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Gas insulated transmission lines in railway galleries

Conference Paper  in  IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · July 2003

DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2003.1304686 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy
Gas Insulated Transmission Lines
in Railway Galleries
Roberto Benato, Enrico Maria Carlini, Claudio Di Mario
Lorenzo Fellin, Antonio Paolucci, Roberto Turri
Abstract—The paper deals with the possibility of installing a
double-circuit gas insulated transmission line (GIL) in the pilot
tunnel of the planned new railway galleries Bolzano-Innsbruck.
This EHV transmission line could represent a new fundamental
step in reconstructing the transnational networks. The high GIL
power ratings together with very low power losses would be a
strong and highly efficient transmission tie between Italy and
Austria particularly useful for the future European Market. The
steady-state regime of the line and the electro-magnetic field
impact are analysed. Moreover, the paper discusses the necessary
studies to be carried out and the problems that have to be faced.
Index Terms—Gas Insulated Lines, Interconnections,
Multiconductor Matrix Algorithm, Transnational Networks,
EHV transmission lines.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE opportunity to develop common corridors in order to
satisfy the ever-growing exchanges between areas of big
industrialised systems is underlined in [1] that states:
COMMON CORRIDORS
For both ecological and economic reasons future
expansion of transmission systems especially near urban areas
will have to consider sharing their rights-of-way with other
land users. Independent use of land by single utilities can lead
to inefficient use of natural resources. Development of new
rights-of-way in future years will have to consider the location
of suitable highway networks, gas lines, sewage systems,
nearby utility transmission lines, telephone lines, underground
transmission systems, and recreational areas. Such
development will require a coordinated effort by the
government and industry. A current study in Reference [2]
outlines the approach that the electric utilities may follow to
encourage full use of their transmission line corridors.
This work is supported by European Community in the framework of
TEN-ENERGY Programme (Grant Agreement
TREN/2002/5.7100/Z/02-006) for studying both technical and
environmental issues of integrating a 400 kV Gas Insulated transmission
Line and Rail transport in tunnel between Italy and Austria entitled
"Studies for a new 380 kV transmission line between Italy and Austria
through the Brenner pass: Integration of Electricity and Rail Transport in
Tunnel". The project leader is GRTN (Italian TSO) and the associated
beneficiaries are Department of Electrical Engineering of Padova and
TIRAG (Tyrol TSO). BBT EWIV encourages the study as well.
R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci, R. Turri are with Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Padova, Italy Via Gradenigo, 6/A
35131 (e-mail: roberto.benato@unipd.it – lorenzo.fellin@unipd.it –
roberto.turri@unipd.it).
E. M. Carlini, C. Di Mario are with GRTN, V.le M. Pilsudski, 92 00197
Roma. (e-mail: carlini.enricomaria@grtn.it – dimario.claudio@grtn.it).
0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 ©2003 IEEE
This EPRI idea regarding USA, even if with wide territory
resources, is very well applicable to the planned projects of
railway (or highway) paneuropean galleries.
In this view, the planned alpine tunnels for the new railway
link Bolzano-Innsbruck offer an extremely interesting
possibility to achieve a "multiservice vector"; the great
compatibility with GIL installations, which are already
available in the market thanks to new reliable technologies,
opens up a significant enhancement of transnational energy
exchanges between Italy and Austria (and Germany as well).
The rationalisation of fundamental services in the land,
such as electricity and transport, represents a higher degree of
consciousness in conciliating environmental issues and
technology.
In this hopeful context, the project of new galleries between
Italy and neighbouring countries represents an absolutely
unique opportunity for integrating railway transport and
energy transmission within the same corridor.
Moreover, a scarce transnational network between Italy and
Member States gives high hindrances to achieve an effective
paneuropean electric market.
Sharing the railway gallery and power transmission line
within the same corridor satisfies the following requirements:
a rationalization of service rights-of-way and a stronger
electrical tie between Italy and Europe.
Last but not least, the high environmental compatibility of
GIL, primarily its null visual impact, appears to be fully in
harmony with the Alpine Region landscape where an OHL
installation is today already undesirable. Moreover, the
negligible external magnetic fields are an important feature.
II. THE PROBLEM OF PANEUROPEAN ELECTRIC
INTERCONNECTIONS
As regards the possibilities and the actual needs of
electric energy exchanges between Italy and Europe, paper [3]
clearly indicates how, as regards Italy, "Low-priced energy
No
can only come from abroad whereas the new interconnection
perspectives are rather difficult".
In particular, power exchanges between Italy and
Austria are today rather small compared with the power
exchanges with the French and Swiss grids (see
tab. 1 and fig. 1).
For instance, the electric energy exchanges for the year
2001 (like the latest years) [4], depending on the constraints
for safe operation, are reported in tab. 2 that highlights the
limited possibilities of the 220 kV OHL link Soverzene-Lienz
between Italy and Austria.
 So a cross-border link at 400 kV between Italy and III. DOUBLE CIRCUIT GIL INSTALLED IN PILOT TUNNEL
Austria is absolutely lacking as shown in fig. 1 (even if the The new planned galleries between Italy and Austria
new OHL 400 kV Cordignano-Lienz is foreseen). through the Brenner Pass represent an important step towards
Moreover, it should be noted that the actual tendencies
the lightening of the transports via highway.
of electric market show much greater import needs than those
Fig. 2 shows the future route of the tunnels starting from
actually available.
Fortezza (Italian side) to Innsbruck (Austrian side): the route
length is about 57 km. Two separate tunnels (see fig 3) will
constitute the railway galleries (one for each railway track)
TABLE 1 and a pilot tunnel will precede the main tunneling in order to
TTC (TOTAL TRANSFER CAPACITY) FOR THE YEAR 2001 detect the geologic situation of the rock stratigraphy. Once the
WINTER SUMMER whole work will be over, the pilot tunnel will be used as a
PERIOD PERIOD
BORDERS
(OCT. – APR.) (MAY–SEP.) BUT AUG. service gallery: this 5-m diameter gallery (see fig. 4) can be
[MW] [MW] efficiently used to install a double-circuit GIL. On the
France 2.500 2.200 contrary, the direct installation inside each proper railway
Switzerland 3.300 2.900 gallery (see in fig. 3 the 9.6 m diameter main railway
Austria 270 250 galleries) of a single-circuit GIL (2.0 × 0.7 m in size) would
Slovenia 430 350 require a new design to foresee a suitably deep area
Total 6.500 5.700 underneath the railway tracks.

TABLE 2
ELECTRIC ENERGY EXCHANGES OF ITALIAN GRID FOR THE YEAR 2001
IMPORT.
IMPORT EXPORT
BORDERS BALANCE
[GWh] [GWh]
[GWh] [%]
France 18.285 442 17.843 36,88
Switzerland 23.623 44 23.579 48,73
Austria 1.865 - 1.865 3,85
Slovenia 5.160 62 5.098 10,54
Total 48.933 548 48.385 100 %

In fact the electricity from import available for the

liberalised market is in the range of 21 TWh/year (halving the
total 44 TWh/year due to long-term contracts for the captive
market), against a demand of 80 TWh/year [3].
Some Austrian operators have already been awarded the
electricity supply to Italian customers, but they find great
difficulties in crossing the border.

Fig. 2. The route of the galleries (Brenner Basistunnel EWIV).

400 kV
220 kV For the constructive characteristics of GIL, a number of
papers have been already published [5÷12]. The conductor
vertical arrangement (see fig. 4) results fully compatible with
the pilot tunnel, which usually hosts MV and LV cables, fibre
optics and mole drain. This kind of installation is like those in
Japan and in Europe.
GIL are made of factory-assembled elements. The
elements (straight unit, angle unit, up to 90°, axial
compensator) may be 20 ÷ 40 m long. Under normal
conditions of the landscape no angle units are needed, because
the elastic bending with a radius ≥ 400 m is sufficient to
Fig. 1. OHL cross-border links (year 2000). follow the contour. In order to avoid excessive unit movement,
it would be better to foresee a service rail (SR) along the route
and some intermediate accesses, which also make the unit The insulating gas pressure is monitored with
installation easier and shorten the installation time. density sensors in fibre-optic;
Continuous monitoring of Partial Discharge (PD)
Main Railway Gallery Main Railway Gallery activity is performed in order to detect arising
∅9.6 m ∅9.6 m faults as early as possible. If the PD activity
increases, the system gives an alarm. A general
arrangement is shown in fig. 5.
Arc Location System (ALS) can be also installed
at both ends of GIL to locate a possible insulation
fault. The principle of operation is the following:
Pilot tunnel
an internal flashover produces high frequency
travelling waves (VFT) which are moving from
the origin towards both ends with the speed of
40-60 m
light; detectors at both ends (see fig. 6) collect
Fig. 3. Sketch of main railway galleries and of the pilot tunnel these signals under registration of the exact time
(Brenner Basistunnel EWIV). of occurrence; knowing the travelling speed of the
signals and their time-difference gives indication
Once the elements are placed, the phases are joined by of the arc location with an accuracy of about ± 10
means of plug-in contacts and the enclosures are joined by m.
means of on-site welding.
The enclosure welds are fundamental for the line reliability: Power supply
input
Local
shaft 1
Local
shaft 2
Local
shaft 3
Local
shaft 4
Local
shaft 5
Local
shaft 6
Local
shaft n
Power supply
input

for this aim a special computer controlled orbital welding Uin

I/O
...
I/O
Uin

machine is used; then every welded part is checked with

ultrasonic tests to reach 100 % control quality. The high
degree of reliability of these procedures comes from
experience on nuclear power plants. Long distance communication line Long distance communication line

13

Control and diagnosis centre

for L.V. cables fibre optic

10 Fig. 5. Monitoring and diagnostic concept (Siemens AG).

7
1 4
As shown in fig. 6, the time synchronisation is performed
0.77 [m] 11 by means of GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM) or
8
2 5 equivalent systems.
0.20 [m] 0.52 [m]

Dcs = 3.5 [m] 12

9 3 Enclosures A B
Aluminum Alloy, te = 10 mm 6
Phases GPS or equivalent synchronisation signal
Aluminum, tp = 10 mm
Insulating Gas FMK FMK
MV cables SF6/N2 (20/80 %) at 7 bar
Internal Internal
SR clock clock

mole PCU PCU

drain I/O I/O
module module

5 [m]
Pr o c e s s b u s

Fig. 4. Sketch of double circuit 400 kV GIL installed in a 5 m diameter

FMK : HF Detector/Transformer Terminal
PILOT TUNNEL.

A. Electronic monitoring and diagnostic
The installation is completed with electronic monitoring
and diagnostic systems even if the manufacturers assure
absence of maintenance for the whole line life.
Some systems can be mentioned:
A particle trap can be installed in the unit to render
harmless metal particles that may be created when
connecting the units;
Fig. 6. Arrangement of the Failure location system (Siemens AG).
IV. STEADY STATE REGIME AND LOW ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
The double circuit GIL installed in a gallery can be suitably
analysed as a multiconductor system composed by 13
conductors: the six phase conductors, the six enclosures and
the concrete reinforcing steel of the gallery.
 The enclosures should be systematically bonded together From tab. 4, it may be observed that:
and with the steel reinforcement of the gallery at very short
length intervals; this ensures equipotentiality between the In spite of the high power transfers, voltage drops are very
tunnel wall and the GIL enclosures and constitutes a very low and active losses are fully satisfactory and
good distributed earthing. Moreover, touch voltages inside the noteworthy in global cost evaluation;
gallery are zeroed even during a single-phase fault: this In a wide load range GIL gives an effective power factor
ensures complete safety for operators working for GIL correction at sending-end;
inspection. Capacitive reactive power required at the sending-end
The matrix algorithms that allow investigating this system becomes considerable only at very low loadings.
are derived from a generalization of the single circuit GIL
algorithms described in previous papers [5÷10]. Magnetic field levels [µT]
10

0.1
5

Height from gallery axis [m]

TABLE 3 0.2
CONDUCTOR CURRENTS FOR DOUBLE CIRCUIT GIL 400 KV, D = 57 KM 0.5
1
3 10
Receiving-end Currents [A] R T
0 S S
T R
Phases Enclosures
R 1 |3150| ∠-14° 7 |3113.8|∠167°
-5
S 2 |3150| ∠-134° 8 |3147.0|∠48°
T 3 |3150| ∠106° 9 |3181.3|∠-73°
T 4 |3150| ∠106° 10 |3181.3|∠-73° -10
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Distance from gallery axis [m]
S 5 |3150| ∠-134° 11 |3147.0|∠48°
Fig. 7. Magnetic field levels for double circuit GIL.
R 6 |3150| ∠-14° 12 |3113.8|∠167°
Steel Reinforcement of the gallery 13 | 76.5|∠140° A. Proximity effects
In the usual installations the proximity effects are not so
marked but their study becomes rather important when a close
conductor arrangement must be considered e.g. in a tunnel
Tab. 3 shows for rated current Iph= 3150 [A] that enclosure installation.
current phasors have almost the same magnitude and are It also represents a very useful guide to validate some
almost perfectly opposite to corresponding phase current simplifying approaches considering the system simply
phasors and the gallery steel reinforcement current is very modelled by the 13 fundamental conductors.
small: this results in an effective magnetic field shielding The authors have already developed a matrix integral
clearly shown in fig. 7. algorithm to study the proximity effect of single circuit GIL
Hence, a great electromagnetic compatibility with the main [9,10]: the generalization to the double circuit GIL is detailed
railway galleries (see fig. 2) is reached. in [11,12].
The knowledge of the current phasors in each conductor The method is based on an extensive application of matrix
enables to compute the external magnetic field and to analysis of multiconductor systems: each phase and enclosure
determine the optimal phase sequence arrangement, which can be divided into a bundled equivalent conductor of m
minimizes the external field. subconductors (see fig. 8) whose self and mutual longitudinal
The steady-state regime has been studied: tab. 4 reports the impedances can be computed applying the Carson theory,
performance of a typical double circuit GIL for different which accounts for the earth return effects.
loadings. So referring to subconductor voltage and current vectors u
and i in fig. 8, the following matrix equation can be written:

TABLE 4
SAMPLE RESULTS FOR A DOUBLE CIRCUIT 400 KV GIL; 57 KM u=Zi
VR=400 kV (at receiving-end)
&S [MW] +j [Mvar] S& [MW] +j [Mvar] cosϕ VS
∆P [%] ∆V [%]
S R [kV]
where Z is the impedance matrix of subconductor system
4302 + j756 4276 + j868 0.98 406 0.60 1.5
3219+j 445 3205+j 651 0.98 404 0.45 1.1 (12m×12m).
2148+j 163 2142+j 435 0.98 402.7 0.30 0.6 Moreover, the solution is achieved by considering a matrix
1071 − j 93 1070 +j 217 0.98 401 0.15 0.2 relation, which takes into account the constraints at the
429 −j 234 428+j 87 0.98 400 0.06 0.0 sending-end [11,12].

L=1 km
i
u It should be noted that IEC 61640 [13] recommends that
Fig. 8. Phase and enclosure bundled conductors for double circuit GIL.
A comparison with FE method has been performed either
for the current distribution or for the heat transfer giving a
really good agreement.
V. HIGHEST COMPATIBILITY OF GIL WITH TUNNEL
In the following some GIL features are highlighted in
order to show the fully compatibility with gallery installation:
The environmental impact (visual and "magnetic")
of a traditional overhead line (single or double
circuit) is already considered undesirable by
Alpine regions. GIL solution zeroes the visual
impact
High safety: in case of an insulation failure, a
cable explodes and there is a risk of fire and
damages, to adjacent cables, other nearby
installations and persons. On the contrary, GIL
manufacturers have to guarantee, for internal fault,
a rated short-time withstand current according to
IEC 61640.
High reliability: the GIL technology has proven its
reliability since 25 years in service without any
failure up to now. The main reasons are: the
dielectric stress in the material is very low (GIL: 3
÷ 4 kV/mm, cables: 10 ÷ 13 kV/mm), and GIL has
no special joints, which are critical elements in a
cable.
No ageing: cables are thermally and electrically
ageing. The higher the temperature and the
electrical field, the higher the ageing effect. The
cable insulation becomes weaker under the
influence of electrical stress, temperature and
time, so that the possibility for failures increases
with the service time. Gases are not ageing,
neither thermal nor electrical.
SF6/N2 gas mixtures: these mixtures are long-time
experienced insulating gases and used worldwide
in high voltage technology.
Long-term tests: GILs have passed successfully
long duration tests. Some tests allow to simulate
50 years of service life under full load conditions.
VI. FUTURE WORKS – FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS
This novel transnational line requires a thorough analysis of
the various technical problems, which could arise in the
process of integrating electricity transmission and railway
system in the same corridor.
It is therefore necessary to investigate the following issues.
A. Thermal Behaviour
The thermal behaviour of the double-circuit GIL inside the
pilot gallery deserves a careful consideration.
the maximum allowable temperature for the enclosure shall
not exceed 70 °C.
By means of the matrix integral algorithm, the Joule power
losses W/m in both phases and enclosures can be precisely
evaluated taking into account the proximity effect.
So by using the formulae in literature [14]-[16] the phase
and enclosure temperatures can be evaluated.
Tab. 5 reports the values of total power losses Wtot and the
average values of phase and enclosure temperatures for
different phase currents. It should be noted that all the
situations of Tab. 5 satisfy the IEC 61640 that recommends
the maximum allowable temperature for the enclosure shall
not exceed 70 °C.
TABLE 5
POWER LOSSES FOR DIFFERENT PHASE CURRENTS;
ENCLOSURE AND PHASE TEMPERATURES WITH θAMB = 40 °C
I Wtot θen θph
[A] [W/m] [°] [°]
787.5 29 40.5° 41.3°
1575 114 41.7° 44.0°
3150 451 46.2° 54.3°
3940 705 49.4° 60.9°
Moreover, a deeper study must be undertaken in order to
evaluate the gallery ventilation.
So a future work will surely deal with a more detailed study
of the thermal behaviour.
B. The Rationalisation of the Whole Italian /Austrian
Regional Networks
The new link feasibility will be integrated with an overall
study concerning the rationalisation of both Italian/Austrian
regional networks (380 kV and 132 kV).
To this aim, planning studies on both sides of the
interconnection will be carried out, taking into account the
complete re-organisation of the Regional grids.
C. Power Flow and Short Circuit Studies
The adding of a GIL line in the EHV European network
constituted almost exclusively by OHL makes necessary to
examine deeply the GIL influence on power flows, short
circuit levels and voltage stability.
It should be noted that the interface between GIL-OHL
doesn't give any problem as regards re-closure cycles so that
no change is needed in relay schemes.
 GIL insulating medium is self-repairing i.e. it restores its
insulating properties after a disruptive discharge.
The GIL operation is like that of OHL: so GIL could be the
ideal addition to OHL. The high transmission capability of
GIL ensures that it will not be a bottleneck when inserted in an
existing OH transmission network.
VII. COSTS
At this preliminary stage only a very rough cost assessment
can be given.
The investment cost of a double-circuit GIL is about 4,13
M€/km, which for a route length of 57 km gives a total
amount of 235,41 M€. Considering an estimated cost for the
galleries of 3,71 G€, the cost ratio GIL/GALLERY would be
about 6.35%.
This percentage does not seem to be a heavy adding on the
whole cost and is promising in view of a rationalisation of the
corridors.
The use of the pilot gallery gives great money saving for
GIL installation since the digging cost is zeroed.
A reasonable power exchange can be set to 2000 MW
which gives rise to 17.520 GWh that is 36,2 % of the total
Italian energy exchange for the year 2001.
Moreover, as shown in [7, 8], the economic convenience of
GIL compared to other transmission technologies is clearly
highlighted when power losses and territory constraints are
accounted for. In fact, the resistive losses are significantly
lower compared to cables and overhead lines, and the
dielectric losses are negligible. This reduces the transmission
costs significantly.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the TEN-study
Scientific Committee (prof. Lorenzo Fellin-University of
Padova, dr. Antonio Serrani-GRTN, dipl.ing. Franz Hairer-
TIRAG) to have allowed the publication.
Moreover, the authors gratefully acknowledge BBT EEIG
chiefly dott. Carlo Comin and dipl.-Ing. Hans Lindenberger to
support the study.
IX. CONCLUSION
A fruitful dialogue between all the involved partners i.e.
BBT EEIG, TRENITALIA S.p.a., GRTN (Italian TSO),
TIRAG/TIWAG (Tyrol TSO/Tyrol Grid Owner) is highly
desirable.
In fact an important contribution to the success of the
project will be given by the tight connection that the
Consortium GRTN-TIRAG-UniPD will ensure with BBT
EEIG, the European Group of Economic Interest established
by the Italian and Austrian Railways Companies (FS Ferrovie
dello Stato SpA and BEG Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH) in order
to study and design the High Speed Railway Tunnel.
It seems to be meaningful to conclude with this passage
[17]: "In my opinion not only the alpine places are peculiarly
worth-noting and we have to individuate high capacity routes,
completely under-grounded or in gallery, that must be always
used all day and night long, Sundays and Saturdays. The links
to these transits must be made only where they are useful to
single towns. This means that a project must be developed but
not regarding only alpine regions, more sensible, but also the
whole Europe or the routes of links north-south ed east-west
along which these high capacity lines pass. Unifying these
elements can contribute to lessen the realization costs."
X. REFERENCES
[1] Electric Research Council - Electric Power Research Institute:
Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and above, Palo Alto,
California, 1975.
[2] "Shared Transmission Corridors Aid Grid Growth", Electric Light and
Power, March 1972.
[3] S. Borghi et al.: "L'interconnessione elettrica con l'estero", L'Energia
Elettrica, Vol. 77, N° 4/5, October 2000, pp.11 – 20.
[4] GRTN – Gestore Rete Trasmissione Nazionale: Dati d'esercizio 2001.
[5] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci: "Elettrodotti e innovazione:
prestazioni e campi esterni degli elettrodotti blindati", in Proc.
"ELETTRODOTTI e TERRITORIO", 22 November 2000, Padova, pp.
6.1-6.9.
[6] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci: "Elettrodotti blindati: una alternativa
per la trasmissione", L’Energia Elettrica, Vol. 77, N°. 4/5, July-October
2000, pp.60-63.
[7] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Lorenzoni, A. Paolucci: "Elettrodotti blindati nel
territorio: connessioni dei nuovi impianti di generazione alla RTN", AEI,
Vol. 88, N°. 3, March 2001, pp. 28-37.
[8] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Lorenzoni, A. Paolucci: "Sistemi di trasmissione
nel territorio", AEI, Vol. 88, N°. 11, December 2001, pp. 28 – 35.
[9] R. Benato, F. Dughiero, M. Forzan, A. Paolucci: "Proximity Effect and
Magnetic Field Calculation in GIL and in Isolated Phase Bus Ducts",
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 38, No 2, March 2002, pp. 781–
784.
[10] R. Benato, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci: "Condutture a fasi blindate: calcolo
degli effetti di prossimità e del campo magnetico esterno", Rendiconti
Riunione Annuale AEI, Padova, ottobre 2001, Vol. n° 1, pp. 345–350.
[11] R. Benato, F. Dughiero: "Solution of Coupled Electromagnetic and
Thermal Problems in Gas Insulated Transmission Lines", IEEE CEFC
2002, Perugia, Italy, giugno 16-19 2002, P9-14, pag. 282.
[12] R. Benato, F. Dughiero: "Solution of Coupled Electromagnetic and
Thermal Problems in Gas Insulated Transmission Lines", IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 39, No 3, May 2003, pp. – .
[13] IEC report 61640: "Rigid high-voltage, gas-insulated transmission lines
for rated voltage of 72,5 kV and above", First edition, 1998-07.
[14] D. Minaguchi, M. Ginno, K. Itaka, H. Furukawa, K. Ninomiya, T.
Hayashi, "Heat transfer characteristics of gas insulated transmission
lines", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 1, January
1986, pp. 2-9.
[15] K. Itaka, T. Akari, T. Hara, "Heat transfer characteristics of gas spacer
cables", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97,
No. 5, September/October 1978, pp. 1579-1585.
[16] B.O. Pedersen, H.C. Doepken, P.C. Bolin, "Development of a
compressed-gas-insulated transmission line", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS90, No.6, November/December 1971,
pp.2631-2638.
[17] Press Conference: Zukunftsweisende Übertragung von elektrischer
Energie in umweltsensiblen Gebieten, Kristallwelten in Wattens/Tirol,
13/06/2001.
 XI. BIOGRAPHIES
Roberto Benato was born in Venezia, Italy, in
1970. He received the Dr.Ing. Degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Padova in 1995
and Ph.D. in Power Systems Analysis in 1999. In
2002 he was appointed as Assistant Professor in the
Power System Group at the Department of Electrical
Engineering at Padova University. His main fields of
research are multiconductor analysis, EHV-HV
transmission lines and advanced matricial techniques
for the static and dynamic power system analysis.
His fields of interest also include design of electric
power plants and computer applications in power system engineering. He is a
member of AEI and CIGRÉ. (Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/A, 35131 Padova, Italy, Phone:
+39498277532, Fax: +39498277599, E-mail: roberto.benato@unipd.it)
Enrico Maria Carlini was born in Rome, Italy,
in 1968. He received the Dr. Ing. Degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Rome in 1991.
He has worked in ENEL since 1993 to 2000 in field
of generation and transmission of electric energy.
Since 2000 he is working in GRTN (Italian
Independent Transmission System Operator) - Grid
Division.
His field of interests includes HV equipment and
PST (Phase Shifting Transformer). He is a member
of CEI and CIGRE’ JWG B3-C2 “Maintanance and Reliability” and JTF B3
“Dynamic loading of transmission equipment”. (GRTN – Viale M.llo
Pilsudski 92, 00197 Rome, Italy, Phone:+390681654322 Fax
+390681654182, Email:carlini.enricomaria@grtn.it)
Claudio Di Mario was born in Rome, Italy, in
1970. He received the Dr.Ing. Degree in electrical
engineering from University of Rome “La
Sapienza”; in 2003 he is MBA Master candidate at
University of Rome “Tor Vergata”. In 1998-2000
he has worked in Siemens AG Germany (Berlin and
Erlangen) in PTD Dep. (GIS and AIS Substation).
Since 2001 he is working in GRTN (Italian
Independent Transmission System Operator) – Grid
Division.
His field of interest also include HV Hybrid
switchgear and PST (Phase Shifting Transformer). He is a member of CIGRE’
WG B3-01 “Multifunctional Substation”. (GRTN – Viale M.llo Pilsudski 92,
00197 Rome, Italy, Phone:+390681654323 Fax +390681654182,
Email:dimario.claudio@grtn.it).
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Lorenzo Fellin was born in Trento, Italy, in
1940. He received the Dr.Ing. Degree in electrical
engineering from University of Padova in 1967. He
joined the Electrical Engineering Dept. of the
University of Padova in 1968 where, since 1986, he
is Full Professor of Electric Power Installations. He
was actively involved in the design and construction
of a large laboratory for thermonuclear fusion
research (the RFX experiment built-up in Padova
with Euratom-ENEA-CNR support). His fields of
interest also include design of industrial electric
installations and electric lighting design. He is a member of IEEE and of the
Italian Electrical and Electronic Association (AEI). He also is one of the
chairmen of the Italian association of artificial lighting (AIDI). (Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/A, 35131
Padova, Italy, Phone: +39498277511, Fax: +39498277599, E-mail:
lorenzo.fellin@unipd.it)
Antonio Paolucci was born in Padova, Italy, in
1924. He received the Dr.Ing. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Padova in 1950.
He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering
of the University of Padova in 1952 where he was
Assistant and later Associate Professor. Since 1973
he is Full Professor of Power Systems Analysis. His
fields of interest also include design of industry
electric power plants and large laboratory research
power plants. He is a member of AEI.
(Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Padova, Via
Gradenigo 6/A, 35131 Padova, Italy, Phone: +39498277516, Fax:
+39498277599)
Roberto Turri was born in Padova, Italy, in
1958. He received the Dr.Ing. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Padova in 1984
and the Ph.D. (University of Wales) in 1987. He has
worked in the Physics Department of the University
College of Swansea (U.K.). In 1990 he was
appointed as Researcher in the Power System Group
at the Electrical Engineering Department of Padova
University and Associate Professor from 2002. His
main fields of research are high voltage engineering
and computer applications in power system
engineering. (Department of Electric Engineering, University of Padova, Via
Gradenigo 6/A, 35131 Padova, Italy, Phone: +39498277565, Fax:
+39498277599, E-mail: roberto.turri@unipd.it)