Radio Performance Analysis

BY: Ehsan Souri

4/19/2018 1
 OUTLINE OF COURSE

1. Introduction to network topology and main nodes

2. KPI, PI, counter and performance of a network

3. Relationship and interaction of KPIs

4. Tools for KPI management (reporting and analysis)

5. Improvement of KPIs

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

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 GERAN PROTOCOL STACK

• CM: Connection Management

• MM: Mobility Management
• RR: Radio Resource
• LAPD(m): Link Access Procedure Data link layer.
• BTSM: BTS Management

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 GERAN PROTOCOL STACK

GPRS protocol stack

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LTE NETWORK TOPOLOGY

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 E-UTRAN PROTOCOL STACK

RRM and RRC functionality are moved from RNC/BSC to NodeB

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FREQUENCY ALLOCATED TO WIRELESS TELECOM

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 GSM MULTI-ACCESS METHOD
UP_LINK DOWN_LINK
GSM GSM_900
890MHz UP_LINK 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz
DOWN_LINK
GSM_1800
1710MHz 1785MHz 1805MHz 1880MHz
MS Transmission Band : 890 – 915 MHZ BS Transmission Band : 935 – 960 MHZ

45 MHz

F1 F2 F1' F2'
Frequency

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MULTI-ACCESS METHODS

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 MULTI-ACCESS METHODS
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers

OFDMA
TTI: 1ms
Frequency

User 1
User 2

Time User 3
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
System Bandwidth Sub-carriers

TTI: 1ms

Frequency

User 1
SC-FDMA
User 2

Time User 3
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers

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MULTI-ACCESS METHODS

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GSM LOGICAL CHANNELS

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WCDMA LOGICAL CHANNELS

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 KPI CATEGORY

5 main categories

The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and other given
Accessibility
conditions, when requested by the user.

The ability of a service, once obtained, to continue to be provided under given conditions
Retainability
for a requested duration.

Integrity The degree to which a service, once obtained, is provided without excessive impairments

Mobility Performance of all handover types.

Availability Cell availability.

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 GSM KPI CATEGORY

GSM KPI Test Case

• SDCCH Establishment Success Rate
• Paging Success Rate
• Immediate Assignment Success Rate
Accessibility • Random Access Success Rate
• TCH Assignment Success Rate
• PDP Context Activation Success Rate
• SDCCH Drop Rate
Retainability • Call Drop Rate
• TBF Drop Rate
• Payload
Integrity
• Erlang

Mobility • Handover Success Rate

Availability • TCH availability

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 WCDMA KPI CATEGORY

WCDMA KPI Test Case

• RRC Connection Establishment Success Rate
• Random Access
Accessibility • RAB Establishment Success Rate for Speech
• RAB Establishment Success Rate for Packet
• PDP Context Activation Success Rate

• RAB Abnormal Release Rate

Retainability • Call Drop Rate
• RRC Drop Rate

• UTRAN Throughput KPIs

Integrity • UTRAN Erlang KPIs
• UTRAN Latency KPIs
• Soft Handover Success Rate
Mobility • IRAT Handover Success Rate
• Hard Handover Success Rate
Availability • Partial cell availability

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 LTE KPI CATEGORY
LTE KPI Test Case

• RRC Connection Establishment

Accessibility • Random Access
• Initial and added E-RAB Establishment Success Rate

• MME Initiated E-RAB & UE Context Release with counters Description

• UE Session Time
Retainability • RBS Initiated E-RAB & UE Context Release with counters Description
• MME & RBS Initiated UE Context Release Flow Chart
• MME & RBS Initiated E-RAB Release Flow Chart
• EUTRAN Throughput KPIs
Integrity • EUTRAN Latency KPIs
• EUTRAN Packet Loss KPIs

• X2 Based Handover Preparation & Execution

• Intra RBS Handover Preparation & Execution
• Intra Frequency Handover Preparation & Execution Counters
Mobility • S1 Based Handover Preparation & Execution
• Intra-frequency intra-LTE S1 & X2 Handover Flowchart
• Inter Frequency Handover Preparation & Execution Counters
• Inter-frequency intra-LTE S1 & X2 Handover Flowchart
Availability • Partial cell availability

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 ACCESSIBILITY

The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and other given
Accessibility
conditions, when requested by the user.

The ability of a service, once obtained, to continue to be provided under given conditions
Retainability
for a requested duration.

Integrity The degree to which a service, once obtained, is provided without excessive impairments

Mobility Performance of all handover types.

Availability Cell availability.

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 GSM ACCESSIBILITY

• Accessibility for the GERAN is a measure of the ability of a user to access a CS (call
or SMS) or PS (GPRS) service.

• The main CS accessibility for GSM are:

₋ Immediate Assignment Success Rate
₋ TCH Assignment Success Rate
₋ Call Setup Success Rate

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 IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT SUCCESS RATE

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻, 𝑇𝐶𝐻𝐹, 𝑇𝐶𝐻𝐻 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐼𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑅 = 100 ∗
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒

SABM stands for Set asynchronous balanced mode, UA stands for Unnumbered Acknowledge and DA stands for Disconnected Mode.

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 TCH ASSIGNMENT SUCCESS RATE

𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑇𝐶𝐻 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑧𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑇𝐶𝐻 𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑅 = 100 ∗
𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝐶𝐻 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑧𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙
SABM stands for Set asynchronous balanced mode, UA stands for Unnumbered Acknowledge and DA stands for Disconnected Mode.

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 CALL SETUP SUCCESS RATE

CSSR = Successful Assignments/Cell-related Requests × 100%

BSS CSSR = Success Rate of Immediate Assignment × Success Rate of Assignment × (1 – Call Drop Ratio on SDCCH)

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 ENVIRONMENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT ON CSSR

• TCH assignment
• TCH congestion
• SDCCH congestion
• Immediate assignment

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ENVIRONMENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT ON TCH ASSIGNMENT FAILURES

• HW problem such as TRX ,feeders, cabling

• Coverage gap between 1800 and 900 band
• Sector swap ,feeder swap
• No Abis , no A interface resource
• Over shooting
• Interference
• not adjusted antenna (azimuth and tilt)
• TCH availability problems
• TCH congestion
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 TCH ASSIGNMENT FAILURES

TCH Assignment failures due to No Abis Resource

Solution
1. E1 expansion
2. change Fix Abis mode to Flex

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 TCH ASSIGNMENT FAILURES
TCH assignment failures due to Feeder swap and sector swap
Solution
1. Sector swap: check cell ID of serving cell by TEMS or ACTIX (below picture)
2. Feeder swap: Check TCH assignment failures in 1800& 900 TRXs
3. check 1800 & 900 feeders by FLM

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CHECK MAIN & DIVERSITY SWAP

 Check TX and RX swap

 check TCH assignment failures on TRX

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 TCH ASSIGNMENT FAILURES
Coverage gap between 1800 and 900 band
• check Antenna Tilts of 1800,900
• 1800 tilt should be less than 900 tilt
TA report in1800 TRXs

TA report in 900 TRXs

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 TCH ASSIGNMENT FAILURES

TCH assignment due to wrong Cell configuration normal to concentric

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 CHECK CONCENTRIC CELL PARAMETER

• command MOD GCELL.

Cell IUO Type to Concentric_cell(Concentric Cell)
Enhanced Concentric Allowed to an appropriate value.

• command SET GTRXIUO

Concentric Attribute to OVERLAID(Overlaid Subcell) or UNDERLAID(Underlaid Subcell)

• command SET GCELLHOBASIC.

Concentric Circles HO Allowed to YES(Yes).

• SET GCELLHOIUO command to set the handover parameters in the concentric cell based on the current
network status.

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 TCH ASSIGNMENT PARAMETER

• TCH reassignment
It is recommended that this function be enabled to improve TCH Assignment
Success Rate. By default, this function is enabled SET/LST GCELLCCBASIC

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 WCDMA ACCESSIBILITY

• Accessibility for the UTRAN is a measure of the ability of a user to obtain an RAB
from the system.

• The main RAB establishment procedure includes:

₋ RRC Setup Success Rate
₋ RAB Establishment Success Rate Speech
₋ RAB Establishment Success Rate PS

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 RRC SETUP SUCCESS RATE

• RRC Setup Success Rate=100*(Number of successful RRC connections/ Number

of RRC requests)

• Recommended formula

• if UE has selected another cell (inter-frequency), due to Load Sharing

mechanism, pmNoLoadSharingRrcConn counter is stepped when the RRC
message RRC Connection Reject is sent to the UE. pmNoRejRrcConnSpFlowCtrl
counts attempts which discarded by flow control of Sharing mechanism.

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 RRC SETUP SUCCESS RATE

• Other accessibility KPIs related to RRC

₋ RRC Setup Success Rate PS (100* pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPsSucc/ pmTotNoRrcConnectReqPs)

₋ RRC Setup Success Rate CS (100* pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCsSucc/ pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs)

₋ RRC Terminating Success Rate (100* pmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqSucc/ pmTotNoTermRrcConnectReq)

₋ RRC Terminating Success Rate PS (100* pmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqPsSucc/

pmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqPs)

₋ RRC Terminating Success Rate CS (100* pmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqCsSucc/

pmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqCs)

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 RAB ESTABLISHMENT SUCCESS RATE SPEECH

• RAB Establishment Success Rate Speech =100*(Number of successful RAB assignments / Number of RAB assignments requests)

• Recommended formula

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 RAB ESTABLISHMENT SUCCESS RATE PS

• Recommended formula for Interactive HS

• Recommended formula for Interactive HS

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RAB ESTABLISHMENT SUCCESS RATE PS

• Recommended formula for Interactive EUL

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 LTE ACCESSIBILITY

• Accessibility for the EUTRAN is a measure of the ability of a user to obtain an E-RAB
from the system.

• The initial E-RAB establishment process can be divided into the following phases:
₋ Random Access
₋ RRC Connection Establishment
₋ S1 Signaling Connection Establishment
₋ Initial E-RAB Establishment or E-RAB Addition

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 RANDOM ACCESS SR

• Random Access Success Rate:

100*(pmRaSuccCfra+pmRaSuccCbra)/(pmRaAttCfra+pmRaAttCbra(

• the same PRACH preamble from multiple UE reaches the NW at the same time.. this kind of PRACH collision is called
"Contention" and the RACH process that allows this type of "Contention" is called "Contention based" RACH Process. In this kind
of contention based RACH process, Network would go through additional process at later step to resolve these contention and
this process is called "Contention Resolution" step.

• But there is some cases that these kind of contention is not acceptable due to some reason (e.g, timing restriction) and these
contention can be prevented. Usually in this case, the Network informs each of the UE of exactly when and which preamble
signature it has to use. Of course, in this case Network will allocate these preamble signature so that it would not collide. This
kind of RACH process is called "Contention Free" RACH procedure. To initiate the "Contention Free" RACH process, UE should be
in Connected Mode before the RACH process as in Handover case.

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 RRC CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT SUCCESS RATE

• RRC Connection Establishment Success Rate is:

𝑝𝑚𝑅𝑟𝑐𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐
RRC Estab 𝑆𝑅[%] = 100 ×
𝑝𝑚𝑅𝑟𝑐𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝐴𝑡𝑡−𝑝𝑚𝑅𝑟𝑐𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡

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 S1 signaling establishment troubleshooting
𝑝𝑚𝑆1𝑆𝑖𝑔𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐
• The S1 Signaling Connection Establishment SR is: 𝑆1 𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑅[%] = 100 ×
𝑝𝑚𝑆1𝑆𝑖𝑔𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝐴𝑡𝑡

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 E-RAB establishment KPIs formulas

• DATA E-RAB SR:

=100*(pmErabEstabSuccAddedQci[8]+pmErabEstabSuccInitQci[8])/ (pmEra
bEstabAttInitQci[8]+pmErabEstabAttAddedQci[8]- pmErabEstabAttAddedHoOngoingQci[8])

• E-RAB SR QCI5 (VOLTE):

=100*(pmErabEstabSuccAddedQci[5]+pmErabEstabSuccInitQci[5])/ (pmEra
bEstabAttInitQci[5]+pmErabEstabAttAddedQci[5])

• E-RAB SR QCI1 (VOLTE):

=100*(pmErabEstabSuccAddedQci[1]+pmErabEstabSuccInitQci[1])/(pmEra
bEstabAttInitQci[1]+pmErabEstabAttAddedQci[1])

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QCI in LTE

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 SUMMARY

KPI Phase
Random Access

RRC Connection Establishment

Initial S1 Context Setup establishment

Initial / Added E-rab establishment

1.Connected users license

exceeded / Hard limit reached in
RBS
2.High load
1.License for no.of ERAB's per user
3.RF abnormalities
2.UL/DL GBR resources overload
4.Wrong parameters settings
3.Poor Radio Condition

1.CFRA Preamble not

allocated by target RBS 1. S1 link failure Failure Reasons
2. RAR message window 2. MME overload
expiry
3.Improper RA preamble
planning

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 Accessibility Counter Tree

Random Access RRC Connection Establishment

Paging A
Attempts
Success pmRrcConnEstabAtt
pmPagReceived CBRA CFRA pmRrcConnEstabAttDta
pmRrcConnEstabAttEm
pmPagS1Received pmRrcConnEstabAttHpa
pmRrcConnEstabAttMta
pmRrcConnEstabAttMos
pmRrcConnEstabAttMod
Failures Attempts Attempts
pmPagDiscarded
pmPagS1Discarded pmRaAttCbra pmRaAttCfra Success
pmRaAllocCfra pmRrcConnEstabSucc
pmRrcConnEstabSuccGummeiNative
pmRrcConnEstabSuccDta
pmRrcConnEstabSuccEm
Success Success pmRrcConnEstabSuccHpa
pmRaSuccCbra pmRaSuccCfra pmRrcConnEstabSuccMta
pmRrcConnEstabSuccMos
pmRrcConnEstabSuccMod

Failures Failures Failures

pmRaFailCbraMsg2Disc pmRaFailCfraMsg2Disc pmRrcConnEstabFailLic
pmRrcConnEstabFailLicActiveUsers
pmRrcConnEstabFailMISigQCong
pmRrcConnEstabFailMmeOvlMod
pmRrcConnEstabFailMmeOvlMos
False Preamble Attempt pmRrcConnEstabFailMpOverload
pmRaUnassignedCfraFalse pmRrcConnEstabFailBearerAdmissionRej
pmRrcConnEstabFailCellLatency
pmRaUnassignedCfraSum

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 Accessibility Counter Tree

Initial S1 Signalling connection Initial / Added E-RAB

establishment Establishment

Attempts Attempts
• pmS1SigConnEstabAtt • pmErabEstabAttAdded
• pmS1SigConnEstabAttDta • pmErabEstabAttAddedArp
• pmS1SigConnEstabAttEm • pmErabEstabAttAddedQci
• pmS1SigConnEstabAttHpa • pmErabEstabAttAddedPa
• pmS1SigConnEstabAttMod • pmErabEstabAttInit
• pmS1SigConnEstabAttMta • pmErabEstabAttInitArp
• pmS1SigConnEstabAttMos • pmErabEstabAttInitQci Failures
• pmErabEstabAttInitPa pmErabEstabFailAddedLic
pmErabEstabFailInitLic
Success pmErabEstabFailGbrDlEnb
• pmS1SigConnEstabSucc Success pmErabEstabFailGbrUlEnb
• pmS1SigConnEstabSuccDta • pmErabEstabSuccAdded
• pmS1SigConnEstabSuccEm • pmErabEstabSuccAddedArp
• pmS1SigConnEstabSuccHpa • pmErabEstabSuccAddedQci
• pmS1SigConnEstabSuccMod • pmErabEstabSuccAddedPa
• pmS1SigConnEstabSuccMta • pmErabEstabSuccInit
• pmS1SigConnEstabSuccMos • pmErabEstabSuccInitArp
• pmErabEstabSuccInitQci
• pmErabEstabSuccInitPa
Failures
pmS1SigConnEstabFailMmeOvlMos

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CONGESTION

4/19/2018 48
 TCH CONGESTION RATE (OVERFLOW)
• TCH congestion is probably caused by one of the following causes:
₋ The traffic volume in a cell increases.
₋ The cell does not support the half-rate speech or half-rate is not enough.
₋ Traffic volume in the cell is large because the subscriber density is high or coverage overlap occurs in the cell.
₋ The traffic volume in the cell sharply increases because emergencies occur or any neighboring cells are out of
service.
₋ The cell is configured with a large number of static packet data channels (PDCHs) or dynamic PDCHs and
processes PS services preferentially.
₋ Some TRXs of the cell are faulty or some channels of the cell are blocked.
₋ Very early assignment is enabled.
• TCH Congestion Rate ={100}*
{[K3021:Failed TCH Seizures due to Busy TCH (Signaling Channel)] +[K3011A:Failed TCH Seizures due to Busy TCH (Traffic
Channel)]+[K3011B:Failed TCH Seizures in TCH Handovers due to Busy TCH (Traffic Channel)] } / {[K3020:TCH Seizure Requests
(Signaling Channel)] + [K3010A:TCH Seizure Requests (Traffic Channel)] + [K3010B:TCH Seizure Requests in TCH Handovers
(Traffic Channel)]}

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 SDCCH CONGESTION RATE

• SDCCH congestion is probably caused by one of the following causes:

₋ The traffic volume on an SDCCH increases sharply. As a result, new services cannot be assigned
to the SDCCH, leading to an immediate assignment failure.

₋ The configuration data is inappropriate, such as the location area (LA) planning, dual-band
network parameters, and timer settings.

₋ The number of functional SDCCHs decreases because some TRXs carrying SDCCHs are faulty,
but the traffic volume remains unchanged.

Congestion Rate on SDCCH per Cell (Due to Busy) =

[K3001:Failed SDCCH Seizures due to Busy SDCCH] x{100}/[K3000:SDCCH Seizure Requests]

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 PAGING DELETION

• Paging times contains number of CS and PS paging in a LAC.

• PCH load may lead to paging message collision, so BSC will delete some messages.
• Paging capability = [(Number of CCCH blocks - Number of CCCH blocks reserved for AGCH) x Paging message combination efficiency
x Um interface usage between paging groups]/(51 x TDMA period)

• Some solutions for Paging deletion reduction

₋ Decreasing PAGTIMES
₋ Set larger amount for BS_PA_MFRAMES
₋ LAC Split
₋ CCCH Expansion

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CHANNEL TYPE CONFIGURATION

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GSM MULTIFRAME STRUCTURE

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 TBF CONGESTION RATE

• Downlink TBF Congestion Rate ={100}*

{[A9003:Number of Failed Downlink GPRS TBF Establishments due to No Channel] +[A9203:Number
of Failed Downlink EGPRS TBF Establishments due to No Channel]}/ {[A9001:Number of Downlink
GPRS TBF Establishment Attempts] +[A9201:Number of Downlink EGPRS TBF Establishment
Attempts]}

• Uplink TBF Congestion Rate ={100}*

{[A9003:Number of Failed Uplink GPRS TBF Establishments due to No Channel] +[A9203:Number of
Failed Uplink EGPRS TBF Establishments due to No Channel]}/ {[A9001:Number of Uplink GPRS TBF
Establishment Attempts] +[A9201:Number of Uplink EGPRS TBF Establishment Attempts]}

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 ENVIRONMENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT ON TCH/SDCCH CONGESTION

• Traffic increment
• TCH availability issue
• Poor quality and unstable transmission links over the Abis interface

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 TCH/SDCCH congestion parameters

• Cell Reselection parameters

Push traffic with positive C2 on neighbor sites and negative C2 on site

• Half-Rate Channel parameters

Increased HR usage

• Handover parameters
load Hover allow set to yes

• Assignment Cell Load Judge Enable

When this parameter is set to Yes, the directed retry procedure is performed during the assignment procedure if the following
conditions are met: the cell supports directed retry and the load of the cell is greater than or equal to Cell Direct Try
Forbidden Threshold. By default, this parameter is set to No.

• TRX Expansion

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 HR USAGE PARAMETERS
command • TCH traffic Busy Threshold
• AMR TCH/H prior Allowed
 LST GCELLCHM • AMR TCH/H prior cell load …
• TCH traffic Busy overlay Threshold
• TCH traffic Busy underlay Threshold

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 HR ACTIVATION PARAMETERS
Command: SET GTRXDEV
SET GCELLCHMGBASIC • TCH Rate Adjust Allow (active HF on TRX)
• Enhanced TCH Adjust Allow

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 ADDING SDCCH IN 1800 TRX

1. Different Band SDCCH Using Optimize = No -> Yes

2. Dynamically Adjust Inter-Freq Band SDCCH = No -> Yes

3. TA Pref. of Imme-Assign Allowed = No -> Yes

4. TA Threshold of Imme-Assign Pref = 0

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 ADD CHANNEL IN TRX

Command:
LST GTRXCHAN

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 FAILURES DUE TO CONGESTION IN WCDMA
Cause of a Handover
Cause Value Description Cause of an RRC Cause of a RAB Failure (Including Cause of a RAB Cause of a Cell
Connection Setup Setup Failure Channel Switching) Release Failure Update Failure
Failure
CODE_CONGESTION Code congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DLCE_CONGESTION Downlink CE congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DLIUBBAND_CONGESTION Downlink Iub bandwidth congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DLIUCSBAND_CONGESTION Downlink Iu-CS bandwidth congestion No Yes No Yes No
DLIUPSBAND_CONGESTION Downlink Iu-PS bandwidth congestion No Yes No Yes No
DLPOWER_CONGESTION Downlink power congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
HSDPA_USER_NUM_CONGESTION HSDPA user number congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
HSUPA&HSDPA_USER_NUM_CONGESTION HSDPA and HSUPA user number congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
HSUPA_USER_NUM_CONGESTION HSUPA user number congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
PREEMPTED_USER_DUE_TO_CONGESTION Preemption Yes Yes Yes Yes No
ULCE_CONGESTION Uplink CE congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ULDLCE_CONGESTION Uplink and downlink CE congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ULDLIUBBAND_CONGESTION Uplink and downlink Iub bandwidth congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ULDLPOWER_CONGESTION Uplink and downlink power congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ULIUBBAND_CONGESTION Uplink Iub bandwidth congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ULIUCSBAND_CONGESTION Uplink Iu-CS bandwidth congestion No Yes No Yes No
ULIUPSBAND_CONGESTION Uplink Iu-PS bandwidth congestion No Yes No Yes No
ULPOWER_CONGESTION Uplink power congestion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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 KPI CATEGORY

5 main categories

The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and

Accessibility
other given conditions, when requested by the user.

The ability of a service, once obtained, to continue to be provided under

Retainability
given conditions for a requested duration.

The degree to which a service, once obtained, is provided without

Integrity
excessive impairments

Mobility Performance of all handover types.

Availability Cell availability.

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 KPI CRITERIA

The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and other given
Accessibility
conditions, when requested by the user.

The ability of a service, once obtained, to continue to be provided under given conditions
Retainability
for a requested duration.

Integrity The degree to which a service, once obtained, is provided without excessive impairments

Mobility Performance of all handover types.

Availability Cell availability.

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 GSM RETAINABILITY

• Retainability is the ability of keeping service for a permitted time with acceptable
quality.

• The main Retainability KPIS for GSM are:

₋ Drop Call Rate
₋ SDCCH Drop Rate
₋ TBF Drop Rate

4/19/2018 64
 DROP CALL RATE

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

• 𝐷𝐶𝑅 = 100 ∗
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠+𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

• If a call is abnormally disconnected, a Clear Request is sent to the MSC .If the Call is disconnected in a normal Fashion then Clear Message with
cause code Call Control is sent. It is important to establish what types of calls are failing, and over what percentage of the network it is occurring.

• Call Drop Rate on TCH per cell(Excluding Handover)

• Call Drop Rate on TCH per cell(including Handover)

4/19/2018 65
 SDCCH DROP RATE

Immediate Assignment SR

After Immediate Assignment, if assigned SDCCH released abnormally due to Um interface failure or
other failurs (BSC, CORE), SDCCH Drop will increase.

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑆𝐶

• 𝑆𝐷𝐷𝑅 = 100 ∗ 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐻 𝑆𝑒𝑖𝑧𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑆𝐶

4/19/2018 66
 TBF DROP RATE

GPRS Logical Channels

4/19/2018 67
 TBF DROP RATE
GPRS data transfer = discontinuous series of Temporary Block Flows

• About TBF
₋ TBF dynamically managed by the network
₋ RLC layer create a Temporary Block Flow, each time data needs to be sent
₋ To avoid collisions, network identify each user with TFI and TLLI
₋ Number of retransmission linked to C/I ratio
₋ Retransmissions will decrease real user data throughput
Temporary flow identifier (TFI) assigned by the network. So in case of concurrent TBFs, one TFI
identifies the uplink TBF and another one the downlink TBF. The TFI is used to differentiate TBFs
sharing the same PDCHs in one direction.
Temporary Logical Link Identifier (TLLI) uses to distinguish different users. After attachment TLLI=P-TMSI
4/19/2018 68
 TBF DROP RATE

downlink GPRS TBF establishment

Downlink TBF Drop Rate = [Number of Downlink GPRS TBF abnormal releases] x {100}/
Number of successful Downlink TBF establishments

4/19/2018 69
DROP

Hw issue, wrong Cell configuration

definition

TA Radio link failures report

4/19/2018 70
 WCDMA RETAINABILITY

• Retainability for the UTRAN is the ability of maintaining a RAB for a requested time.

• The main RAB retainability includes:

₋ RRC Drop Rate
₋ RAB Drop Rate Speech
₋ RAB Drop Rate PS

4/19/2018 71
 WCDMA RETAINABILITY

UTRAN modes

4/19/2018 72
 RRC DROP RATE

• Recommended formula

(𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙𝐷𝑐ℎ𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝐴𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚)
RRC DROP RATE = 100 ∗ 𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙𝐷𝑐ℎ𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝐴𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚+𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙𝐷𝑐ℎ𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙

• The KPI defines the probability of loosing a RRC Connection already setDown on
Dedicated Channels. It is calculated as the ratio between abnormal disconnections from
dedicated channels over the total number of disconnections from dedicated channels.

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 RAB DROP RATE SPEECH

• Recommended formula

(𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑐ℎ)
RRC DROP RATE = 100 ∗
𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑐ℎ +𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑐ℎ

• The KPI defines the drop rate for RAB Speech. It can be seen as the ratio between all the abnormal RAB Speech
releases over the total number of all the RAB Speech releases.

4/19/2018 74
 RAB DROP RATE PS

• Recommended formula

(𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐻𝑠)
RRC DROP RATE = 100 ∗ 𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐻𝑠 +𝑝𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐻𝑠

• The KPI defines the drop rate for RAB Speech. It can be seen as the ratio between all the abnormal
RAB Speech releases over the total number of all the RAB Speech releases.

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ANALYZING DROPPED CALLS

1. Identify the scope of dropped calls.

2-1. Perform the standard actions of analyzing dropped calls, analyze data,
and reach a conclusion (or an intermediate conclusion).

2-2. Formulate a troubleshooting plan and issue closure actions based on the
conclusion.

3-1. Perform issue closure (primary contradictions first and then secondary
contradictions).

No
3-2. Is troubleshooting successful?

Yes

3-3. Prepare a summary report and a case.

4/19/2018 76

Standard Action
1. Check equipment faults, alarms, 1. Check alarms quickly, and determine whether alarms that affect the call drop rate exist.
and clocks.
2. Check transmission.
3. Check neighboring cells
4. Analyze the impact of service
handovers between technology
types.
(from 3G to 2G)
5. Check resource capacity.
(Power,CE, Code, IuB..)
6. Check coverage
7. Check the impact of incidents
(weather, and event).
8. Check the adjacent areas of RNCs
ANALYZING DROPPED CALLS
Analysis
2. Analyze load statistics and check whether equipment faults occur (RTWP, connectivity problems, Power utilization and sector swap).
1.Check the transmission fault counters(frame loss, packet drop, jitter and delay)
2.Check the transmission parameters and QoS of the Iub interfaces of top NodeBs, transmission configurations and transmission alarms.
1. Check availability of the neighboring cells.
2. Check handover failures due to congestion on neighbors.
3. Check missing neighbors.
4. check neighbor plan of newly added sites if exist.
5. Check scrambling code plan and eliminate scrambling code collisions.
Check the interoperation parameters, change in the number of handovers between 3G and 2G networks, change in 2G and 3G traffic.
1. Check the parameters of top cells, and analyze parameter validity in heavy-traffic scenarios.
2. Compare the traffic and KPI change trends of top cells. Analyze the impact of traffic and KPI change on the call drop rate, and output the analysis result.
1.Check the site coverage using propagation delay counters
2. Evaluate the coverage interference versus weak coverage using IRAT counters
3. Check pilot pollution counters using event counters
4. Conclude a detailed drive test to find the pilot pollution location for the suspected cells.
Analyze the impact of incidents on the call drop rate, and output the analysis result.
Analyze Iur interface-related counters (CID congestion, delay, and RL setup success rate) based on traffic statistics. When exceptions occur, output the analysis
result of the cause of the exceptions.
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 LTE RETAINABILITY

• Retainability for the EUTRAN is the ability of maintaining an E-RAB for a requested
time.

• The initial E-RAB retainability can be divided into the following phases:
₋ Session Abnormal Release Rate
₋ ERAB releases
₋ UE context releases

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 SESSION ABNORMAL RELEASE RATE (SARR)

• Session Abnormal Release Rate (SARR) is defined as the ratio of abnormal session disconnections,
divided by the total number of successful session setDowns.

• SARR is the probability of a user successfully holding and terminating a data session.

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 ERAB RELEASES

MME initiated ERBS initiated

4/19/2018 80
 UE context releases

MME initiated ERBS initiated

4/19/2018 81
 KPI CRITERIA

The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and

Accessibility
other given conditions, when requested by the user.

The ability of a service, once obtained, to continue to be provided under

Retainability
given conditions for a requested duration.

The degree to which a service, once obtained, is provided without

Integrity
excessive impairments

Mobility Performance of all handover types.

Availability Cell availability.

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 GSM Mobility

• Mobility in idle mode

₋ Cell selection
₋ Cell reselection

• Mobility in connected mode

₋ Handover

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 MS in Idle mode

• System information Once the MS is powered on and the mobile network is existed, the MS will be
either in idle mode or dedicated mode.
• When the MS is in idle mode, there is no dedicated connection with network, but the MS is still
controlled by the parameters and functions in the system.
• The MS behaviors in idle mode is incuding.
₋ reception
₋ Cell selection and reselection
₋ Location update
₋ Paging processing
₋ Access processing

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 SYSTEM INFORMATION MESSAGES
GSM System Information message type
System information-1(SI1)
System information-2(SI2)
System information-2bis(SI-2bis)
System information-2ter(SI-2ter)
System information-2 Quarter (SI-2Quater)
System information-3 (SI3)
System information-4 (SI4)
System information-5 (SI5)
System information-6 (SI6)
System information-7 (SI7)
System information-8 (SI8)
System information-9 (SI9)
System information-13 (SI13)
SI Description
Cell ARFCN (CA list), RACH parameters required to access the system by MS and hopping related information are sent in this SI
message.
Neighbor BCCH frequencies (BA1 list) and PLMN information are sent in this SI. MS uses these frequencies for signal strength
measurements required for handover.
RACH control and BCCH extension on neighbor cells (BA2)
Information of BCCH extended allocated on which neighbor cells are provided in this SI. Broadcasted optionally on BCCH by the
network to all the MSs.
3G neighbor cell related information
Carry following : 1. LAI of the current location area, 2. Cell identity, 3. Control channel information required to calculate paging
group, 4. Cell options to achieve good performance in the cell, 5. cell selection parameters required by MS.
CBCH and CBCH related frequency information, LAI, Cell selection parameters and RACH control information are carried by this
SI4 message.
It carries neighbor cell informations. In active mode, MS sends measurement reports in the uplink and output power/timing advance
information in the downlink (on SACCH). Also gets BCCH carrier related information of the neighbor cells.
Information on LAI, cell options, Cell identity and PLMN permitted or not is transmitted on this SI.
Cell re-selection parameters needed by MS are sent on this SI.
Cell re-selection parameters needed by MS are sent on this SI.
Scheduling related some of the informations are sent on this SI.
Carry GPRS related information needed for PS call.
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 SYSTEM INFORMATION MESSAGES
SIB in UMTS Function(Information carried)
SIB1 NAS information,timer related information mainly used in IDLE/CONNECTED Mode
SIB2 available URAs(max. 8 URAs in a cell)
cell selection/reselection parameters used by UE in IDLE mode, if SIB4 is not present then it can also be used by UEs(in
SIB3 CONNECTED MODE).
SIB4 cell selection/reselection parameters used by UE in CONNECTED mode,if not present SIB3 to be used by UE
Carry info. on common physical channels(PICH/AICH/P-CCPCH/PRACH/SCCPCH) for UE(in IDLE mode), in the absence of SIB6 it is
SIB5 also used for UE in CONNECTED state.
Carry info. on common physical channels(PICH/AICH/P-CCPCH/PRACH/SCCPCH) for UE(in CONNECTED mode), in the absence of
SIB6 SIB6, UE need to use SIB5
SIB7 carry fast changing cell parameter informations(uplink interference levels,dynamic persistence value)
SIB8 carry static information for CPCH (only for FDD use)
SIB9 carry dynamic information for CPCH (only for FDD use)
SIB10 DRAC procedure related information(sent over FACH channel)
SIB11 carry measurement control information(UE in IDLE mode), If SIB12 is absent it is also used for UE in CONNECTED mode.
SIB12 carry measurement control information(UE in CONNECTED mode), If SIB12 is absent, SIB11 can be used by UE
SIB13-SIB13.4 carry ANSI-41 parameter related informations used for ANSI-41 core networks.
SIB14 carry outer loop power control information(TDD mode use only),used over dedicated and common physical channels.
SIB15-SIB15.4 carry information used for UE positioning methods(e.g. GPS/OTDOA)
SIB16 carry information related to channel configuration used for handover
SIB17 carry information on shared common channels(to be used in CONNECTED mode,TDD use)
SIB18 carry PLMN identities of neighboring cells(used by UE in IDLE/CONNECTED MODE)

4/19/2018 86
 SYSTEM INFORMATION MESSAGES

LTE SIB Description

MIB Carries physical layer information of LTE cell which in turn help receive further SIs, i.e. system bandwidth
Contains information regarding whether or not UE is allowed to access the LTE cell. It also defines the scheduling of the other SIBs. carries cell ID,
SIB1 MCC, MNC, TAC, SIB mapping.
Carries common channel as well as shared channel information. It also carries RRC, uplink power control, preamble power ramping, uplink Cyclic
SIB2 Prefix Length, sub-frame hopping, uplink EARFCN
SIB3 carries cell re-selection information as well as Intra frequency cell re-selection information
carries Intra Frequency Neighbors(on same frequency); carries serving cell and neighbor cell frequencies required for cell reselection as well
handover between same RAT base stations(GSM BTS1 to GSM BTS2) and different RAT base stations(GSM to WCDMA or GSM to LTE or between
SIB4 WCDMA to LTE etc.) . Covers E-UTRA and other RATs as mentioned

Carries Inter Frequency Neighbors(on different frequency); carries E-UTRA LTE frequencies, other neighbor cell frequencies from other RATs. The
SIB5 purpose is cell reselection and handover.
SIB6 carries WCDMA neighbors information i.e. carries serving UTRA and neighbor cell frequencies useful for cell re-selection
carries GSM neighbors information i.e. Carries GERAN frequencies as well as GERAN neighbor cell frequencies. It is used for cell re-selection as
SIB7 well as handover purpose.
SIB8 carries CDMA-2000 EVDO frequencies, CDMA-2000 neighbor cell frequencies.
SIB9 carries HNBID (Home eNodeB Identifier)
SIB10 carries ETWS prim. notification
SIB11 carries ETWS sec. notification

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STORED LIST CELL SELECTION

4/19/2018 88
NORMAL CELL SELECTION

4/19/2018 89
 CELL SELECTION
• Cell selection (S criterion) is based on the measured:
₋ For GSM, Rx-level and/or Rx-quality
₋ For UMTS, RSCP and/or Ec/no
₋ For LTE, RSRP and/or RSRQ
• S criterion is fulfilled when:
• The S criterion is calculated by the UE as (in dBm):

UE measured RSRP Offset to Qrxlevmin used max(PEMAX - PUMAX, 0)

Min required RSRP
of cell (dBm) in S evaluation (not used where:
[qRxLevMin]
in L10) = 0 dBm PEMAX = [pMaxServingCell]

sIntraSearch
RSRP

• The UE must measure on neighbours when “search thresholds” meets. For example:
UE measures on
neighbour cells

4/19/2018 90
 CELL RESELECTION

• The UE constantly performs ranking of neighbouring E-UTRA cells

• Ranking is based on RSRP of serving and neighbouring cells (cell ranking criterion)
• Neighbour cell selection criterion is fulfilled when:

UE measured RSRP Min required RSRP Offset to Qrxlevmin(n) used max(PEMAX - PUMAX, 0)
of neighbour cell (dBm) [qRxLevMin(n)] in S evaluation (not used where:
in L10) = 0 dBm PEMAX = [pMaxServingCell]

• Two criterions - Serving cell ranking Rs, Neighbour cell ranking Rn:

RSRP tReselectionEutra
Rs sIntraSearch
Qmeas,s Qmeas,n

Rn
qHyst

• UE performs cell reselection when Rn > Rs for tReselectionEutra t

4/19/2018 91
GSM HANDOVER

4/19/2018 92
 GSM HANDOVER

Classification by Equipment and Channel

4/19/2018 93
GENERAL HANDOVER PROCESS

4/19/2018 94
GENERAL HANDOVER PROCESS

4/19/2018 95
RANKING PROCESSING

4/19/2018 96
 16 BIT RANKING

• After network feature adjustment, 16 bits value is calculated for every candidate cells.
• The smaller the value, the higher the handover priority and ranking in the candidate cell list, and
it is possible to be the target cell.

4/19/2018 97
HANDOVER
If the originating cell and the target cell
are controlled by different BSCs,

If the originating cell and the target cell

are controlled by one BSC,

If the originating cell and the target cell are in one site
and controlled by one BSC

4/19/2018 98
LST/SET GCELLHOBASIC

4/19/2018 99
• Low Hosr
• Some times you dot have TCH assignment failures in per TRX but you have HO
failures per TRX it is suspicions to same BISC neighbor

4/19/2018 100
 CONCENTRIC CELL HANDOVER

• Whether to enable the concentric cell handover algorithm. The concentric cell
handover helps to achieve wide coverage in the underlaid subcell and aggressive
frequency reuse in the overlaid subcell and to improve the system capacity and
conversation quality. The concentric cell handover can be classified into two
types: handover from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell and handover
from the overlaid subcell to the underlaid subcell.

4/19/2018 101
LST/SET GCELLHOIUO

4/19/2018 102
4/19/2018 103
Share traffic between 1800 and 900 TRX with RX Level threshold

4/19/2018 104
 WCDMA HANDOVER

• Intra-Frequency
₋ Soft Handover
Intra RNC Inter NodeB Soft Handover
Inter RNC Inter NodeB Soft Handover
Intra NodeB Softer Handover
₋ Hard Handover
Intra RNC
Inter RNC
• Inter-Frequency
• Inter RAT

4/19/2018 105
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Intra NodeB Softer Handover
• Procedure

• Signaling
₋ RL Addition
₋ RL Deletion

4/19/2018 106
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Intra RNC Inter NodeB Soft Handover

• Procedure

• Signaling
₋ RL Addition
₋ RL Deletion

4/19/2018 107
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Inter RNC Inter NodeB Soft Handover

• Procedure

• Signaling
₋ RL Addition
₋ RL Deletion

4/19/2018 108
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Intra RNC Inter/Intra NodeB Hard Handover

• Procedure

4/19/2018 109
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Inter RNC Inter NodeB Hard Handover

• Procedure

4/19/2018 110
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Procedure Details

• UE send the measurement results

• Upon receiving the results, RNC makes handover decision and performs the corresponding handover.

• Measurements
₋ RNC send measurement control messages to UE
₋ Upon receiving these message, UE performs measurements and reports to RNC.
₋ Measurement control messages include the following:
 Measurement Mode, thresholds & hysteresis
 Neighbor cell list

4/19/2018 111
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Procedure Details
• Measurement quantities can be set through these parameters: IntraFreqMeasQuantity to:
₋ CPICH RSCP
₋ CPICH EcNo

• Based on CPICH values certain events are triggered which are summarized in below table.

4/19/2018 112
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Procedure Details
• Following figures show the procedure for triggering event1A & 1B:
Event 1A Event 1B

Important Parameters Important Parameters

IntraRelThdFor1ACSVP IntraRelThdFor1BCSVP
IntraRelThdFor1ACSNVP IntraRelThdFor1BCSNVP
IntraRelThdFor1APS IntraRelThdFor1BPS
TrigTime1A TrigTime1B

4/19/2018 113
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Procedure Details
• Following figures show the procedure for triggering event1C & 1D:
Event 1C Event 1D

4/19/2018 114
 Intra Frequency Handovers
Procedure Details

• Execution:
₋ After receiving the event report from UE, RNC does action according to following table.

4/19/2018 115
 Inter Frequency & Inter RAT Handovers

• Both involve 4 phases:

₋ Measurement trigger
₋ Measurement
₋ Handover decision
₋ Handover execution
• Like intra frequency, measurement control in message is sent by RNC to UE upon
receiving which measurements start when criteria meets.

• Note that to measure other frequency or RAT UE must be configured in compress

mode.

4/19/2018 116
 Inter Frequency & Inter RAT Handovers
Intra RNC Inter Frequency Handover

• Procedure

4/19/2018 117
 Inter Frequency & Inter RAT Handovers
Inter RNC Inter Frequency Handover

• Procedure

4/19/2018 118
 Inter Frequency & Inter RAT Handovers
Inter RAT handover signaling (CS)

• Procedure

4/19/2018 119
 Inter Frequency & Inter RAT Handovers
Inter RAT handover signaling (PS)

• Procedure

4/19/2018 120
 Inter Frequency Handovers
Decision & Execution

• Following figures explains inter frequency HHO.

4/19/2018 121
 UMTS to LTE Handover & Redirection
Could trigger by:
• Coverage
• Service
• Load
Redirection
• During a UMTS-to-LTE PS redirection, the RNC sends the UE an RRC CONNECTION RELEASE message, which contains LTE frequencies.
• Redirections can be classified into neighboring cell- and non-neighboring-cell-based redirection depending on whether neighboring LTE cell
configuration is required. Redirections can also be classified as blind or measurement-based depending on whether the UE supports measurement of
LTE cell signal quality.
• To enable the non-neighboring-cell-based redirection, turn on the switch for this function by selecting
HO_U2L_REDIR_BASED_ABSOLUTE_FREQ_SWITCH under the HoSwitch1 parameter in the SET UCORRMALGOSWITCH command. If you need to enable
the neighboring cell-based redirection, turn off the preceding switch.
• The differences between neighboring cell- and non-neighboring-cell-based redirection are as follows:
₋ Non-neighboring-cell-based redirection: The target redirection frequency is obtained from frequencies as indicated by the EARFCN parameter configured by the ADD
UCELLNFREQPRIOINFO command.

₋ Neighboring-cell-based redirection: The target frequency for redirection is obtained from the neighboring LTE cell frequencies as indicated by the LTEArfcn parameter in the LTECellIndex
configured using the ADD ULTENCELL or MOD ULTENCELL command. It is recommended that non-neighboring-cell-based redirection be enabled so that UEs can perform such
redirections when no neighboring LTE cell is configured.

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 UMTS to LTE Handover & Redirection
Handover
• During a UMTS-to-LTE PS handover, the RNC sends a handover request to the LTE network through the core network (CN). When the
LTE network finishes preparing resources, the UE and the PS service are handed over to the LTE network.
Comparison between Redirection & Handover
• Compared with UMTS-to-LTE PS handover, UMTS-to-LTE PS redirection has the following advantages and disadvantages:

₋ Advantages: UMTS-to-LTE PS redirection has no special requirements for the CN and does not require that the UE supports
handovers.
₋ Disadvantages: PS services are interrupted for a long period of time.

Classification
• Coverage-based UMTS-to-LTE PS Redirections and Handovers
• Service-based UMTS-to-LTE PS Redirections and Handovers
• Load-based UMTS-to-LTE PS Redirections and Handovers

4/19/2018 123
LTE HANDOVER

4/19/2018 124
LTE EVENTS

4/19/2018 125
LTE EVENTS

4/19/2018 126
 INTRA-LTE HANDOVER SUCCESS RATE (HOSR)

Definition :
• The Intra LTE HO Success rate (HOSR) is defined as the number of successful intra LTE handover
attempts divided by the total number of intra LTE handover attempts.

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 X2 BASED HO

Preparation phase Execution phase

4/19/2018 128
 S1 BASED HO

Preparation phase Execution phase

4/19/2018 129
 LTE TO WCDMA PS HO

Preparation phase Execution phase

4/19/2018 130
 LTE MOBILITY AND VOICE SERVICES (CSFB)

• Subscribers roaming with preference on LTE access, no CS-voice service available (i.e. IMS is not
used as voice engine)

• Fallback triggered to overlapping CS domain (2G/3G) whenever voice service is requested

• Resumed LTE access for PS services after call completion (cell reselection)

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CSFB LTE ATTACH

4/19/2018 132
CSFB LTE ATTACH

4/19/2018 133
 KPI CRITERIA

The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and

Accessibility
other given conditions, when requested by the user.

The ability of a service, once obtained, to continue to be provided

Retainability
under given conditions for a requested duration.

The degree to which a service, once obtained, is provided without

Integrity
excessive impairments

Mobility Performance of all handover types.

Availability Cell availability.

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 GSM INTEGRITY

• Erlang (CS traffic)

₋ HErlang (half-rate)
₋ FErlang (full-rate)
 UErlang (underlaid)
 OErlang (overlaid)

• Payload

• Throughput
₋ GPRS throughput (UL/DL)
₋ EGPRS throughput (UL/DL)

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 ERLANG

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠(𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟)×𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

• 𝐸=
60

𝐸𝑚
• 𝑃𝑏 = 𝐵 𝐸, 𝑚 =
𝑚
𝑚!
𝐸𝑖
σ𝑖=0
𝑖!

• 𝑃𝑏 is the probability of blocking

• m is the number of identical parallel resources such as servers, telephone lines, etc.

• E = λh is the normalised ingress load (offered traffic stated in erlang).

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 WCDMA INTEGRITY

• Erlang

• Payload

• Throughput is the actual rate that information is transferred.

₋ R99

₋ HSDPA/ HSUPA

• Latency is the delay between the sender and the receiver decoding it, this is mainly a function of the signals
travel time, and processing time at any nodes the information traverses.

• Jitter variation in packet delay at the receiver of the information.

• Pkt loss rate is packet error rate at the PDCP layer for the uplink direction

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 LTE INTEGRITY

• Payload
• Throughput
₋ PDCP layer (which is valid)
₋ MAC layer

• Latency Jitter variation in packet delay at the receiver of the information.

• Pkt loss rate is packet error rate at the PDCP layer for the uplink direction.

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LTE

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 THROUGHPUT TROUBLESHOOTING

• Check the number of Connected Users in the cell (low demand may lead to low throughput also to get the

Peak Throughput one User should be Active on the cell only)

• Check cell load and resource utilization (Counters pmPrbUtiIUI and pmPrbUtiIUI)

₋ Traffic offload to less utilized neighboring cells

₋ Reduce inactivity timer(tlnactivity Timer) value so that inactive user can be released early

• Check UL Interference

• Check carrier aggregation license and feature state and related parameters.

• Check Ethernet port speed (Iget EthernetPort=1 operOperatingMode

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 RF INDICATORS

• RSSI: UL RSSI value should be low (> -114 dbm)

• PRB utilization: UL & DL PRB utilization should be low (>75%)

• CQI: average CQI should be high (>10)

• MIMO rank distribution: MIMO Rank 2 samples should be high (>10%)

• Modulation scheme: High usage of 64 QAM and 16 QAM schemes.

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 IMPORTANT KPI FOR PS
• UL and DL TBF_SUCC_Rate
•EGPRS & GPRS_LLC_Throughput
•Payload_LLC_Total

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 UL AND DL TBF_SUCC_RATE
• UL& DL_TBF_Congestion_Rate
₋ ADD PDTCH channel
₋ Active 1800 PS and change same parameters according next sheet

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 PS IN 1800 TRXS
• Dynamic Channel Conversion Parameter of Concentric Cell can change from Only convert at UL to
UL first convert allow
• TA Based ps Uo assign Allow change to Yes

Note: some times active 1800 PS cause effected on DL TBF Succ Rate which you can change some
parameters according bellow
TA Threshold = 0 –>1
TA hysteresis= 0 –>1
TA Threshould of immediate assignment = 0 ->1

TA HO allow = NO ->yes
TA Pref.of imme_ass allow = NO ->yes

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Yes

1
1

Yes
1

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PS CHANNEL MANAGEMENT

• Maximum Rate Threshold of PDCHs in a Cell

• Up& DLlink Multiplex Threshold of Dynamic Channel

Conversion

• Dynamic Channel Conversion Parameter of Concentric Cell

Only convert at UL

• Level of Preempting Dynamic Channel Preempt all dynamic

TCHFs

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 TBF _PER _TIME SLOT

•High TBF TS will effect on throughput

•Solution is ADD PDTCH Channel if it is passable

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 CHECK NSEI

•LST PTPBVC , Administrative State should be Unblocked it show NSEI is active

In MTN Network usually we have 2 GB link for Better throughput we can share BTS to another GB link which has
low capacity
• MOV PTPBVC and ADD PTPBVC

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CHECK ROUTING AREA AND GPRS/EGPRS ACTIVE
•LST GCELLGPRS
₋ GPRS should be Support as built-in PCU
₋ EGPRS should be yes
₋ Routing are should be 0

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 ADD CHANNEL PDTCH

For more than 2 TRX should be add 2 PDTCH and if there is no TCH congestion we can add more
than 2 PDTCH

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