Cloud Computing - Wikipedia

10/12/2017 Cloud computing - Wikipedia
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is an information technology (IT) paradigm, a model
for enabling ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable resources
(such as computer networks, servers, storage, applications and
services),[1][2] which can be rapidly provisioned with minimal
management effort, often over the Internet. Cloud computing allows
users and enterprises with various computing capabilities to store and
process data either in a privately-owned cloud, or on a third-party
server located in a data center - thus making data-accessing
mechanisms more efficient and reliable.[3] Cloud computing relies on
sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar
to a utility.
Cloud computing metaphor: For a user,
Advocates note that cloud computing allows companies to avoid or the network elements representing the
minimize up-front IT infrastructure costs. As well, third-party clouds provider-rendered services are invisible,
enable organizations to focus on their core businesses instead of as if obscured by a cloud.
expending resources on computer infrastructure and maintenance.[4]
Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get
their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it enables
IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.[4][5][6] Cloud
providers typically use a "pay-as-you-go" model. This could lead to unexpectedly high charges if
administrators are not familiarized with cloud-pricing models.[7]
In 2009 the availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices as well as the
widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented architecture, and autonomic and utility
computing led to a growth in cloud computing.[8][9][10] Companies can scale up as computing needs increase
and then scale down again when demands decrease.[11] In 2013 it was reported that cloud computing had
become a highly demanded service or utility due to the advantages of high computing power, cheap cost of
services, high performance, scalability, and accessibility - as well as availability. Some cloud vendors
experience growth rates of 50% per year,[12] but while cloud computing remains in a stage of infancy, it has
pitfalls that need to be addressed to make cloud-computing services more reliable and user-friendly.[13][14]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin of the term
1.2 1970s
1.3 1990s
1.4 2000s
2 Similar concepts
3 Characteristics
4 Service models
4.1 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4.2 Platform as a service (PaaS)
4.3 Software as a service (SaaS)
4.4 Security as a service (SECaaS)
4.5 Mobile "backend" as a service (MBaaS)
4.6 Serverless computing
5 Cloud clients
6 Deployment models
6.1 Private cloud
6.2 Public cloud
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing 1/20
6.3 Hybrid cloud

6.4 Others
6.4.1 Community cloud
6.4.2 Distributed cloud
6.4.3 Intercloud
6.4.4 Multicloud
7 Architecture
7.1 Cloud engineering
8 Security and privacy
9 Limitations and disadvantages
10 Emerging trends
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History
Origin of the term
The origin of the term cloud computing is unclear. The word cloud is commonly used in science to describe a
large agglomeration of objects that visually appear from a distance as a cloud and describes any set of things
whose details are not further inspected in a given context.[15] Another explanation is that the old programs that
drew network schematics surrounded the icons for servers with a circle, and a cluster of servers in a network
diagram had several overlapping circles, which resembled a cloud.[16] In analogy to the above usage, the word
cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network
on telephony schematics. Later it was used to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams. With this
simplification, the implication is that the specifics of how the end points of a network are connected are not
relevant for the purposes of understanding the diagram. The cloud symbol was used to represent networks of
computing equipment in the original ARPANET by as early as 1977,[17] and the CSNET by 1981[18]—both
predecessors to the Internet itself.
The term cloud has been used to refer to platforms for distributed computing. In Wired's April 1994 feature
"Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II" on the Apple spin-off General Magic, Andy Hertzfeld commented on
General Magic's distributed programming language Telescript that:
"The beauty of Telescript ... is that now, instead of just having a device to program, we now have
the entire Cloud out there, where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of
information and create sort of a virtual service. No one had conceived that before. The example
Jim White [the designer of Telescript, X.400 and ASN.1] uses now is a date-arranging service
where a software agent goes to the flower store and orders flowers and then goes to the ticket shop
and gets the tickets for the show, and everything is communicated to both parties."
— [19]
References to "cloud computing" in its modern sense appeared as early as 1996, with the earliest known
mention in a Compaq internal document.[20] The popularization of the term can be traced to 2006 when
Amazon.com introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud.[21]
1970s
During the 1960s, the initial concepts of time-sharing became popularized via RJE (Remote Job Entry);[22] this
terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM and DEC. Full time-sharing solutions were
available by the early 1970s on such platforms as Multics (on GE hardware), Cambridge CTSS, and the earliest
UNIX ports (on DEC hardware). Yet, the "data center" model where users submitted jobs to operators to run on
IBM mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant.
1990s
In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data
circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service, but at a
lower cost. By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use, they could use overall network bandwidth
more effectively. They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the
provider was responsible for and what users were responsible for. Cloud computing extended this boundary to
cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.[23] As computers became more diffused, scientists and
technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through time-
sharing. They experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure, platform, and applications to
prioritize CPUs and increase efficiency for end users.[24]
2000s
Since 2000, cloud computing has come into existence. In early 2008, NASA's OpenNebula, enhanced in the
RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying
private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.[25] In the same year, efforts were focused on
providing quality of service guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based
infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting in a real-time
cloud environment.[26][27] By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the
relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them"[28] and
observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use
service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products
in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."[29]
In August 2006 Amazon introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud.[21] Microsoft Azure was announced as "Azure"
in October 2008 and was released on 1 February 2010 as Windows Azure, before being renamed to Microsoft
Azure on 25 March 2014.[30] In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source
cloud-software initiative known as OpenStack. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offering
cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform
as well as from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform. As an open source offering and along with other open-source
solutions such as CloudStack, Ganeti and OpenNebula, it has attracted attention by several key communities.
Several studies aim at comparing these open sources offerings based on a set of criteria.[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]
[37]
On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support Smarter Planet.[38] Among the
various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical part. On June 7, 2012,
Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud.[39] While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are still in development, this cloud
offering is poised to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the
Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS) layers.[40][41][42]
In April of 2008, Google released Google App Engine in beta.[43] In May of 2012, Google Compute Engine
was released in preview, before being rolled out into General Availability in December of 2013.[44]
Similar concepts
Cloud computing is the result of the evolution and adoption of existing technologies and paradigms. The goal
of cloud computing is to allow users to take beneﬁt from all of these technologies, without the need for deep
knowledge about or expertise with each one of them. The cloud aims to cut costs, and helps the users focus on
their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles.[45] The main enabling technology for cloud
computing is virtualization. Virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more
"virtual" devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. With operating
system–level virtualization essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices,
idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently. Virtualization provides the agility required
to speed up IT operations, and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure utilization. Autonomic computing
automates the process through which the user can provision resources on-demand. By minimizing user
involvement, automation speeds up the process, reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human
errors.[45] Users routinely face difficult business problems. Cloud computing adopts concepts from Service-
oriented Architecture (SOA) that can help the user break these problems into services that can be integrated to
provide a solution. Cloud computing provides all of its resources as services, and makes use of the well-
established standards and best practices gained in the domain of SOA to allow global and easy access to cloud
services in a standardized way.
Cloud computing also leverages concepts from utility computing to provide metrics for the services used. Such
metrics are at the core of the public cloud pay-per-use models. In addition, measured services are an essential
part of the feedback loop in autonomic computing, allowing services to scale on-demand and to perform
automatic failure recovery. Cloud computing is a kind of grid computing; it has evolved by addressing the QoS
(quality of service) and reliability problems. Cloud computing provides the tools and technologies to build
data/compute intensive parallel applications with much more affordable prices compared to traditional parallel
computing techniques.[45]
Cloud computing shares characteristics with:
Client–server model—Client–server computing refers broadly to any distributed application that

distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requestors (clients).[46]
Computer bureau—A service bureau providing computer services, particularly from the 1960s to 1980s.
Grid computing—"A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer'
is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large
tasks."
Fog computing—Distributed computing paradigm that provides data, compute, storage and application
services closer to client or near-user edge devices, such as network routers. Furthermore, fog computing
handles data at the network level, on smart devices and on the end-user client side (e.g. mobile devices),
instead of sending data to a remote location for processing.
Dew computing—In the existing computing hierarchy, the Dew computing is positioned as the ground
level for the cloud and fog computing paradigms. Compared to fog computing, which supports emerging
IoT applications that demand real-time and predictable latency and the dynamic network
reconfigurability, Dew computing pushes the frontiers to computing applications, data, and low level
services away from centralized virtual nodes to the end users.[47]
Mainframe computer—Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications,
typically bulk data processing such as: census; industry and consumer statistics; police and secret
intelligence services; enterprise resource planning; and financial transaction processing.
Utility computing—The "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a
metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity."[48][49]
Peer-to-peer—A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination. Participants are both
suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model).
Green computing
Cloud sandbox—A live, isolated computer environment in which a program, code or file can run without
affecting the application in which it runs.
Characteristics
Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:
Agility for organizations may be improved, as cloud computing may increase users' flexibility with re-
provisioning, adding, or expanding technological infrastructure resources.
Cost reductions are claimed by cloud providers. A public-cloud delivery model converts capital
expenditures (e.g., buying servers) to operational expenditure.[50] This purportedly lowers barriers to
entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and need not be purchased for one-time or
infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is "fine-grained", with usage-
based billing options. As well, less in-house IT skills are required for implementation of projects that use
cloud computing.[51] The e-FISCAL project's state-of-the-art repository[52] contains several articles
looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of
activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house.
Device and location independence[53] enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of
their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically
provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect to it from anywhere.[51]
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each
user's computer and can be accessed from different places (e.g., different work locations, while
travelling, etc.).
Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer and pay for the resources and equipment to
meet their highest possible load-levels)
utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilised.[54][55]
Performance is monitored by IT experts from the service provider, and consistent and loosely coupled
architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.[51][56][57]
Resource pooling is the provider’s computing resources are commingle to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to user demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer
generally have no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resource.[1] (https://ww
w.uengr.com/cloud-computing-introduction-and-characteristics/)
Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously, rather
than waiting for it to be saved and emailed. Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-
entered when fields are matched, nor do users need to install application software upgrades to their
computer.[58]
Reliability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud
computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.[59]
Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-
service basis in near real-time[60][61] (Note, the VM startup time varies by VM type, location, OS and
cloud providers[60]), without users having to engineer for peak loads.[62][63][64] This gives the ability to
scale up when the usage need increases or down if resources are not being used.[65]
Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but
concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored
kernels. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because service
providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford to
tackle or which they lack the technical skills to address.[66] However, the complexity of security is
greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a greater number of devices, as well
as in multi-tenant systems shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may
be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain
control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies "five essential
characteristics":
On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as

server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with
each service provider.
Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones,
tablets, laptops, and workstations).
Resource pooling. The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to consumer demand.
Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer,
the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any
quantity at any time.
Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled,
and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
— National Institute of Standards and Technology[2]
Service models
Though service-oriented architecture advocates "everything as a service" (with the acronyms EaaS or XaaS,[67]
or simply aas),[68] cloud-computing providers offer their "services" according to different models, of which the
three standard models per NIST are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and
Software as a Service (SaaS).[2] These models offer increasing abstraction; they are thus often portrayed as a
layers in a stack: infrastructure-, platform- and software-as-a-service,[69] but these need not be related. For
example, one can provide SaaS implemented on physical machines (bare metal), without using underlying PaaS
or IaaS layers, and conversely one can run a program on IaaS and access it directly, without wrapping it as
SaaS.
The NIST's definition of cloud computing defines the

service models as follows:[2]
Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability

provided to the consumer is to use the
provider's applications running on a cloud
infrastructure. The applications are accessible
from various client devices through either a
thin client interface, such as a web browser
(e.g., web-based email), or a program
interface. The consumer does not manage or
control the underlying cloud infrastructure
including network, servers, operating systems,
storage, or even individual application
capabilities, with the possible exception of
Cloud computing service models arranged as layers in
limited user-specific application configuration
a stack
settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability

provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the
cloud infrastructure consumer-created or
acquired applications created using
programming languages, libraries, services,
and tools supported by the provider. The
consumer does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or
storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly configuration
settings for the application-hosting
environment.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The

capability provided to the consumer is to
provision processing, storage, networks, and
other fundamental computing resources where
the consumer is able to deploy and run
arbitrary software, which can include
operating systems and applications. The
consumer does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure but has control
over operating systems, storage, and deployed
applications; and possibly limited control of
select networking components (e.g., host
firewalls).
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the most basic cloud-service model is that of
providers offering computing infrastructure – virtual machines and other resources – as a service to subscribers.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to online services that provide high-level APIs used to dereference
various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources, location, data
partitioning, scaling, security, backup etc. A hypervisor, such as Xen, Oracle VirtualBox, Oracle VM, KVM,
VMware ESX/ESXi, or Hyper-V, LXD, runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the
cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and
down according to customers' varying requirements. Linux containers run in isolated partitions of a single
Linux kernel running directly on the physical hardware. Linux cgroups and namespaces are the underlying
Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. Containerisation offers higher
performance than virtualization, because there is no hypervisor overhead. Also, container capacity auto-scales
dynamically with computing load, which eliminates the problem of over-provisioning and enables usage-based
billing.[70] IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block
storage, file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and
software bundles.[71]
IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in data
centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual
private networks). To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their
application software on the cloud infrastructure.[72] In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the
operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility
computing basis: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed.[73][74][75][76]
Platform as a service (PaaS)

PaaS vendors offer a development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops
toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the PaaS models, cloud
providers deliver a computing platform, typically including operating system, programming-language
execution environment, database, and web server. Application developers can develop and run their software
solutions on a cloud platform without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying
hardware and software layers. With some PaaS offers like Microsoft Azure and Google App Engine, the
underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud
user does not have to allocate resources manually. The latter has also been proposed by an architecture aiming
to facilitate real-time in cloud environments.[77] Even more specific application types can be provided via PaaS,
such as media encoding as provided by services like bitcodin.com[78] or media.io.[79]
Some integration and data management providers have also embraced specialized applications of PaaS as
delivery models for data solutions. Examples include iPaaS (Integration Platform as a Service) and dPaaS
(Data Platform as a Service). iPaaS enables customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows.[80]
Under the iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without
installing or managing any hardware or middleware.[81] dPaaS delivers integration—and data-management—
products as a fully managed service.[82] Under the dPaaS model, the PaaS provider, not the customer, manages
the development and execution of data solutions by building tailored data applications for the customer. dPaaS
users retain transparency and control over data through data-visualization tools.[83] Platform as a Service
(PaaS) consumers do not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, or storage, but have control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration
settings for the application-hosting environment.
A recent specialized PaaS is the Blockchain as a Service (BaaS), that some vendors such as IBM Bluemix
have already included in their PaaS offering.[84]
Software as a service (SaaS)
In the software as a service (SaaS) model, users gain access to application software and databases. Cloud
providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. SaaS is sometimes referred to as
"on-demand software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee.[85] In the SaaS
model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software
from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs.
This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies
maintenance and support. Cloud applications differ from other applications in their scalability—which can be
achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand.[86] Load
balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who
sees only a single access-point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be
multitenant, meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization.
The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user,[87] so prices become
scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point.[88] Proponents claim that SaaS gives a
business the potential to reduce IT operational costs by outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and
support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from
hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with
applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One
drawback of SaaS comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. As a result, there could be
unauthorized access to the data. For this reason, users are increasingly adopting intelligent third-party key-
management systems to help secure their data.
Security as a service (SECaaS)
Security as a service (SECaaS) is a business model in which a large service provider integrates their security
services into a corporate infrastructure on a subscription basis more cost effectively than most individuals or
corporations can provide on their own, when total cost of ownership is considered. In this scenario, security is
delivered as a service from the cloud,[89] without requiring on-premises hardware avoiding substantial capital
outlays. These security services often include authentication, anti-virus, anti-malware/spyware, intrusion
detection, and security event management, among others.[90]
Mobile "backend" as a service (MBaaS)
In the mobile "backend" as a service (m) model, also known as backend as a service (BaaS), web app and
mobile app developers are provided with a way to link their applications to cloud storage and cloud computing
services with application programming interfaces (APIs) exposed to their applications and custom software
development kits (SDKs). Services include user management, push notifications, integration with social
networking services[91] and more. This is a relatively recent model in cloud computing,[92] with most BaaS
startups dating from 2011 or later[93][94][95] but trends indicate that these services are gaining significant
mainstream traction with enterprise consumers.[96]
Serverless computing
Serverless computing is a cloud computing code execution model in which the cloud provider fully manages
starting and stopping virtual machines as necessary to serve requests, and requests are billed by an abstract
measure of the resources required to satisfy the request, rather than per virtual machine, per hour.[97] Despite
the name, it does not actually involve running code without servers.[97] Serverless computing is so named
because the business or person that owns the system does not have to purchase, rent or provision servers or
virtual machines for the back-end code to run on.
Cloud clients
Users access cloud computing using networked client devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, tablets and
smartphones and any Ethernet-enabled device such as Home Automation Gadgets. Some of these devices—
cloud clients—rely on cloud computing for all or a majority of their applications so as to be essentially useless
without it. Examples are thin clients and the browser-based Chromebook. Many cloud applications do not
require specific software on the client and instead use a web browser to interact with the cloud application.
With Ajax and HTML5 these Web user interfaces can achieve a similar, or even better, look and feel to native
applications. Some cloud applications, however, support specific client software dedicated to these applications
(e.g., virtual desktop clients and most email clients). Some legacy applications (line of business applications
that until now have been prevalent in thin client computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology.
Deployment models
Private cloud
Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by
a third-party, and hosted either internally or externally.[2] Undertaking a private cloud project requires
significant engagement to virtualize the business environment, and requires the organization to reevaluate
decisions about existing resources. It can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues
that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. Self-run data centers[98] are generally capital
intensive. They have a significant physical footprint, requiring allocations of space, hardware, and
environmental controls. These assets have to be refreshed periodically, resulting in additional capital
expenditures. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus
do not benefit from less hands-on management,[99] essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud
computing such an intriguing concept".[100][101]
Public cloud
A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the

services are rendered over a network that is
open for public use. Public cloud services
may be free.[102] Technically there may be
little or no difference between public and
private cloud architecture, however, security
consideration may be substantially different
for services (applications, storage, and other
resources) that are made available by a
service provider for a public audience and
when communication is effected over a non-
trusted network. Generally, public cloud Cloud computing types
service providers like Amazon Web Services
(AWS), Microsoft and Google own and
operate the infrastructure at their data center and access is generally via the Internet. AWS and Microsoft also
offer direct connect services called "AWS Direct Connect" and "Azure ExpressRoute" respectively, such
connections require customers to purchase or lease a private connection to a peering point offered by the cloud
provider.[51]
Hybrid cloud
Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain distinct
entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also
mean the ability to connect collocation, managed and/or dedicated services with cloud resources.[2] Gartner,
Inc. defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combination of
private, public and community cloud services, from different service providers.[103] A hybrid cloud service
crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it can't be simply put in one category of private, public, or
community cloud service. It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by
aggregation, integration or customization with another cloud service.
Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist. For example, an organization may store sensitive client
data in house on a private cloud application, but interconnect that application to a business intelligence
application provided on a public cloud as a software service.[104] This example of hybrid cloud extends the
capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available
public cloud services. Hybrid cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and
compliance requirements, level of control needed over data, and the applications an organization uses.[105]
Another example of hybrid cloud is one where IT organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet
temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud.[106] This capability enables hybrid clouds to
employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds.[2] Cloud bursting is an application deployment model in which
an application runs in a private cloud or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for
computing capacity increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an
organization pays for extra compute resources only when they are needed.[107] Cloud bursting enables data
centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads, and use cloud resources from
public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands.[108] The specialized model of hybrid cloud,
which is built atop heterogeneous hardware, is called "Cross-platform Hybrid Cloud". A cross-platform hybrid
cloud is usually powered by different CPU architectures, for example, x86-64 and ARM, underneath. Users can
transparently deploy and scale applications without knowledge of the cloud's hardware diversity.[109] This kind
of cloud emerges from the raise of ARM-based system-on-chip for server-class computing.
Others
Community cloud
Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common
concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party, and either
hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a
private cloud), so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.[2]
Distributed cloud
A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different locations,
connected to a single network or hub service. It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed
clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.
Public-resource computing—This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive definition of

cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing than cloud computing.
Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing, and some examples include distributed
computing platforms such as BOINC and Folding@Home.
Volunteer cloud—Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of public-resource
computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing infrastructure is built using volunteered
resources. Many challenges arise from this type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the
resources used to built it and the dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer
clouds, or ad-hoc clouds. An interesting effort in such direction is Cloud@Home, it aims to implement a
cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a business-model to incentivize
contributions through financial restitution.[110]
Intercloud
The Intercloud[111] is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds"[112][113] and an extension of the Internet
"network of networks" on which it is based. The focus is on direct interoperability between public cloud service
providers, more so than between providers and consumers (as is the case for hybrid- and multi-
cloud).[114][115][116]
Multicloud
Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous architecture to reduce
reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate against disasters, etc. It differs from
hybrid cloud in that it refers to multiple cloud services, rather than multiple deployment modes (public, private,
legacy).[117][118][119]
Architecture
Cloud architecture,[120] the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud
computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over a loose coupling
mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose
coupling as applied to mechanisms such as these and others.
Cloud engineering
Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It brings a systematic
approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization, and governance in conceiving,
developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method
encompassing contributions from diverse areas such as systems, software, web, performance, information,
security, platform, risk, and quality engineering.
Security and privacy

Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the
service provider can access the data that is in the cloud
at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or
even delete information.[121] Many cloud providers can
share information with third parties if necessary for
purposes of law and order even without a warrant. That
is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must
agree to before they start using cloud services.
Solutions to privacy include policy and legislation as
well as end users' choices for how data is stored.[121]
Users can encrypt data that is processed or stored Cloud computing sample architecture
within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access.[3][121]
According to the Cloud Security Alliance, the top three threats in the cloud are Insecure Interfaces and API's,
Data Loss & Leakage, and Hardware Failure—which accounted for 29%, 25% and 10% of all cloud security
outages respectively. Together, these form shared technology vulnerabilities. In a cloud provider platform being
shared by different users there may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on
same data server. Therefore, Information leakage may arise by mistake when information for one customer is
given to other.[122] Additionally, Eugene Schultz, chief technology officer at Emagined Security, said that
hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for ways to penetrate the cloud. "There are some real
Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". Because data
from hundreds or thousands of companies can be stored on large cloud servers, hackers can theoretically gain
control of huge stores of information through a single attack—a process he called "hyperjacking". Some
examples of this include the Dropbox security breach, and iCloud 2014 leak.[123] Dropbox had been breached
in October 2014, having over 7 million of its users passwords stolen by hackers in an effort to get monetary
value from it by Bitcoins (BTC). By having these passwords, they are able to read private data as well as have
this data be indexed by search engines (making the information public).[123] There is the problem of legal
ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud, can the cloud provider profit from it?). Many
Terms of Service agreements are silent on the question of ownership.[124] Physical control of the computer
equipment (private cloud) is more secure than having the equipment off site and under someone else's control
(public cloud). This delivers great incentive to public cloud computing service providers to prioritize building
and maintaining strong management of secure services.[125] Some small businesses that don't have expertise in
IT security could find that it's more secure for them to use a public cloud. There is the risk that end users do not
understand the issues involved when signing on to a cloud service (persons sometimes don't read the many
pages of the terms of service agreement, and just click "Accept" without reading). This is important now that
cloud computing is becoming popular and required for some services to work, for example for an intelligent
personal assistant (Apple's Siri or Google Now). Fundamentally, private cloud is seen as more secure with
higher levels of control for the owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time
and money investment from the user.[126]
Limitations and disadvantages

According to Bruce Schneier, "The downside is that you will have limited customization options. Cloud
computing is cheaper because of economics of scale, and – like any outsourced task – you tend to get what you
get. A restaurant with a limited menu is cheaper than a personal chef who can cook anything you want. Fewer
options at a much cheaper price: it's a feature, not a bug." He also suggests that "the cloud provider might not
meet your legal needs" and that businesses need to weigh the benefits of cloud computing against the risks.[127]
In cloud computing, the control of the back end infrastructure is limited to the cloud vendor only. Cloud
providers often decide on the management policies, which moderates what the cloud users are able to do with
their deployment.[128] Cloud users are also limited to the control and management of their applications, data
and services.[129] This includes data caps, which are placed on cloud users by the cloud vendor allocating
certain amount of bandwidth for each customer and are often shared among other cloud users.[130]
Privacy and confidentiality are big concerns in some activities. For instance, sworn translators working under
the stipulations of an NDA, might face problems regarding sensitive data that are not encrypted.[131]
Emerging trends
Cloud computing is still a subject of research.[132] A driving factor in the evolution of cloud computing has
been chief technology officers seeking to minimize risk of internal outages and mitigate the complexity of
housing network and computing hardware in-house.[133] Major cloud technology companies invest billions of
dollars per year in cloud Research and Development. For example, in 2011 Microsoft committed 90 percent of
its $9.6 billion R&D budget to its cloud.[134] Research by investment bank Centaur Partners in late 2015
forecasted that SaaS revenue would grow from $13.5 billion in 2011 to $32.8 billion in 2016.[135] .[136]
https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/614885/how-virtual-data-room-boosting-mergers-aquisitions/
See also
Category: Cloud computing providers
Category: Cloud platforms
Cloud computing security
Cloud computing comparison
Cloud management
Cloud research
Cloud storage
Edge computing
eScience
Microservices
Mobile cloud computing
Personal cloud
Robot as a Service
Service-Oriented Architecture
Ubiquitous computing
Web computing
Cloud collaboration
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Further reading
Millard, Christopher (2013). Cloud Computing Law (https://global.oup.com/academic/product/cloud-com
puting-law-9780199671687?cc=gb&lang=en&). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967168-7.
Singh, Jatinder; Powles, Julia; Pasquier, Thomas; Bacon, Jean (July 2015). "Data Flow Management and
Compliance in Cloud Computing". IEEE Cloud Computing. 2 (4): 24–32. doi:10.1109/MCC.2015.69 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCC.2015.69).
Armbrust, Michael; Stoica, Ion; Zaharia, Matei; Fox, Armando; Griffith, Rean; Joseph, Anthony D.;
Katz, Randy; Konwinski, Andy; Lee, Gunho; Patterson, David; Rabkin, Ariel (1 April 2010). "A view of
cloud computing". Communications of the ACM. 53 (4): 50. doi:10.1145/1721654.1721672 (https://doi.or
g/10.1145%2F1721654.1721672).
Hu, Tung-Hui (2015). A Prehistory of the Cloud. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02951-3.
Mell, P. (2011, September 31). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. Retrieved November 1, 2015,
from National Institute of Standards and Technology website:
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf
External links
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10/12/2017 Cloud computing - Wikipedia

6.3 Hybrid cloud

Cloud computing shares characteristics with:

Client–server model—Client–server computing refers broadly to any distributed application that

Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:

On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as

The NIST's definition of cloud computing defines the

Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability

Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Platform as a service (PaaS)

Software as a service (SaaS)

Security as a service (SECaaS)

Mobile "backend" as a service (MBaaS)

A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the

Public-resource computing—This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive definition of

Security and privacy

Limitations and disadvantages

26. Kyriazis, D; A Menychtas; G Kousiouris; K Oberle; T Voith; M Boniface; E Oliveros; T Cucinotta; S

90. "Definition of Security as a Service" (http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/Security-as-a-Servic

113. "Intercloud is a global cloud of clouds" (http://samj.net/2009/06/22/the-intercloud-is-a-global-cloud-of-cl

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_computing&oldid=804486584"

This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 09:40.

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