TRANSFORMER DIAGNOSIS

Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Michael Krüger © 2006

© OMICRON 11/6/2014 Page: 1

 Sources of Faults

Tap Changer
Vessel & Oil

Accessories
Bushings
Winding
Frequency in %

Core

Source: Cigre_WG 12-05 „An international survey on failures in large power

transformers in service“, Electra No. 88, 1983

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 2

 Gas-in-Oil Analysis
Type of Fault

Partial Discharge
Discharge with low
Energy
Discharge with high
Energy

Thermal Fault T<300°C

Thermal Fault T<700°C

Thermal Fault T>700°C

Source: Möllmann, A. u.a. „IEC/VDE Standards für flüssige Isolierstoffe zur Diagnostik
von Transformatoren und Wandlern“, ETG Fachbericht 87: Diagnostik elektrischer
Betriebsmittel, Berlin 2002

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 3

 Tests for Diagnosis
(Fault Location)

•Winding resistance and OLTC test

•Practical examples for winding ratio,
excitation current, leakage reactance
•FRSL
•Capacitance and dissipation factor
•FRA

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 4

Universal Transformer
Test System
Power Amplifier
15-400Hz
•Up to 2000A, 2kV AC / 400A DC
•Measurement of
•Ratio
•Complex Impedance
•Resistances
• …...

δ-Prüfsystem
C-Tanδ

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 5

Testing OLTC

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 6

On-load tap changer principle (1)

Voltage Selector

Commutating
Resistors

Diverter
Switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 7

On-load tap changer principle (2)

Voltage Selector

Commutating
Resistors

Diverter
Switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 8

On-load tap changer principle (3)

Voltage Selector

Commutating
Resistors

Diverter
Switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 9

On-load tap changer principle (4)

Voltage Selector

Commutating
Resistors

Diverter
Switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 10

On-load tap changer principle (5)

Voltage Selector

Commutating
Resistors

Diverter
Switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 11

On-load tap changer principle (6)

Voltage Selector

Commutating
Resistors

Diverter
Switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 12

On-load tap changer

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 13

Measurement of the static
resistance values of:

1) all internal contacts (diverter

switch contacts + tap
selector switch + connection
clamps) +

2) the winding resistance

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 14
New voltage selector contact

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 15

Voltage selector switch in a good
condition
Widerstand V-Mp

285.00
280.00
275.00
KEMA
Widerstand [mΩ ]

270.00
265.00
OMICRON 1…21
260.00 Ref. Temp.
255.00 OMICRON 21…1
Ref. Temp.
250.00
245.00
240.00
235.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Stufen

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 16

Influence of the Temperature

Maschinentransformator
27kV/400kV 1100MVA

1. Measurement: 20°C
Last Meas.: 23°C

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 17

 Influence of the Temperature
235 +RTWinding
R(T2 ) = R(T1 ) 2 (Tap)
Beispiel : R(23°) = R (20°) *1.012
0.165Ω 235 + T1
Delta =1.2%
0.16Ω A UP
A DOWN
0.155Ω
B UP
B DOWN
0.15Ω
C UP
0.145Ω C DOWN

0.14Ω
000 005 010 015 020 025 030
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 18

Faulty voltage selector contact

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 19

Defective Voltage Selector

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 20

 Defective Tap Selector

Starke Verrußung durch Erwärmung und Ablagerungen

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 21

 Resistance U-Mp
R L1 (referred to 20°C)

700.0

650.0

600.0
R L1 1974
mOhm

R L1 20.2.02 1...19
RL1 20.2.02 19…1
550.0

500.0

450.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 22

 100MVA 220/110 kV V
R L2 (referred to 20°)

650.0

630.0

610.0

590.0

570.0
R L2 1974
mOhm

550.0 R L2 20.2.02 1…19

R L2 20.2.02 19…1
530.0

510.0

490.0

470.0

450.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 23

 100MVA 220/110 kV W
R L3 (referred to 20°)

630.0

610.0

590.0

570.0

550.0 R L3 1974
mOhm

R L3 20.2.02 1…19
530.0 R L3K 20.2.02 19…1

510.0

490.0

470.0

450.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 24

Winding Resistance U-Mp After Repair

Resistance L1

650.0
630.0
610.0
Resistance [mΩ]

590.0
570.0 Factory Measurement
550.0 OMICRON 1…19
OMICRON 19…1
530.0
510.0
490.0
470.0
450.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 25

Delta R for U-Mp „UP“-„DOWN“
Resistance Differenz L1 Up-Down

40.0

30.0
Resistance [mΩ]

20.0

10.0 Before repair

0.0

-10.0
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
-20.0

-30.0
Taps

Resistance Differenz L1 Up-Down

6.0

4.0
Resistance [mΩ]

2.0
After repair
0.0

-2.0

-4.0

-6.0
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 26

 Cleaning effect of OLTC movement
R Winding (Tap)

0.2 Ohm

0.19 Ohm
A UP
0.18 Ohm A DOWN
B UP
0.17 Ohm
B DOWN
0.16 Ohm C UP
C DOWN
0.15 Ohm

0.14 Ohm
0 5 10 15 20
Taps

R Winding (Tap)

0.2 Ohm

0.19 Ohm
A UP
0.18 Ohm A DOWN
B UP
0.17 Ohm
B DOWN
0.16 Ohm C UP
C DOWN
0.15 Ohm

0.14 Ohm
0 5 10 15 20
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 27

 Increased contact resistance on a
diverter switch in phase A
R Winding (Tap)

0.18 Ohm
0.175 Ohm
0.17 Ohm A UP
0.165 Ohm
A DOWN
0.16 Ohm
B UP
0.155 Ohm
B DOWN
0.15 Ohm
0.145 Ohm C UP
0.14 Ohm C DOWN
0.135 Ohm
0.13 Ohm
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 28

Tap Changer in Delta

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 29

 Tap Changer in Delta

DC

A ∆ U=0

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 30

Measurement of a Winding 27 kV - 17 kA
with 100A Test Current

Meas. Result
µΩ
=700µΩ

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 31

Measurement of „Low Ohmic“ Windings

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 32

Analysis of the Transient
Switching Behavior of the
Diverter Switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 33

Transient signal of one switching
procedure in detail

Ripple

Slope
α

1 = Diverter switch commutates from the first tap to the first commutating resistor
2 = The second commutationg resistor is switched in parralel
3 = shorting of the second commutating resistor and commutating to the second tap
4 = Charging of the additional windings

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 34

Diagnosis of the diverter switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 35

 Ripple of a diverter switch in a
good condition (1100MVA)
Ripple

2.5%

2.0% A UP
A DOWN
1.5%
B UP
B DOWN
1.0%
C UP
0.5% C DOWN

0.0%
000 005 010 015 020 025 030
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 36

 Slope of a diverter switch in a
good condition (1100MVA)
Slope

0.0A/s
000 005 010 015 020 025 030
-0.1A/s
A UP
-0.2A/s A DOWN
B UP
-0.3A/s
B DOWN
-0.4A/s C UP
C DOWN
-0.5A/s

-0.6A/s
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 37

 Ripple on a Diverter Switch with
bouncing Contacts in Phase C
Ripple

50.0%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0% A UP
30.0% A DOWN
25.0% B UP
20.0% B DOWN
15.0% C UP
10.0% C DOWN
5.0%
0.0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 38

 Slope on a Diverter Switch with
bouncing Contacts in Phase C
Slope

0.0A/s
-0.2A/s 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.4A/s A UP
-0.6A/s A DOWN
-0.8A/s B UP
-1.0A/s B DOWN
-1.2A/s C UP
-1.4A/s C DOWN

-1.6A/s
-1.8A/s
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 39

Even Interruptions of 500us can
be detected

530us

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 40

Ripple = f (Time of Interruption)
Ripple ohne Slope mit Slope mit
Dauer der Ripple mit Unter- Unter- Unter-
Unterbrechnung Unter- brechung brechung brechung
[ms] brechung [%] [%] [mA/s] [mA/s]
0.5 4.12 1.00 -42 -2
1 4.64 1.00 -49.17 -2
10 32.96 1.00 -405.6 -2
1000 100.00 1.00 -1192 -2

Ripple OS Wicklung mit 0.5A Prüfstrom

120.00

100.00

80.00
Ripple [%]

60.00
Ripple mit
Unterbrechung
40.00
Ripple ohne
20.00 Unterbrechung
0.00
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time of Interruption [ms]

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 41

Slope = f (Time of Interruption)
Ripple ohne Slope mit Slope mit
Dauer der Ripple mit Unter- Unter- Unter-
Unterbrechnung Unter- brechung brechung brechung
[ms] brechung [%] [%] [mA/s] [mA/s]
0.5 4.12 1.00 -42 -2
1 4.64 1.00 -49.17 -2
10 32.96 1.00 -405.6 -2
1000 100.00 1.00 -1192 -2

Slope OS Wicklung mit 0.5A Prüfstrom

-200

-400 Slope mit

Slope [mA/s]

Unterbrechung
-600
Slope ohne
-800 Unterbrechung
-1000

-1200

-1400
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Dauer der Unterbrechung [ms]

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 42

 Ripple of an aged diverter switch

Ripple

5.5%

5.0% A UP
A DOWN
4.5%
B UP
B DOWN
4.0%
C UP
3.5% C DOWN

3.0%
0 5 10 15 20
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 43

 Slope of an aged diverter switch
Slope

-0.6A/s
-0.65A/s 0 5 10 15 20
-0.7A/s
A UP
-0.75A/s
A DOWN
-0.8A/s
B UP
-0.85A/s
B DOWN
-0.9A/s
C UP
-0.95A/s
C DOWN
-1.0A/s
-1.05A/s
-1.1A/s
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 44

Aged diverter switch

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 45

 Contact Problems (static)
Ripple
005 0.145044615Ω 0.061% 2.601% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.9008923V
006 0.14168819Ω 0.046% 2.253% -1.65A/s 20.0A 2.8337638V
007 0.142732395Ω 0.069% 2.701% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.8546479V
008 0.139659045Ω 0.097% 2.903% -1.69A/s 20.0A 2.7931809V
009 0.13919992Ω 4.612% 16.975% -11.37A/s 20.01A 2.7853904V
009 0.1396798Ω 1.028% 14.25% -2.6A/s 20.0A 2.793596V
009 0.139666415Ω 0.204% 14.7% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.7933283V
009 0.13958899Ω 0.174% 15.7% -0.56A/s 20.0A 2.7917798V
010 0.13754698Ω 0.059% 15.666% -1.91A/s 20.0A 2.7509396V
011 0.137932135Ω 0.055% 3.402% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.7586427V
012 0.13525902Ω 0.086% 2.703% -1.69A/s 20.0A 2.7051804V
013 0.12915814Ω 0.079% 3.4% -2.62A/s 20.0A 2.5831628V

Ripple

18.0%
16.0%
14.0% A UP
12.0% A DOWN
10.0% B UP
8.0% B DOWN
6.0% C UP
4.0% C DOWN
2.0%
0.0%
000 005 010 015 020 025 030
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 46

 Contact Problems (static)
Slope
005 0.145044615Ω 0.061% 2.601% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.9008923V
006 0.14168819Ω 0.046% 2.253% -1.65A/s 20.0A 2.8337638V
007 0.142732395Ω 0.069% 2.701% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.8546479V
008 0.139659045Ω 0.097% 2.903% -1.69A/s 20.0A 2.7931809V
009 0.13919992Ω 4.612% 16.975% -11.37A/s 20.01A 2.7853904V
009 0.1396798Ω 1.028% 14.25% -2.6A/s 20.0A 2.793596V
009 0.139666415Ω 0.204% 14.7% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.7933283V
009 0.13958899Ω 0.174% 15.7% -0.56A/s 20.0A 2.7917798V
010 0.13754698Ω 0.059% 15.666% -1.91A/s 20.0A 2.7509396V
011 0.137932135Ω 0.055% 3.402% -1.75A/s 20.0A 2.7586427V
012 0.13525902Ω 0.086% 2.703% -1.69A/s 20.0A 2.7051804V
013 0.12915814Ω 0.079% 3.4% -2.62A/s 20.0A 2.5831628V

Slope

0.0A/s

-2.0A/s
A UP
-4.0A/s A DOWN
B UP
-6.0A/s
B DOWN
-8.0A/s C UP
C DOWN
-10.0A/s

-12.0A/s
000 005 010 015 020 025 030
Taps

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 47

Measurement of the short
circuit impedance
a) Measurement of the leakage reactance

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 48

 Short circuit impedance
Forces

Leakage 10kV Winding

Flux
220kVWinding
220kV Winding
220kV

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 49

Short circuit impedance - deviation limits

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 50

 400kVA transformer
Template: TR Short Circuit Imp.
Version: 1.40
Factory Test with W-Meter 3 Phase Measurement

Uk [V] Ik [A] P [W] f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]
1479.40 8.89 6270 50 288.2335 74.02338 79.33485 277.1002 0.882037449

Phase A

f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]

50 287.8106 74.21368 78.29901 276.9553 0.881576072
Difference to Factory Test [%] -0.14671 0.257084 -1.30566 -0.05231 -0.05230818

Phase B

f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]

50 287.9643 73.82169 80.23478 276.5607 0.880319891
Difference to Factory Test [%] -0.09342 -0.27247 1.134345 -0.19473 -0.19472629

Phase C

f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]

50 288.7539 74.01075 79.53928 277.583 0.883574133
Difference to Factory Test [%] 0.180545 -0.01706 0.257675 0.17422 0.174219805

Average Difference to Factory Test [%] -0.01986 -0.01082 0.028788 -0.02427 -0.02427155

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 51

Measurement of the short circuit
impedance
b) Measurement of the AC-short circuit resistance
(FRSL = Frequency response of stray losses)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 52

 Parallel strands without twisting
B
HV Winding

Losses
by induced
currents

LV Winding

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 53

 Parallel strands with twisting
B
HV Winding

Induced
currents are
compensated

LV Winding

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 54

 Parallel strands with short circuit
B
HV Winding

Additional
losses
by induced
currents

LV Winding

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 55

Equivalent circuit diagram

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 56

R (f)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 57

 Comparison of the 3 phases
R(f)

4.5 Ohm
4.0 Ohm
3.5 Ohm
3.0 Ohm
A
2.5 Ohm
B
2.0 Ohm
C
1.5 Ohm
1.0 Ohm
0.5 Ohm
0.0 Ohm
0 100 200 300 400 500
Frequency (Hz)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 58

 Case study
∆, 121 kV/12.85 kV transformer
40-MVA, Y∆
The transformer was removed from service because it
produced gas, which, upon analysis, showed a hot spot
involving paper. In the laboratories, however, none of the
standard tests showed a fault in the windings. In fact, it was
found that:

• The turns ratio was correct;

• The excitation current was normal;
• The DC resistance was normal;
• A comparative measurement of the impedance in the
three phases showed no significant difference (less
than 3%).

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 59

 Case study
∆, 121 kV/12.85 kV transformer
40-MVA, Y∆

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 60

 Case study
∆, 121 kV/12.85 kV transformer
40-MVA, Y∆

Phase A: eight of the 13 parallel strands of this winding had been short-
circuited. In this condition, the section perpendicular to the lines of
flux was much higher and, hence, the eddy current losses
Phase B: two parallel strands were found to be in short-circuit but the fault
was not located in the winding after it had been dismantled
Phase C: No fault was detected in the windings

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 61

Local Overheating

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 62

Short circuit impedance - deviation limits

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 63

 Diagnosis of a damaged
transformer 220kV / 110kV / 10kV
• Short
circuit of the 10kV
winding by a marten
•Short circuit current Is = 52
kA
•Switching “off” time about
100ms

Result:
Short circuit of the 10kV
winding to the core (Phase A)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 64

Ratio and excitation current

Ratio Error
= -21.5% !

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 65

Lk=f(f)
Faulty
winding

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 66

Defective 10kV winding skin-
effect in the core
Low Frequencies

High Frequencies

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 67

 Rk=f(f)
Rk 110kV - 10kV

30.00

25.00

20.00
Rk [Ohm] U
Ohms

15.00 Rk [Ohm] W
Rk [Ohm] V
10.00

5.00

0.00
0 100 200 300 400
f [Hz]

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 68

FRA phases V und W

Phase: V

Phase: W

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 69

FRA Phases U und W

Phase: U

Phase: W

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 70

 Opened Transformer

Current
Defective limiting
Phase coils
© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 71
 View from the Top
220 kV
110 kV

10 kV

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 72

View from the Top

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 73

View from the Top

Broken wire

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 74

CAPACITANCE AND TAN DELTA
MEASUREMENTS ON
TRANSFORMERS

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 75

 Definition of Tan Delta
Equivalent Parallel Circuit Diagram and Vector Diagram

Mainly conductive losses

with
and Frequency

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 76

Equivalent Serial Circuit Diagram
Mainly polarization losses

RSS URs

UR
tan δ = = RSω C S
UC
CS UCs

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 77

Frequency Curves for Serial and Parallel Circuit Diagram

8.00E-03

7.00E-03

6.00E-03

5.00E-03
Serial
4.00E-03 Parallel

3.00E-03 Sum

2.00E-03

1.00E-03

0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 78

 Transformer Winding Insulation
b. Model for the
a. Plate condenser behaviour of a
as a model for dielectric with
dielectric insulation polarisation
characteristic and
conductivity
c. Part of the cross
section of a power
transformer main d. Simplified geometry
insulation system model for the main
between HV and LV components oil,
windings barriers and spacers

e: Dielectric model
for the insulation
system of power
transformers

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 79

Tan Delta (f) Pressboard Dependent
on the Water Content

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 80

 Losses in Dielectric Material

•Transport of electrons and ions

•Losses through polarisation effects

•Losses in dielectrics are dependent of

•Ageing
•Water content
•Conductive losses by particles
•Partial discharges

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 81

 What can C-Tan Delta tell us?
•Capacity:
• Bushings:
• Partial breakdowns between layers
• Incoming oil into cracks of solid insulation (RBP hard
paper)
• Transformer windings:
• Change of the geometry between windings
(deformation and displacement of windings due to
big fault currents trough the transformer)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 82

 What can C-Tan Delta tell us?
•Dissipation factor:
• Bushings:
• Aging and decomposition of insulation
• Water content
• Bad contacted electrodes or capacitive layers
• Cracks in the insulation
• Partial discharges
• Transformers:
• Aging
• Water content in the oil and in the paper
• Contamination by particles

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 83

 Schering Bridge (1919)
First application for insulation diagnosis 1924

Has to be balanced
for each frequency

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 84

 Measuring Principle of CP TD1

Im

CN ZN ZX CX, LX Icn Icx

with δ << 1 :
δ ≅ tanδ ≅ cosϕ
ICN ICX
π
δ= −ϕ δ , ϕ L in rad
u0(t) 2
δ

UN(t) Z1 Z2 UX(t)
ϕ
Uo
Re

Reference path Measurement path

Good solution for the automatic measurement at

different frequencies
© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 85
Universal Transformer Test and
Diagnosis System
Power amplifier 15-400Hz
•Outputs up to 2000A, 2kV AC / 400A DC
•Measurement of
•Ratio
•Complex Impedance
•Resistance
• …...

δ-Test System
C-Tanδ

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 86

 Features and Advantages of
the Described Test system
• One test system for complete transformer testing
• Excellent noise suppression (50/60 Hz)
• Variable frequency of output voltage 15…400Hz
enables frequency sweeps
• Most accurate instrument for field use (TD: 5*E-5 C: 0.05%)
• Automatic test procedures with voltage and
frequency sweeps -> saves testing time !
• Automatic reporting and easy export to Excel
--> saves time for post-processing !

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 87

 Block Diagram of CP TD1
Tanδ - measurement with CP DF12
Monday, 01. July 2002
High voltage output
(0..12kV)

CN
select channel primary
EUT (Cx)

Ix_in
B_1 In A
tertiary
sec.
B_PE ADC
In B
B_2
guard
booster-Interface

safety
voltage-booster
DSP calib Relay matrix for
RS232 &
7 different measuring
supply
CP TD1 modes without rewiring:
serial-Interface

UST-A, UST-B, UST A+B

CPC100 FUNCTIONAL EARTH
mains
GST,
GSTgA, GSTgB,
GSTgA+B

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 88

Screenshot UST-B Mode

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 89

C-Tan-Delta
Measurement on
Power
Transformers
Low Voltage
Bushing

400kV Bushing

Measuring Tap

Core
Tapped Winding
High Voltage Winding
Low Voltage Winding

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 90

No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.

Transformer Winding Test

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 91

 Test Procedure for a
3-Windings Transformer
No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 92

 Tan Delta (f) with treated (dry) oil

DF (f) H, HL, L

0.45 %

0.4 %

0.35 %

0.3 %
H(f)
0.25 %
HL(f)
0.2 %
L(f)
0.15 %

0.1 %

0.05 %

0.0 %
0.0 Hz

50.0 Hz

100.0 Hz

150.0 Hz

200.0 Hz

250.0 Hz

300.0 Hz

350.0 Hz

400.0 Hz

450.0 Hz
© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 93
 Tan Delta (f) with aged oil
DF (f) H, HL, L

0.6 %

0.5 %

0.4 %
H(f)
0.3 % HL(f)
L(f)
0.2 %

0.1 %

0.0 %
0.0 Hz

50.0 Hz

100.0 Hz

150.0 Hz

200.0 Hz

250.0 Hz

300.0 Hz

350.0 Hz

400.0 Hz

450.0 Hz
© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 94
Tan Delta (f) of a 110kV transformer with
high water content
DF (f) H, HL

1.8 %

1.6 %

1.4 %

1.2 %

1.0 % H(f)
0.8 % HL(f)
0.6 %

0.4 %

0.2 %

0.0 %
0.0 Hz

50.0 Hz

100.0 Hz

150.0 Hz

200.0 Hz

250.0 Hz

300.0 Hz

350.0 Hz

400.0 Hz

450.0 Hz
© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 95
Tan Delta 11kV-0.4kV 800KVA (1966)

DF HV-LV (f)

2.5 %

2.0 %

1.5 %

1.0 %

0.5 %

0.0 %
0.0 Hz 50.0 Hz 100.0 Hz 150.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 250.0 Hz

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 96

 Unexpected ferquency curves
8.0 %
7.0 % 220kV Gießharzdurchführungen

6.0 % 0.8 %

0.75 % 17.0 Hz
5.0 %
0.7 % 30.0 Hz
4.0 % 0.65 % 80.0 Hz Phase A
3.0 % 0.6 % 130.0 Hz Phase B
0.55 % 230.0 Hz Phase C
2.0 %
0.5 % 400.0 Hz
1.0 % 0.45 %

0.0 % 0.4 %
0.0Hz 50.0Hz 100.0H 150.0H 200.0H 250.0H 300.0H 350.0H 400.0H 450.0H
0.0 Hz
-1.0 % 100.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 300.0 Hz 400.0 Hz 500.0 Hz z z z z z z z z

DF (f)
1.0 %

0.5 %

0.0 %
0.0 Hz

50.0 Hz

100.0 Hz

150.0 Hz

200.0 Hz

250.0 Hz

300.0 Hz

350.0 Hz

400.0 Hz

450.0 Hz
-0.5 %

-1.0 %

-1.5 %

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 97

Phases Not Connected or Bad Contacts

Currents through
the windings
cause additional
inductive losses

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 98

Phases Connected

All phases of the

windings are on
the same potential

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 99

 DF (f)
0.7 %

0.5 %

0.3 %

0.1 %

-0.1 %

0.0 Hz

50.0 Hz

100.0 Hz

150.0 Hz

200.0 Hz

250.0 Hz

300.0 Hz

350.0 Hz

400.0 Hz

450.0 Hz
Bad contact of -0.3 %

-0.5 %

short circuit -0.7 %

-0.9 %

-1.1 %

-1.3 %

-1.5 %

DF (f)
0.8 %

0.7 %

0.6 %

Good contacts
0.5 %

0.4 %

0.3 %

of short circuit 0.2 %

0.1 %

0.0 %
0.0 Hz

50.0 Hz

100.0 Hz

150.0 Hz

200.0 Hz

250.0 Hz

300.0 Hz

350.0 Hz

400.0 Hz

450.0 Hz
© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 100
No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.

HV Bushings

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 101

 Capacitive Bushings (1)
Emax= high

without
A capacitive
layers

Emax=
with
smaller
capacitive
A layers
Earthing Cap

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 102

Capacitive Bushings (2)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 103

Bushing Measuring Tap

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 104

C-Tan Delta Progression of a Bushing
C Tan-Delta Progression of a 220 kV RBP (Hard Paper) Bushing
Year of Manufacturimg 1961, horizontal mounted, oil filled
Tan Delta Change of Capacitance

30

25

20
Change of Capacitance %
-3
Tan Delta x 10

15

10

0
75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89

-5
Source: RWE Date of Measurement

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 105

Bushing Fault

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 106

Bushing after Explosion

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 107

DF 145kV RIP (MICAFIL new)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 108

220kV RIP Bushing stored outside

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 109

 220kV RIP Bushing stored outside
0.85 %
31.03.2004
0.75 % 15.07.2004
Minimum 08.10.2004
0.65 %
Tan Delta

0.55 %
Minimum
0.45 %

0.35 %
Minimum
0.25 %
0.0 Hz 100.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 300.0 Hz 400.0 Hz 500.0 Hz

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 110

66kV Oil Circuit Breaker (USA)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 111

 DF (f) 69 kV OIP Bushings

Circuit Breaker Bushing C-PF Test

V TEST* [V] C meas. PF meas.[%]

10032.20 2.836E-10 0.457
10031.81 2.815E-10 0.491
10031.55 2.853E-10 0.493
10031.20 2.837E-10 0.486
10028.73 2.855E-10 0.504
10030.49 2.853E-10 0.449

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 112

 DF (f) 69 kV OIP Bushings 60Hz
0.6 %

0.5 %
1
0.4 % 2
0.3 % 3
4
0.2 % 5
6
0.1 %

0.0 %
*0.0 Hz *100.0 Hz *200.0 Hz *300.0 Hz *400.0 Hz *500.0 Hz

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 113

DF (f) 69 kV OIP Bushings 17-400Hz

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 114

 OIP bushings 420kV (1994)

Tan Delta C

0.5 415
0.45 410

0.4 405
400
0.35
U 395 U
0.3
V 390 + 10% V

pF
0.25
%

W 385 W
0.2
380
0.15
375
0.1 370
0.05 365
0 360
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
Hz Hz

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 115

 Defectice 110 kV RPB Bushing
Tan Delta C

1.5 340

335
1.3
330
2U 2U
1.1
2V 325 2V
2W 2W

pF
0.9 320
%

2N 2N
1N 315 1N
0.7
310
0.5
305

0.3 300
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
Hz Hz

Tan Delta (f) C (f)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 116

Defectice 110 kV RPB Bushing
Tan Delta (U)

0.75

0.7

0.65

0.6

0.55 2V
%

2N
0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3
0 5 10 15
kV

Tan Delta (V)

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 117

 Suspicious 400 kV OIP Bushings (1998)

Tan Delta (U)

0.5%

0.45%

0.4%

0.35%

0.3%
Spannungsverläufe unauffällig
U TanDelta
0.25% V TanDelta
W TanDelta
0.2%

0.15%

0.1%

0.05%

0.0%
0.0V 2000.0V 4000.0V 6000.0V 8000.0V 10000.0V 12000.0V 14000.0V

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 118

 Suspicious 400 kV OIP Bushings (1998)
Reason ?
Tan Delta (V)

0.49%

0.47%
Frequenzververläufe auffällig

0.45%
U TanDelta
V TanDelta
0.43%
W TanDelta

0.41%

0.39%

0.37%
0.0 Hz 50.0 Hz 100.0 Hz 150.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 250.0 Hz 300.0 Hz 350.0 Hz

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 119

 Suspicious 123 kV RIP Bushing
Reason ?
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
Tan Delta

0.5%
73
0.4%
80
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0 Hz 100.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 300.0 Hz 400.0 Hz 500.0 Hz

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 120

Measurement with high interference

Durchführung
HS Anschluss

Erdungsgarnitur

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 121

Measurement with high interference

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 122

Thank you for your Attention !

© OMICRON 04.12.200411/6/2014 Page: 123