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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 12

A Comprehensive Study on Trip Attraction


Rates of Shopping Centers in Dhanmondi Area
Md Majbah Uddin , Md Riad Hasan , Istiak Ahmed , Priyanka Das , Md Ahasan Uddin and
Dr.Tanweer Hasan

 accurate value as these values form the basis for the


Abstract— Studies of people trips and vehicular attraction subsequent steps and the errors in this step can propagate in
to activity centers have been conducted in western countries but the entire estimation process. [1-3]
few have been done in Asian countries. In Bangladesh, this kind The trip generation step consists of the processes to estimate
of study has been newly introduced. In this study, trip rate
trip production and trip attraction (TA) of a traffic
analysis method is used to estimate the trip attraction rates of
the shopping centers at Mirpur Road, Dhanmondi area of analysis zone (TAZ). Trip Attraction identifies the number of
Dhaka. As part of this study, a total of six shopping centers trips attracted by the various activity centers in the TAZ and
were surveyed, for which the number of vehicles (car) and trip production identifies the number of trips produced by the
persons entering the shopping center during peak hour for households in the TAZ.[4-5] Trip Attraction is obviously
every 15 minutes time interval were counted. The approach most pertinent relative to traffic at specific land use activity.
deals with the relationship the trip attraction rates of the
It also plays a role in many phases of transportation planning
shopping center as a whole. It relates the trip attraction of the
shopping center as a function of the physical features of the and traffic engineering related activities.[6-7] The main
shopping center, e.g. total parking spaces, gross floor area, and contributing factor for Trip Attraction is work trips. Trips for
the number of stores in the shopping center. It would be useful shopping are the next main category of Trip Attraction. This
in the regional transportation network or the channelization of study deals with the trip attraction rate of the shopping
traffic control around a shopping center. The data would be centers, the number of people coming to the shopping center
useful in assessing the traffic impacts surrounding a new
per unit time.
shopping center, and also the region wide traffic volume
impacts. Transportation planning issues faced by most Asian cities
include rapid urbanization and motorization which is leading
Index Term— Trip Attraction Rate, Transportation to sharp increase in travel demand and the supply has largely
planning, Shopping Center, Mirpur road remained unmatched with demand. So, trip attraction is
important to the traffic engineer and planner in considering
I. INTRODUCTION the impact of new development such as office complex,
TRAVEL demand forecasting is essential for the design of shopping center and residential development.[8-10] New
transportation facilities and services, and also for planning, development leads a various impact to the people‟s daily
investment, and policy development. Trip generation is the activities. For example the impact of surrounding roadway
first step of the traditional four-step travel demand network tends to make people moving far from one place to
forecasting process. It is critical that this step produces an another place. Road length is increasing and road network
patterns change according to the accessibility needs of
people and desire to reach their destinations. Hence, new
development will increase the travel demand with their also
Md Majbah Uddin is a Graduate from Department of CE, BUET, increase the vehicles. [11-13]
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh (corresponding author to provide phone: + (880) -
167- 0199320 Several studies in western countries have already been
majbahuddin@gmail.com done regarding the vehicles generated by a proposed
Md Riad Hasan is Graduate student, Department of CE, BUET, Dhaka- commercial development site and then are able to predict the
1000, Bangladesh
riad_buet06@yahoo.com
traffic impact of commercial establishments. Henry Fan,
Istiak Ahmed is Graduate student, Department of CE, BUET, Dhaka- et.al. (1996) recommended the provision adequate parking
1000, Bangladesh facilities to minimize the traffic congestion on the vicinity of
istiak_buet@yahoo.com
commercial establishments. Gross floor area, leasable floor
Priyanka Das is Graduate student, Department of CE, BUET, Dhaka-
1000, Bangladesh area, occupancy rate, car park spaces and peak parking
priyali07@yahoo.com demands were the variables considered in the study. The
Md Ahasan Uddin is Graduate student, Department of CE, BUET, methodology of the study conducted was the number of
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
biplobce_buet@yahoo.com vehicles parked in the building was counted then followed by
Dr. Tanweer Hasan is Professor, Department of CE, BUET, Dhaka- hourly parking accumulation counts, and then the counts
1000, Bangladesh were summarized every 15 minutes. Vehicles parked on the
tanweer@ce.buet.ac.bd
vicinity or the adjacent street whether designated or
prohibited areas were also counted.

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 13

It is difficult to consider all the factors influencing the Trip every 15 minute intervals during the peak period. The peak
Attraction Rate of shopping center especially factors like period time range was (4:00pm-7:00pm). Incoming shopping
land use characteristics of the surrounding area. However trip counts were collected by visual observation. One
other factors like the physical features of the shopping center surveyor was appointed in each gate of the shopping center.
that are easy to measure and analyze should be incorporated Data were collected for typical week day and weekend day
in the estimation of the Trip Attraction Rate. In addition to (Friday, Saturday). For each shopping center data were
this the general procedures for estimating Trip Attraction collected for two days to get the shopper trip variation during
Rate of the shopping center do not consider the effect of the week day and weekend. There was a large variation in the
type and features of the constituent stores of a shopping number of people coming to the shopping center depending
center. The TA of the constituent stores in a shopping center on the number of the time of the day, day of the week and the
affects the level of trip chaining in the shopping center. It is season. The fluctuations in the Trip Attraction Rate of the
very vital to involve the trip-chaining phenomenon in the stores and the shopping center on the whole show the
estimation of Trip Attraction Rate of the shopping center. complexity involved in studying the trip attraction of
[14-18] shopping centers. The number of vehicles and people
This study involves the estimation of Trip Attraction Rates entering the shopping center during a three-hour survey
of shopping centers at Dhanmondi Area in Dhaka City. This period for two different days were collected. These data
study also provides the foundation for subsequent research to about the specific characteristics of shopping centers
be conducted, local agencies, and/or private organizations to surveyed were processed and statistical analysis was done to
further build a comprehensive urban trip attraction database determine trip attraction rate. The study tends to get the
of shopping centers. The most applicable outcome of this recent trip attraction pattern of the Dhaka City with the new
study is the production of quantitative information on travel development of their surrounding area. The whole study plan
characteristics of urban land uses like shopping centers that is shown in Figure 2.
can be used in traffic impact studies.
Phase 1: Initial Study

II. METHODOLOGY

A. Data Collection  Preliminary understanding of the Trip


Trip rate analysis method was used in the study. To attain Attraction concept
 Literature review
the purpose, six shopping centers around Dhanmondi area  Aim , objective and overview of study
were surveyed. The shopping centers were Orchard Point,
ARA Center, Metro Shopping Mall, Rapa Plaza, Plaza AR
Phase 2: Survey and Data collection
and Adel Plaza. The location of six shopping centers is
marked by red dots in Figure 1. The number of people and
vehicles attracted to the shopping centers with mixed uses
such as for shopping, fitness centers, and other services were
counted as they visit the particular building. The surveyors Survey Data Collection
positioned themselves near the entrance(s) and exit(s) while Site survey Total number of parking
space and gross floor area
also move around the vicinity of the building especially
Shopping Center survey
along on-street parking lots. This is to know whether Total number of shops and
occupants of vehicles parked on the road are going to the Parking Space survey employees
building or not.
Total number of incoming
people and car at peak
period

Phase 3: Calculation and


Analysis of Average
Shopping trip attraction
rate

Phase 4: Conclusion

Fig. 2. Flow chart of the study


Fig. 1. A map showing the shopping centers location
B. Data Analysis
The Trip Attraction of the shopping centers was obtained
from the number of people and vehicles entering the The following equations were used for calculating different
shopping center in every 15 minutes interval. Number of trip attraction rate:
incoming shoppers and car trips were counted by survey for 1. Peak hour person trip attraction rate (Trips per 1000 sq.

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 14

ft. per hour) = (Peak hour person trip /Gross Floor Area ft2/hour) of six shopping centers is showed in Figure 5. ARA
(GFA))*1000 Center had the highest Car Trip Attraction Rate 14.8
2. Peak hour person trip attraction rate (Trips per shop per trips/10,000 ft2/hour. From survey it was found that majority
hour) = (Peak hour person trip/total number of shop) of the shoppers coming to the shopping center generally use
3. Peak hour person trip attraction rate (Trips per entry gate car as transportation mode. Again Metro Shopping Mall
per hour) = (Peak hour person trip/number of entry gate) made lowest (trips/10,000 ft2/hour) with a value of 4.5. Car
4. Peak hour person trip attraction rate (Trips per 100 trip attraction is lowest here because it is situated in
employees per hour) = (Peak hour person trip/total no of residential area and most of its regular customers can easily
employee of shopping center)*100 come here by walking. In majority, except Plaza AR and
5. Peak hour car trip attraction rate (Trips per 10 parking Rapa plaza, it is interesting to note that car trip attraction rate
spaces per hour) = (Peak hour car trip/total number of on weekday is greater than the weekends as people love
parking spaces)*10 shopping on holidays with their family. Figure 6 indicates
6. Peak hour car trip attraction rate (Trips per 10,000 sq. ft. variation of peak hour car trip attraction rate among different
per hour) = (Peak hour car trip/ Gross Floor Area)*10,000 shopping malls. The highest trip attraction rate (car trip/10
Using the equations above Trip Attraction Rates was parking spaces/hour) produced by Adel plaza both on
calculated for six shopping centers and also for week day and weekend and weekday. The rate was 21 (car trip/10 parking
weekend. Then standard deviation of Average Trip spaces/hour) for weekday and 17(car trip/10 parking
Attraction Rate of the shopping centers from Grand Average spaces/hour) for weekend. This was because shoppers prefer
was calculated using the equation below. car trip to shopping center more in weekday than weekend
N to avoid traffic congestion near shopping centers. The similar
1 1 N

N
 ( xi   )2 , where  
i 1
 xi
N i1
condition happened for both ARA center and Orchard point.
In case of Plaza AR, the value of car trip per 10 parking
spaces per hour for weekend exceeded the weekday value of
weekday. The car trip attraction rate was lowest for Metro
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Shopping Mall. The value was 5.2 (car trips/10 parking
Data were collected for each shopping center from (4 pm – 7 spaces/hour) for weekend. Figure 7 indicates the peak hour
pm) which was the peak period for shopping centers. The Trip Attraction Rate (person/entry gate/hour) variation of six
number of incoming people and number of car were counted shopping centers. ARA Center has only one entry gate. Rest
for every 15 minutes interval. The sum of every 4 of the Shopping Centers has two entry gates. But ARA
consecutive interval incoming trip was then analyzed for the Center was found with least peak hour Trip Attraction Rate
calculation of peak hour incoming trip rate. The highest value 136 (person/entry gate/hour). Rapa plaza made highest
hourly data was considered as peak hour trip rate for each Trip Attraction Rate 357 person/entry gate/hour both on
shopping center. This procedure was done for both week day week day. Figure 8 illustrates the peak hour Trip Attraction
data and weekend data. Rate (person trips/shop/hour) variation of six Shopping
From Figure 3, highest peak hour person Trip Attraction Centers. Adel plaza made highest Trip Attraction Rate 52.1
Rate was in Adel plaza with 11.7 person trip/1000 ft2/hour trips/ shop/hour on weekend whereas, 40.7 person
on weekend. Adel plaza attracted highest person trips per trips/shop/hour on weekday. ARA Center produced least
1000 ft2 area during peak hour because it is a popular peak hour Trip Attraction Rate value 3.6 trips/shop/hour.
shopping mall of branded clothing. A.R.A center made Grand Average of peak hour person trip attraction rate was
found 7.9 person trips/1000 ft2/hour for all six shopping
lowest peak hour Trip Attraction Rate 6.2 person trip/1000
centers. The range of values were between 6.2 to 9.5 trips
ft2/hour on weekday and same as in a typical week day. From
/1000 ft2/hour for different shopping centers and with a
the graph, it is clearly noticeable that weekends are found
standard deviation (S.D.) of 1.2 (trips/1000 ft2/hour).
with higher Trip Attraction Rate (person trip/1000 ft2/hour) Again,Grand Average of peak hour person trip attraction rate
than weekday (typical working day) for six shopping centers was found 226 trips/100 employee/hour. It was observed that
because on weekend the shopping centers attract more the range was between 136 to 401 trips/100 employee/hour
shoppers. Figure 4 illustrates the variation in peak hour Trip with a standard deviation (S.D.) of 94.3 (trips/100
Attraction Rate (person/10 employee/hour) of six shopping employee/hour). From the analysis, grand Average of peak
centers. Again Adel Plaza was found with highest person hour car trip attraction rate was found 8.3 car trips/10,000
trip/10 employees/hour with a value of 401 on weekend. ft2/hour. Range of values started from 4.3 car trips/10,000
Metro Shopping Mall made lowest Trip Attraction Rate with ft2/hour to 15.1 car trips/10,000 ft2/hour) for different
a value of 136 person/10 employee/hour. Nearly 238 person shopping centers and with a standard deviation (S.D.) of 3.5
trips/100 employee/ hour are visible in both Plaza A.R. and car trips/ 10,000 ft2/ hour.
Rapa Plaza. A weekend trip attraction rate for the shopping
exceeds the weekday shopping centers in all cases. It is
natural that at weekend shoppers have more free time to
spend in the shopping centers than the week days. The
variation in peak hour Car Trip Attraction Rate (trips/10,000

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 15

Fig. 3. Peak hour person Trip Attraction Rate (person/1000 sq


Fig. 7. Peak hour person Trip Attraction Rate (person/entry gate/hour)
ft/hour) variation for different shopping centers
variation for different shopping centers

Figure. 4. Peak hour person Trip Attraction Rate (person/100


employee/hour) variation for different shopping centers
Fig, 6. Peak hour person Trip Attraction Rate (car/10 parking
space/hour) variation for different shopping centers

Fig. 5. Peak hour person Trip Attraction Rate (car/10,000 sq ft/hour) Fig. 8. Peak hour person Trip Attraction Rate (person/shop/hour)
variation for different shopping centers variation for different shopping centers

The average of peak hour car trip attraction rate was found
276 car trips/10 parking spaces/hour. Minimum value was
136 car trips/10 parking spaces/hour where maximum was
calculated as 357 car trips/parking spaces/hour for different
shopping centers and with a standard deviation (S.D.) of 5.1
car trips/10 parking spaces/hour. Grand Average of peak
hour person Trip Attraction Rate is estimated 276 trips/entry

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 16

gate/hour. Minimum value is 136 trips/entry gate/hour and REFERENCES


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more shopping centers situated in this study area can be
considered to develop simulation model of Trip Attraction
Rate of the study area.
The Trip Attraction Rates data obtained from the study
can be used for further research to develop a database for the
shopping centers in Dhaka City as well as for the shopping
centers for the whole country. Since, there is only a few
studies regarding Trip Attraction Rates for shopping centers
in Bangladesh, this study will help the future researcher. In
addition, data obtained from the study has great use on
implementing proper transportation facilities for the
Dhanmondi Area.

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