Bengkel Penulisan

Kajian Tindakan
@PPDPasirGudang

Dr @AzamriMansor PENCERAMAH

Dr Ahmad Zamri
21 April 2019 Mansor

11 am - 1 pm Pusat Kepimpinan &

Polisi Pendidikan
Dewan Hamka, SK
Seri Kota Putera 4 Fakulti Pendidikan

No research without action
No action without research
KURT LEWIN
Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia
azamri@ukm.edu.my
DR AHMAD ZAMRI MANSOR

PhD (Adult Learning & Extension Education) (UPM)

MEdMgmt (Educational Management) (Flinders, Australia)
DipEd (TESOL) (Flinders, Australia)
BA (Politics) (Flinders, Australia)

Area of Expertise
Adult Learning, e-Learning and
Higher Education
azamri@ukm.edu.my
instagram.com/azamri.mansor
twitter.com/AzamriMansor

“Learning is an obsession!”
Module Coverage- Part 1

Discussion questions:
1. What is Action Research?
2. What is the purpose of action research?
3. How AR differs from other research?
4. What are types of Action Research?
5. What are steps in conducting AR (Models of AR)?
6. How to write AR proposal?
7. How to report AR findings?
QR Code
Module Coverage- Part 2
Other discussion questions:
● How to choose topic of your AR?
● How to write objectives of AR?
● Participants of action research?
● Question of Validity and Reliability
● Action Research: Quant or Qual?
● Differences with other research designs
Suci Dalam Debu?
1. What is Action Research?

“No research
without action, no

action without
research.”
- Kurt Lewin-
1. What is AR- Bryden Miller et al (2003)

Action research , seeks to bring together

action and reflection, theory and

practice, in participation with others, in the pursuit of practical
solutions to issues of pressing concern to
people, and more generally the flourishing of individual persons and their
communities. (2001, p. 1) Source
1. What is action research?
Action research designs are systematic
procedures
● done by teachers and practitioners
● to gather information about, and
● improve, the ways their particular setting
operates.
1. What is action research?
Action Research is a fancy way of saying
let's study
what's happening at our school
and
decide how to make it
a better place.
Emily Calhoun (1994).
1. What is action research?
Action research designs are systematic
procedures
● done by teachers (or other individuals in an
educational setting)
● to gather information about, and
● improve, the ways their particular educational
setting operates, their teaching, and their
student learning (Mills, 2011)
2. What is the Purpose of AR?

● To solve practical problems- You use action

research when you have a specific
problem to solve.
● For professional development- to
improve practices - educators
○ take action and
○ do research.
3. How AR differs from other research?

AR different from other research because it ..

3.1 Focuses on Action and Research

“No research
without action, no

action without
research.”
- Kurt Lewin-
Therefore it is not “Suci Dalam Debu”
(Pure in Dust)!... a metaphor for lack of action
3.2 It is cyclical, not linear
3.3 Dual roles as researcher-
practitioner
3.4 Use method that produces the best
desired outcome!
Positivism Interpretivism Pragmatism Critical
Theories
What is Single, Multiple, The best Determined
reality? objective socially desired by history,
outside force
constructed outcome
Method Quantitative Qualitative Action
ology Action research,
Historical
research , analysis
Mixed Methods,
DDR etc

Data Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative & Mainly

qualitative
quantitative
3.4 What is Pragmatist Paradigm?

● Use method best suited to the RQs

● Researchers have freedom to choose
any data collection methods: quant and/or
quali
● Each method has limitations, the use of the
different methods can be complementary
4. What are types of Action Research?

● Individual action research (one

educator, single issue)
● Collaborative action research (a
group of educators, a common issue)
● Schoolwide action research
● District wide action research
5. What Are The Steps In Conducting
An Action Research Study?
● Step 1. Determine if Action Research Is the Best

Design to Use
● Step 2. Identify a Problem to Study

● Step 3. Identify the best Solution to the Problem (i.e

Innovation or Intervention)
● Step 4. Identify the best AR Model

● Step 5. Follow the stages in the selected Model

5.1 Use AR only If You Have
● Problem- you want to solve the
problem
● Solution- you have identified the
best solution to your problem
● Both must be within your control!
5.2 Consideration in Choosing AR Model

Depends on
● What discipline, setting? (Business,
educational?)
● Each discipline has its recommended AR
models …
● Influence from AR scholars
5.3 Models of AR in Education

● Kurt Lewin’s model

● Dave Ebbutt’s model (1985)
● Kemmis & McTaggart’s model
(1988)
● Jean McNiff’s model (1988)
● John Elliott’s model (1991)
● Whitehead and McNiff’s model (2006)
Source: YBC’s Slideshare (slide 16-25)
5.3 Models of AR in Education
● Sagor’s model*
● Calhoun’s model*
● Mac Naughton’s model
● Stringer’s model (2007) (download link)
● Somekh’s model (1989)
● McBride & Schostak’s model (1994)
●*Source- Brown 2002. Improving Teaching Practices through Action Research thesis
●
PAOR

Plan Plan
Act Awal
Observe Otak
Reflect Relaks
6. How to Write AR Proposal?

What is it for?
● Professional requirement?
(Follow in-house format)
● Thesis and dissertation? (AR
as a research design)
6.1 Rangka Kertas Cadangan KT EPRD
1. Abstrak
2. Refleksi P & P
3. Isu keperihatinan / Fokus kajian
4. Objektif kajian
5. Kumpulan sasaran
6. Pelaksanaan Kajian
a. Tinjauan masalah
b. Analisis tinjauan masalah
c. Tindakan yang dijalankan
d. Pelaksanaan Tindakan dan pemerhatian/ Penilaian
i. Pelaksanaan aktiviti 1 – Pemerhatian, Refleksi
ii. Pelaksanaan aktiviti 2 – Pemerhatian, Refleksi
7. Refleksi kajian
i. Penilaian pencapaian tindakan
ii. Rumusan hasil dapatan kajian
iii. Refleksi proses P & P
8. Cadangan untuk kajian seterusnya.
6.1 Rangka Kertas Cadangan KT JPNS
1. Nama Sekolah
2. Penyelidik
3. Tajuk Kajian
4. Refleksi Pengajaran & Pembelajaran lalu
5. Isu/ Keprihatinan (Fokus Kajian)
6. Objektif Kajian
7. Kumpulan Sasaran
8. Tindakan yang dicadangkan
9. Bahan yang dicadangkan
10. Jadual Pelaksanaan
11. Kos kajian
12. Penutup
6.1 Rangka Kertas Cadangan KT
1.0 Tajuk Kajian, Nama Penyelidik dan Tempat Kajian
2.0 Latarbelakang Kajian dan Sorotan Literatur
3.0 Refleksi Amalan Berdasarkan Pengalaman Lepas
4.0 Isu Keprihatinan atau Fokus Kajian
5.0 Objektif Kajian (mengikut fasa kajian K & McT)
6.0 Kumpulan Sasaran
7.0 Inovasi/Tindakan Intervensi (lampirkan perincian)
8.0 Jadual Perlaksanaan Kajian (Min 2 gelung, ikut fasa)
9.0 Kaedah Kutipan Data
Senarai Rujukan (senaraikan hanya yang disebut dalam teks,
mengikut Gaya UKM)
Proposal Outline in Relation to PAOR
Kertas Cadangan Inovasi
Plan (Kertas Cadangan KT)

7.0 Inovasi/Tindakan Intervensi

Act (lampirkan perincian)

9.0 Kaedah Kutipan Data

Observe (sertakan kaedah kutipan data,
jadual
New doc- From data, what
Reflect transpires? Why?
How to make it better?
6.2 PROPOSAL KAJIAN BAB 2 SOROTAN BAB 3 KAEDAH
TINDAKAN UNTUK LITERATUR 3.1 Pengenalan
THESIS 2.1 Pengenalan 3.2 Reka Bentuk Kajian
2.2 Konsep/Konstruk 1 3.3 Rasional Pemilihan
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 2.3 Konsep/Konstruk 2 KT
1.1 Pengenalan 2.4 Konsep/Konstruk 3 3.4 Model Kemmis dan
1.2 Latar Belakang Kajian 2.7 Teori atau Model Mc Taggart
1.3 Tinjauan atau Refleksi 2.8 Kajian Lepas 3.5 Lokasi Kajian
Yang Mendasari Berkenaan PU1 3.6 Peserta Kajian
Pernyataan Masalah 2.9 Kajian Lepas 3.7 Instrumen Kajian
1.4 Tujuan Kajian Berkenaan PU2 3.8 Kaedah Pengumpulan
1.5 Objektif Kajian 2.10 Kajian Lepas Data
1.6 Persoalan Kajian Berkenaan PU3 3.9 Prosedur
1.7 Kerangka Konsep 2.11 Rumusan Pelaksanaan Kajian
1.8 Kepentingan Kajian *Numbering bergantung 3.10 Penganalisisan Data
1.9 Batasan Kajian kepada jumlah konsep/ 3.11 Kesahan dan
1.10 Takrifan Operasi konstruk Kebolehpercayaan Data
1.11 Rumusan 3.12 Rumusan
7. How to Write AR Report?

What is it for?
● Professional requirement? (Follow
in-house format)
● Academic conferences
● Thesis and dissertation? (AR as a
research design)
 7.2 AR Report for conferences(based on IMRAD)
Standard Outlines Action Research Manuscript (applicable to JOURNAL and PROCEEDING)

Introduction ● Background
● Context
● Pre AR reflection
● Selection of research focus

Literature ● Review of findings of previous research, esp on researchs using same

innovation/intervention
● Support from researchers on the innovation/intervention you will be using

Methods ● Research Participants

● Stages of Action Research
● Data collection method
● Data analysis methods
● Data trangulation metnod

Results ● Reports data that show the before and after the implementation of
innovation/intervention, based on cycles

Discussion ● Reflections before and after the implementation of innovation/intervention,

based on cycles

Conclusion ● Summary
● Recommendations
● Concluding remarks
7.3 AR Report in Thesis

BAB 4 DAPATAN
4.1 Pengenalan
4.2 Latarbelakang Peserta Kajian
4.3 Dapatan Berdasarkan Objektif 1*
4.4 Dapatan Berdasarkan Objektif 2*
4.5 Dapatan berdasarkan Objektif 3*
4.6 Dapatan berdasarkan Objektif 4*
4.7 Rumusan
*Hanya jika objektif dirangka mengikut 4 fasa kajian mengikut
model Kemmis McTaggart
OBJEKTIF BERDASARKAN FASA

PHASES OBJECTIVES
PLAN 1 Merancang perlaksanaan ______
untuk ______
ACT 2 Melaksanakan __________
OBSERVE 3 Memerhatikan kesan
pelaksanaan ____
REFLECT 4 Membuat refleksi tentang
perlaksanaan _____
36
Module Coverage- Part 2
Other discussion questions:
● How to choose topic of your AR?
● How to write objectives of AR?
● Participants of action research?
● Question of Validity and Reliability
● Action Research: Quant or Qual?
● Differences with other research designs
Use AR only If You Have
● Problem- you want to solve the
problem
● Solution- you have identified the
best solution to your problem
● Both must be within your control!
AR Topic, must
● Improvement-oriented-
● Solution- innovation or
intervention to your problem
● Must have context/setting!
 Panduan Memilih Tajuk Kajian Tindakan

Reka Tajuk Kajian Hipotesis Metodologi Kajian

bentuk Kajian
Kajian Contoh 1: Menambahbaik Tidak perlu Pengkaji terlibat secara langsung dalam
Tindakan pengajaran subjek menyatakan kajian (pegang 2 peranan).
______ melalui kaedah hipotesis. Penambahbaikan dilakukan lebih drp
______ satu gelung. Gelung pertama melalui
Contoh 2: Menyelesaikan langkah-langkah berikut: (1) membuat
masalah ____ melalui tinjauan masalah, (2) menganalisis
pendekatan _______ tinjauan masalah, (3) menjalankan
tindakan, dan (4) membuat pemerhatian
dan penilaian. Gelung kedua dan
seterusnya juga mengikut
langkah-langkah di atas.

Tajuk KT mesti ada

1. Unsur penambahbaikan
2. Kaedah penambahbaikan/intervensi yang dicadangkan
Contoh Persoalan Kajian Tindakan

● Apakah impak Teknik ABC terhadap

pencapaian pelajar-pelajar Tingkatan 1 dalam
kemahiran mengira?
● Apakah kesan program kelas tambahan dalam
meningkatkan kemahiran kmenulis karangan
pelajar tingkatan 4?
● Apakah kesan kaedah ABC dalam
meningkatkan minat membaca pelajar
tingkatan 1?
OBJEKTIF BERDASARKAN FASA

PHASES OBJECTIVES
PLAN 1 Merancang perlaksanaan ______
untuk ______
ACT 2 Melaksanakan __________
OBSERVE 3 Memerhatikan kesan
pelaksanaan ____
REFLECT 4 Membuat refleksi tentang
perlaksanaan _____
42
AR Research Participants

The identification of who and how many

participants depends on two factors:
● (1) who will be able to provide valuable
information for your study, and
● (2) criteria for participant sample selection.

Source: Book extract by Efron & Ravit 2013

43
AR Research Participants
● How many?
○ Primary group participants (eg students)
○ Complementary group participants (eg
parents, other teachers)
● Have everyone in the group if the number (of
potential participants) is small
● Need to do sampling if the number is large,
use pre-determined criteria
Source: Book extract by Efron & Ravit 2013
44
AR Research Participants
Sample selection based on

● the relevancy of the participants’ experiences regarding

the topic of the study and
● their ability to enable you to obtain rich data & valuable
information that will contribute to the understanding of
the issue under investigation (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2007)
● Additional considerations- their willingness to participate,
their knowledge of the issue, their ability to articulate
their opinions, and their ability to contribute to your
understanding of the topic
Source: Book extract by Efron & Ravit 2013
45
Kesahan Dalam Kajian Tindakan

Kriteria kesahan untuk kajian tindakan (Anderson, et. al., 1994)

1. Kesahan demokratik, yang menjawab soalan, "Adakah kajian ini
meliputi pelbagai perspektif peserta kajian?"
2. Kesahan hasil, yang menjawab soalan, "Adakah tindakan
daripada kajian ini membawa kepada penyelesaian masalah?"
3. Kesahan proses, yang menjawab soalan, "Adakah kajian ini
dilaksanakan dengan cara yang boleh dipercayai dan cekap?
4. Kesahan katalitik, yang menjawab soalan, "Adakah dapatan
kajian ini menjadi mangkin kepada tindakan?"
5. Kesahan dialogik, yang menjawab soalan samada kajian ini
disemak oleh rakan penyelidik.
Source
 Validity and Reliability Quant & Qual
VR terms Quantitative’s Merriam’s strategies

Internal ● Penilaian pakar (content ● Triangulation

validity) ● Member check
Validity ● Kajian Rintis ● Longterm observation
● SPSS (EFA, PCA) ● Peer examination
(construct validity) ● Researcher bias

External Sampling procedure ● Rich, thick

● Random or nonrandom? description
Validity ● If random: simple, ● Typicality
systematic, stratified, ● Multisite design
clustered?

Reliability Ensure consistency of ● Investigator’s position

measurement using Cronbach ● Triangulation
Alpha (SPSS) ● Audit trail
Validity in Action Research
Anderson, et. al.’s (1994) five criteria for validity of action research.
1. Democratic validity, which answers the question, "Have the
multiple perspectives of all of the individuals in the study been
accurately represented?"
2. Outcome validity, which answers the question, "Did the action
emerging from the study lead to the successful resolution of the
problem?"
3. Process validity, which responds to the question, "Was the study
conducted in a dependable and competent manner?"
4. Catalytic validity, which responds to the question, "Were the
results of the study a catalyst for action?"
5. Dialogic validity, which asks whether the research was reviewed
by peers.
Source
Action research VS other research designs
ACTION RESEARCH OTHER DESIGNS
Philosophy Pragmatist Positivist (quant) and
Interpretivist (Quali)
Research Professional To describe (Quant), to
purpose improvement explore (Quali)
Role of Researcher and Researcher only
researcher Practitioner
Research Cyclical (consists of Linear and sequential
process several phases)
Sampling Entire population of Random (Quant) or
classroom, organization Purposeful (Qual)
or community sampling
Data Use both quali and Depending on paradigm
collection quanti methods
Action research VS experimental design

ACTION RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL

Setting Natural Lab
Hypothesis Not necessary Necessary
Control and Not required, but OK Required
treatment if you want to put it
groups
Data Use both quali and Quanti only
collection quanti methods
Action research VS experimental design VS Non
experimental (Causal comparative design)
ACTION EXPERIMENTAL CAUSAL
RESEARCH DESIGN COMPARATIVE
Setting Natural Lab “Natural”

Hypothesis No Yes Yes

Control and No. All research Yes. Required to No. Required to
treatment participants will set up the two identify the two
groups have the groups groups
intervention
Data Use both quali Quanti only Quanti only
collection and quanti
methods
Action research VS Qualitative case study

ACTION QUALITATIVE CASE

RESEARCH STUDY
Paradigm Pragmatism Interpretivism
Purpose To solve an An in-depth analysis
immediate problem of a particular case
Intervention? Yes No
Solution? Yes No
Data Use both quali and Mainly Qual (Stake
collection quanti methods and Merriam’s), both
qual and quant (Yin’s)
Action Research VS Design & Development
Research (DDR)

ACTION RESEARCH DDR

Focus
Apply or Design &
implement develop
the product or innovn the product or innovn
Status of Still at
Product or Finished
Innovation product, ready to be planning
applied stage, will be ready
at the end of the
research
3.5 Use method that produces the best
desired outcome!
Positivism Interpretivism Pragmatism Critical
Theories
What is Single, Multiple, The best Determined
reality? objective socially desired by history,
outside force
constructed outcome
Method Quantitative Qualitative Action
ology Action research,
Historical
research , analysis
Mixed Methods,
DDR etc

Data Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative & Mainly

qualitative
quantitative
AR (Pragmatism)
● Using the method which is best suited
to the RQ
free to use any
● Researchers are
methods, either quant or qual
● Every method has its limitation, so
incorporating different methods can be
complimentary
Example of Themes From Qualitative Interview

Source- Brown 2002. Improving Teaching

Practices through Action Research thesis
LIST OF e-BOOKS on ACTION RESEARCH
Creswel’s chapter extract on Action Research in Creswel’s Educational Research
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1089JaMWkcR5Jjw0jOD57K1jypeX7HnuD/view?us
p=sharing

Norton’s Action Research in Teaching and Learning

https://drive.google.com/open?id=16rGrdgs9b1hDHkjWKmqOPTX7_95oJin-

Efron and Ravid;s chapter extract from Action Research in Education” Practical
Guide https://www.guilford.com/excerpts/efron.pdf

Buku Manual Kajian Tindakan KPM

https://moe.gov.my/images/Terbitan/kajian/researchfile_file_001753.pdf

Buku Panduan Pengurusan Kajian Tindakan IPGM

http://ipgkpt.edu.my/dokumen/panduan%20penyelidikan.pdf

More free ebooks on Action Research at

https://www.pdfdrive.com/action-research-books.html
LIST OF e-RESOURCES on KPM’s TEACHER
ACTION RESEARCH
Buku Manual Kajian Tindakan KPM
https://moe.gov.my/images/Terbitan/kajian/researchfile_file_001753.pdf

Buku Panduan Pengurusan Kajian Tindakan IPGM

http://ipgkpt.edu.my/dokumen/panduan%20penyelidikan.pdf

Buku Panduan Penulisan Kajian Tindakan

http://www.ipgmipoh.edu.my/utama/images/2017/buku-panduan-kajian-tindakan-2
015.pdf

Koleksi Kajian Tindakan (Cg Narzuki Online)

https://cgnarzuki.com/muat-turun-bahan/kajian-tindakan/

More free ebooks on Teacher Action Research at

https://www.pdfdrive.com/search?q=teacher+action+research&pagecount=&pubye
ar=&searchin=
LIST OF GOOGLE BOOKS on ACTION
RESEARCH
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Action Research >>>
LIST OF ACTION RESEARCH JOURNALS

1. Asian Education Action Research Journal

http://www.myjurnal.my/public/browse-journal-view.php?id=468

2. Educational Action Research Journal

https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/reac20/current

3. Canadian Journal of Action Research

http://journals.nipissingu.ca/index.php/cjar

4. International Journal of Action Research (IJAR)

http://www.hampp-verlag.de/hampp_e-journals_IJAR.htm

5. Action Learning and Action Research Journal (ALARj)

https://www.alarassociation.org/?q=publications/alar-journal

6. AERA's list of Action Research Journals

https://sites.google.com/site/aeraarsig/publishers-action-research
HYPERLINKS

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