1 of
0 0 8 4 [Fu1 ] are zeros.

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 36

Step 4: [b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1]
N V M
1 1 1-2 1 0 0
3 3 2 3
[b1M] = –4 0 1
2 2 4 1 3-4 –1 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 4 1
4 1
[N2-3] [V2-3]
[M2-3]
4 N V M
4 4 1 1
1 4 1 4 1 4 HA –1 0 0
1 1 [b1R] = VA 0 1 0
1 1 MA –4 0 1
HD 1 0 0
Entries in [b1M] must correspond to [FM]. VD 0 –1 0
Entries in [b1R] must correspond to [RS] MD 4 –4 –1

Step 4: Contd: [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]
d1 d2
3 2 3 1-2 0 0
2 [b2M] = –1 0
1 3-4 0 0
1 [d2] 0 1
[d1]

d1 d2
1 1
1 4 1 4 HA 0 0
[b2R] = VA 0 0
MA –1 0
HD 0 0
Entries in [b2M] must correspond to [FM]. VD 0 0
Entries in [b2R] must correspond to [RS] MD 0 –1

Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices [f11] = [b1M ]T [Fu2 ] [b1M ] + [Fu1 ]

1 –4 –1 0 64/3 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 128/3 –32 –16
[f11] = 0 0 0 4 8 4 0 0 –4 0 1 + 0 32/3 4 = –32 224/3 20
0 1 0 1 0 0 64/3 8 –1 0 0 0 4 2 {1/EI} –16 20 10
{1/EI} 0 0 8 4 0 4 1

[f12] = [b1M]T [Fu2 ] [b2M]

1 –4 –1 0 64/3 8 0 0 0 0 8 –8
[f12] = 0 0 0 4 8 4 0 0 –1 0 = 0 16
0 1 0 1 0 0 64/3 8 0 0 {1/EI} –4 4 [f21] = 8 0 –4

{1/EI} 0 0 8 4 0 1 {1/EI} –8 16 4

[f22] = [b2M]T [Fu2 ] [b2M]

= 0 –1 0 0 64/3 8 0 0 0 0 = 4 0
0 0 0 1 8 4 0 0 –1 0 {1/EI} 0 4
0 0 64/3 8 0 0
{1/EI} 0 0 8 4 0 1

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 37

 Step 6: Redundant Forces [δE] = [0] 1/EI cancels off
T E E
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M] [δ ] – [δrs ]
128/3 –32 –16 N2-3 0 8 –8 0 0 –8640
–32 224/3 20 V2-3 = 0 – 0 16 –1080 – –2160 = 19440
–16 20 10 M2-3 0 –4 4 –720 5040
Solving: N2-3 = NBC = –33.75 kN V2-3 = VBC = 270 kN M2-3 = MBC = –90 kNm

E
Step 7: Nodal Displacements [δ ] = [0] EI taken to LHS
T E
[∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M] [δ ]

EI d1 EIθB 8 0 –4 –33.75 4 0 0 90
= = + =
EI d2 EIθC –8 16 4 270 0 4 –1080 –90
–90

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB 1 0 0 –33.75 0 0 0 –33.75 kN
M1-2 = MAB = –4 0 1 270 + –1 0 –1080 = 45 kNm
V3-4 VCD –1 0 0 –90 0 0 33.75 kN
M3-4 MCD 0 4 1 0 1 –90 kNm

E
Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RS ]
HA –1 0 0 –33.75 0 0 0 0 33.75 kN
VA 0 1 0 270 0 0 –1080 0 270 kN
MA = –4 0 1 –90 + 1 0 + 0 = 45 kNm
HD 1 0 0 0 0 0 –33.75 kN
VD 0 –1 0 0 0 540 270 kN
MD 4 –4 –1 0 –1 0 –45 kNm

Step 10: Output Qu 10 [Example 12]

270 90 90
135 kN/m

B C + C 90 B C 90
B
2EI – –
– +
4m

EI EI – +
270
180
45 45 A
A D A D + + D
33.75 4m 33.75 33.75 45 45
33.75
270 270 BMD (kNm)
SFD (kN)

θB = 90/EI = 6x10-3 rad θC = –90/EI = –6x10-3 rad

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 38

11 Question 11 [Example 13]
VA = 246.5 kN HA = 8.3 kN
Determine VA, HA, MA, VD, HD, MD, θB, θC and δB
MA = –9.9 kNm VD = 293.5 kN
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape HD = –59.3 kN MD = –99.9 kNm
EIθB = 1374/13 EIθC = – 966/13
Take EI = 15x103 kNm2. No support yield.
EIδB = 2176/13

Solution [Frame Subject to Sway] d1 d3 2 3

2 3
135 kN/m
Step 1 51 kN d2 X
Let Member 2-3
B 2EI C Node and
Be Redundant
Dof Numbers

4m
EI EI 1 4 1 4
4m
A D Y Released Structure

Step 2 EJL at end i FED at end i EJL at end j

Mem 1-2 and 3-4 Mem 1-2 and 3-4 Mem 1-2 and 3-4
EJL, FED and ERS
F1 = 0 δ1= 0 F1 = 0
F2 = 0 δ2 = 0 F2 = 0
Member 2-3 Member 2-3 Member 2-3
4
F1 = ωL δ1 = – ωL /8(2EI) F1 = –ωL
= 540 kN = –2160/EI = –540 kN (VD)
F2 = –ωL2/2 δ2 = – ωL3/6(2EI) F2 = ωL2/2
= –1080 kNm = –720/EI = 1080 kNm

Step 2: Contd Transformed EJL Joint Load FED Vector

[βij ] T Matrices [Pi ] = [βij ] T [Fij ] Vector For member 2-3
Mem 1-2 and 3-4 Member 1-2 and 3-4
[β12] T = –1 0 1 0 0 = 0 51 0
A
0 0 0 0 0 0 [P2 ] = 0 E
[δrs ] = –2160/EI
0 1 0 1 0 0
Mem 2-3 (θ = 0)
T
Member 2-3: [P2E] = [β23]T[F23] –720/EI
[β23] = 0 0 0 0 540 = 0 0
E
–1 0 –1 0 –1080 –540 VD [P2 ] = 0
0 1 0 1 –1080 d3 –1080

Step 2: Contd: Input and Output Vectors HA 0

N2-3 51 0 V1-2 VA 0
[P1] = V2-3 [P2] = 0 E E
[δ ] = 0 [FM] = M1-2 [RS] = MA [RS ] = 0
M2-3 –1080
(1/EI) 0 V3-4 HD 0
0 d1
0 M3-4 VD 540
[∆1] = 0 [∆2] = d2
0 d3 MD 0

Step 3: Unassembled SFM Entries in [Fu2 ] and [FM ] must correspond

1-2 64/3 8 0 0 2-3 0 0 0 The axial force in member
[Fu2 ] = 8 4 0 0 [Fu1 ] = 0 32/3 4 2-3 is suppressed. Entries
{1/EI} 3-4 0 0 64/3 8 (1/EI) 0 4 2 in row 1 and column 1 of
0 0 8 4 [Fu1 ] are zeros.

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 39

Step 4: [b1M] and [b1R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load in place of [P1]
N V M
1 1 1-2 1 0 0
3 3 2 3
[b1M] = –4 0 1
2 2 4 1 3-4 –1 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 4 1
4 1
[N2-3] [V2-3]
[M2-3]
4 N V M
4 4 1 1
1 4 1 4 1 4 HA –1 0 0
1 1 [b1R] = VA 0 1 0
1 1 MA –4 0 1
HD 1 0 0
Entries in [b1M] must correspond to [FM]. VD 0 –1 0
Entries in [b1R] must correspond to [RS] MD 4 –4 –1

Step 4: Contd: [b2M] and [b2R] sub-matrices: Apply unit load at each [∆2]
d1 d2 d3
½ ½ 3 2 3 1-2 1/2 0 0
2
[b2M] = –2 –1 0
2 3
1 3-4 1/2 0 0
1
[d1] 0 0 1
[d2] [d3]
2 2 1 d1 d2 d3
4 4 1 4 HA –1/2 0 0
1 ½ ½ 1 1
[b2R] = VA 0 0 0
MA –2 –1 0
Both columns 1-2 and 3-4 will HD –1/2 0 0
suffer equal sway. Apply ½ at Entries in [b2M] must correspond to [FM]. VD 0 0 0
node 2 and ½ at node 3 Entries in [b2R] must correspond to [RS] MD –2 0 –1

Step 5: Structure Flexibility Sub-matrices [f11] = [b1M ]T [Fu2 ] [b1M ] + [Fu1 ]

1 –4 –1 0 64/3 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 128/3 –32 –16
[f11] = 0 0 0 4 8 4 0 0 –4 0 1 + 0 32/3 4 = –32 224/3 20
0 1 0 1 0 0 64/3 8 –1 0 0 0 4 2 {1/EI} –16 20 10
{1/EI} 0 0 8 4 0 4 1

[f12] = [b1M]T [Fu2 ] [b2M]

1 –4 –1 0 64/3 8 0 0 1/2 0 0 0 8 –8
0 16 0
[f12] = 0 0 0 4 8 4 0 0 –2 –1 0 = 16 0 16
[f21] = 8 0 –4
0 1 0 1 0 0 64/3 8 1/2 0 0 {1/EI} 0 –4 4
{1/EI} –8 16 4
{1/EI} 0 0 8 4 0 0 1

[f22] = [b2M]T [Fu2 ] [b2M]

1/2 –2 1/2 0 64/3 8 0 0 1/2 0 0 32/3 4 4
= 0 –1 0 0 8 4 0 0 –2 –1 0 = 4 4 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 64/3 8 1/2 0 0 {1/EI} 4 0 4
{1/EI} 0 0 8 4 0 0 1

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 40

 Step 6: Redundant Forces [δE] = [0] 1/EI cancels off
T E E
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] – [b1M] [δ ] – [δrs ]
128/3 –32 –16 N2-3 0 0 8 –8 51 0 –8640
–32 224/3 20 V2-3 = 0 – 16 0 16 0 – –2160 = 18624
–16 20 10 M2-3 0 0 –4 4 –1080 –720 5040
M2-3 = MBC = –558/13 = –42.9 kNm V2-3 = VBC = 3204/13 = 246.5 kN
N2-3 = NBC = –135/4 – 51/2 = –237/4 = –59.25 kN [Note: –51/2 is the contribution of the sway force]

Step 7: Nodal Displacements [δE] = [0] EI taken to LHS

T E
[∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2] + [b2M] [δ ]
EI d1 EIδB 0 16 0 –135/4 32/3 4 4 51 2176/13
EI d2 = EIθB = 8 0 –4 3204/13 + 4 4 0 0 = 1374/13
EI d3 EIθC –8 16 4 –558/13 4 0 4 –1080 –966/13

Step 8: Member Forces [FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2]

V1-2 VAB 1 0 0 –135/4 1/2 0 0 51 –8.3 kN
M1-2 = MAB = –4 0 1 3204/13 + –2 –1 0 0 = –9.9 kNm
V3-4 VCD –1 0 0 –558/13 1/2 0 0 –1080 59.3 kN
M3-4 MCD 0 4 1 0 0 1 –137.1 kNm

Step 9: Support Reactions [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2] + [RSE]

HA –1 0 0 –135/4 –1/2 0 0 51 0 8.3 kN
VA 0 1 0 3204/13 0 0 0 0 0 246.5 kN
MA = –4 0 1 –558/13 + –2 –1 0 –1080 + 0 = –9.9 kNm
HD 1 0 0 –1/2 0 0 0 –59.3 kN
VD 0 –1 0 0 0 0 540 293.5 kN
MD 4 –4 –1 –2 0 –1 0 –99.9 kNm

Step 10: Output Qu 11 [Example 13]

135 kN/m 246.5 137.1
42.9
51 kN + C 59.3 42.9 – C 137.1
B C B 8.3
2EI – B + –
EI EI
4m

D-shape – 293.5 – 182.1

9.9 +
99.9 A SFD (kN) D + D
A D 59.3 9.9 A 99.9
8.3 4m 8.3 59.3
246.5 293.5 BMD (kNm)

EIθB = 1374/13 EIθC = – 966/13 EIδB = 2176/13

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 41

12 CONCLUDING REMARKS
(a) Considering the beam member shown below, derive an expression for transformation
from the flexibility matrix to the stiffness matrix. F1
j
(b) Write down the direct flexibility sub-matrix [fii ] F2 EI L j
i
(c) Evaluate the equilibrium sub-matrix [b2R ]
(d) Use the expression derived in (a) above to evaluate the beam stiffness matrix.

Solution 12 (a)
Consider the given beam member:
F1
Let [Fi ] = the member end forces at end i F2
EI L
[δi ] = the member end displacements at end i
[Fj ] = the member end forces at end j i j
[δj ] = the member end displacements at end j
The member force-displacement relation can be expressed as:

j
[Fi ] [kii ] [kij ] [δi ]
= Eqn 1
I
[Fj ] [kji ] [kjj ] [δj ]

Since [δj ] = [0] we can write

j
[Fi ] = [kii ][δi ] …………………… Eqn 2
[Fj ] = [kji ][δi ] …….……………… Eqn 3
The direct stiffness sub-matrix [kii ] is the inverse of the direct flexibility sub-matrix [fii j ]
j

j j -1
[kii ] = [fii ] ………………… Eqn 4
Substitute Eqn 4 into Eqn 2 to obtain
[Fi ] = [fii j ] -1 [ δi ] …………...…… Eqn 5
The “support reactions” [Fj ] are related to the “applied forces” [Fi ] by equilibrium
[Fj ] = [b2R ][Fi ] ………….……… Eqn 6
Substitute Eqn 5 into Eqn 6 to obtain
[Fj ] = [b2R ] [fii j ] -1 [δi ] …………… Eqn 7
A comparison of Eqn 7 and Eqn 3 shows that
j -1
[kji ] = [b2R ] [fii ] ……….……… Eqn 8
Since the stiffness matrix is symmetric
[kij ] = [kji ]T = {[b2R ] [fii j ] -1}T = [fii j ] -1 [b2R ]T …………… Eqn 9
i
Since [b2R ] relates [Fj ] to [Fi ] then [b2R ] must also relate [kjj ] to [kij ]
[kjj i ] = [b2R ] [kij ] = [b2R ] [fii j ] -1 [b2R ]T …………… Eqn 10
Eqns 4, 8, 9 and 10 show that the “structure” stiffness matrix can be expressed as

[fii j ] -1 [fii j ] -1 [b2R ]T

[km ] = ………… Eqn 11
[b2R ] [fii j ] -1 [b2R ] [fii j ] -1 [b2R ]T

Eqn 11 represents the transformation from member flexibility to member stiffness.

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 Solution 12 (b)
3 2
The direct flexibility sub-matrix at the end i is written as: L /3EI L /2EI
[fii j] = 2
L /2EI L/EI

Solution 12 (c): [b2R ] sub-matrix 1

Apply unit load at each displaceable dof at the end i EI L j
then evaluate the reactions at the end j i –L
[d1]
1
The equilibrium sub-matrix [b2R ] is given by

d1 d2 EI L j
i
F1j 1 0
[b2R ] = 1 –1
[d2]
F2j –L –1
0

Solution 12 (d)
2 3 2
1 L/EI –L /2EI 12EI/L –6EI/L
[kii j ] = [fii j ] -1 = 4 2 4 2 2 3
= 2
(L /3EI – L /4EI ) –L /2EI L /3EI –6EI/L 4EI/L

1 0 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2

[kji ] = [b2R ][fii j ] -1 = =
–L –1 –6EI/L2 4EI/L –6EI/L2 2EI/L

3 2 3 2
j -1 T 12EI/L –6EI/L 1 –L 12EI/L –6EI/L
[kij ] = [fii ] [b2R ] = =
–6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 –1 –6EI/L2 2EI/L

3 2
12EI/L –6EI/L
ALT: [kij ] = [kji ] T =
–6EI/L2 2EI/L

1 0 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2 1 –L
[kjj i ] = [b2R ] [fii j ] -1 [b2R ] T = 2
–L –1 –6EI/L 4EI/L 0 –1

12EI/L3 –6EI/L2
= 2
–6EI/L 4EI/L

The beam stiffness matrix is therefore given by

12EI/L3 –6EI/L2 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2

2 2
[km ] = –6EI/L 4EI/L –6EI/L 2EI/L
3 2 3
12EI/L –6EI/L 12EI/L –6EI/L2
–6EI/L2 2EI/L –6EI/L2 4EI/L

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 3 Solutions © 2019 Page 43

13 CONCLUDING REMARKS
(a) How is matrix formulation of the flexibility method achieved?
(b) What is the unified approach?
(c) What is the system approach?
(d) Outline the advantage(s) and disadvantage(s) of the system approach with regard to
automation.

Solution 13 (a)
Matrix formulation of the flexibility method is based on the fundamental flexibility equation [F] [P] = [∆].
The principle of constitutivity is used to relate the member end displacements to the member end forces
[δij ] = [fm ][Fij ]. The principle of equilibrium is used to relate the member end forces to the applied loads
[FM ] = [bM ] [P]. The principle of compatibility is used to relate the structure joint forces to the member
end forces [Pi ] = [βij ]T[Fij ]. Castigliano’s 2nd theorem is used to evaluate the member flexibility
coefficients ∂2U/∂Fi∂Fj = fij.
T
The strain energy stored in the members is expressed as U = ½ [FM ] [Fu ] [FM ].
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as U = ½ [P ]T [F ] [P ].
The principle of conservation of energy is used to equate the strain energy to the external work done,
which leads to expressions for the structure flexibility sub-matrices.
The solution is accomplished using four standard equations:
[f11][P1] = [∆1] – [f12][P2] [∆2] = [f21][P1] + [f22][P2]
[FM] = [b1M][P1] + [b2M][P2] [RS] = [b1R][P1] + [b2R][P2]

Solution 13 (b)
The four standard solution equations are slightly modified in order to cater for different types of
structures, different types of applied loads and the effect of other stress causing phenomena.
Matrix formulation of the flexibility method therefore results in a unified approach.
The unified approach is an approach where the same standard technique is used for the analysis of
different types of structures subject to different types of applied loads.

Solution 13 (c)
The structure flexibility sub-matrices [f11], [f12], [f21] and [f22] depend on the equilibrium sub-matrices
[b1M] and [b2M]. The equilibrium sub-matrices are evaluated by statically analyzing the released structure
as a whole. The flexibility approach is therefore referred to as the system approach.

Solution 13 (d)
The only advantage of the system approach is that it is straight forward and may be easily understood
because it is a direct approach to the solution. The system approach has two disadvantages:
1. It is not easy to automate because the technique depends on the “subjective” choice of
redundant forces. It is difficult to automate a “subjective” process.
2. The statical analysis of the released structure is itself difficult to programme.
The flexibility approach is therefore not commonly used in computer application packages.

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