CLASSICAL PERIOD

1750-1810

S. XVIII
 Philosophical and historical context

 It is possible through science and reason to

understand and dominate all natural beings and
create a society in balance with nature.
 Illustration: cultural movement that believed
that the role of reason was preponderant for the
achievement of a more just society and proposed
as ideals education, political freedom and the
domain of the forces of nature thanks to
scientific progress.
 Enlightened despotism: way of governing that
sought welfare and culture "for the people" but
without the people.
 French Revolution: Loss of the power of the
nobility following the ideals of equality,
fraternity and freedom.
  The culture spreads: the target
audience is expanded.
Influence of
the historic
context in  The concerts become public.
music
 Increase the musical edition.

 Change the patronage system.

 A new opera is born.

 Largest orchestra
 Musical characteristics
• Melodic simplicity: clarity, proportion, balance, elegance.

• Tonal language.

• Appearance of new timbres.

• Improvement of the orchestra.

• Instrumental music predominates.

• Homophony with harmonic accompaniment.

 Musical characteristics

• Harmonic innovations (Beethoven period).

• Greater expressivity

• Flexible and elaborate harmony

• Accompanying complexity for richer textures

• Appearance of new instruments in the orchestra (pioneer Beethoven)

 Types of music

 Instrumental Sonata  Vocal Secular

Soloist
Variation Opera Bufa
Chamber Orchestal Religious

Sinfonía (no- Seria

Sonata soloist with 4 Mass
Quintet parts)
to duo Oratory
Trio Concert
(Soloist with 3
parts)
 Musical forms and genres

• CONCERT
The concert is the way melody, rhythm and harmony are
combined in a composition, thus saying the qualities of the
overall sound of a work. There is a moment, called cadenza
or cadence, at the end of some movements, where the soloist
plays without accompaniment. This he does to show his
technique. This part is not written in the score. It is a
detachment between the orchestra and a soloist, in which
both are equally important.
 Musical forms and genres

• SYMPHONY

It is a work for the orchestra, divided into four movements,

each with a different time and structure; allegro, slow,
minueto and allegro bright or presto. The size of the orchestra
depended on the work that the composer had written, since
some required many more instruments than others.

Symphony: The clock, Haydn

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm4eBMgtdT0
 Musical forms and genres

• SONATA
It is a work of three or four movements, cast for one or two instruments.
Initially the forms of three movements predominated. It can have a
sonata form. The second movement is slow with ternary form ABA or
variations, the third is a Minuet or a Scherzo. The fourth can be a Rondo
or a Sonata Form.

Sonata n° 20 Gmajor Op. 49 N° 2, Beethoven

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqUZ0IjRkvM
 Musical forms and genres
• SONATA FORM

It constitutes the first movement of a Sonata or Symphony. It is divided

into Exposition (two contrasting themes united by a bridge, being the
second cantable, of melodic character), Development (free themes,
materials of the first section transformed, imitated, varied, with
enriched harmony, modulations, different tones and by Last Re-
exposure (repetition of the first section with the second theme in the
initial key).

Sinfonía n° 29 de Mozart
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Umhf75bmRf4
 Musical forms and genres

• DIVERTIMENTO
Musical form composed for small instrumental or vocal groups with
accompaniment, cheerful quality. Very similar to the Suite formed by
dance movements shorter and simpler than this one. It can have
between 5 and 13 movements.

Divertimento N° 1 B Dur, Haydn

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pS2wq9TYkV4
 Musical forms and genres

• SERENADE
Composed musical form for string, wind, mixed orchestra,
chamber ensemble or percussion. It was played at dusk in
the open air towards the gardens of the evenings of the
aristocrats. Etymologically it derives from the term "serene,
reposado".

Serenata Op. 25 en D major, Beethoven

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zljijnrK1zc
 Chronology
JOSEPH HAYDN
1732 He was born on March 31 in Rohrau, in Lower
(1732-1809) Austria.
1740 He arrived in Vienna as a chorister of San Esteban.
1752 His opera The new corcovado devil was premiered at
the Burgtheater.
1755 He composed his first string quartet for Baron von
Fürnberg.
1759 He composed his first symphony in honor of Count
von Morzin.
1760 He married Ana María Keller, from whom he
separated years later.
1761 He started working as Prince Esterházy's chapel
teacher.
1764 Several of his symphonies were published in Paris.
1790 The prince died and accepted a contract to direct and
compose in London the following year.
1797 He composed the Austrian national anthem.
1803 He directed The Seven Words in Vienna and retired
from music.
Haydn Period
1809 Died on May 31, in Vienna.
 Works
JOSEPH HAYDN

(1732-1809) • 1760 Symphony No. 31 in D minor (With the call of the

horn).
1772 Symphony No. 45 in F sharp minor (The goodbyes);
1783 Concert in D major for harpsichord and orchestra Op.
21;
1787 Symphony No. 88 in G major.
1788 Symphony of toys.
1791 Symphony No. 92 in G major (Oxford).
1798 Quartet in C major (Emperor); The creation (oratory).
1801 The stations (oratory).

Toys Symphony
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KrGIyd_PD4
 Chronology
Wolfgang A. Mozart • 1756 He was born on January 27 in Salzburg.
• 1763 He started a tour of Paris and London.
(1756-1791) • 1766 He returned to Salzburg after three years of
travel.
• 1768 First visit to Vienna and first opera with twelve
years: The feint semplice.
• 1770 They undertook successive trips to Italy.
• 1773 New visit to Vienna.
• 1779 He composed his Coronation Mass.
• 1782 He composed the Haffner Symphony. He
married Constance Weber.
• 1785 He dedicated six quartets to his old friend
Haydn.
• 1786 Premiere of The Marriage of Figaro at the
Burgtheater.
• 1787 He gave a concert in Prague in which he
premiered his Symphony No. 38 Prague with great
success. In October, Don Giovanni premiered.
• 1790 He composed his last Italian opera Cosí fan
tutte.
Mozart Period
• 1791 Died in Vienna on December 5.
 Works
Wolfgang A. Mozart

(1756-1791) 1775 Five Concerts for violin.

1777 Concert in E flat major for piano and orchestra.

1775 The giardinera feint.

1781 Idomeneo (opera).

1785 The Marriage of Figaro (opera).

1787 Don Giovanni (opera), Eine Kleine Nachtmusik.

1788 Symphonies No. 39 in E flat major, No. 40 in G minor and

No. 41 Jupiter in C major.

1791 The magic flute (opera).

 Chronology
Ludwig von
Beethoven 1778 Dió su primer concierto público como niño prodigio.
(1770-1827) 1792 Se estableció definitivamente en Viena, para estudiar con Haydn.

1801 Tuvo los primeros síntomas de sordera.

1803 Trabajó en la Sinfonía Heroica.

1805 Estrenó de Fidelio.

1808 Acabó su carrera como virtuoso.

1812 Conoció a Goethe.

1815 Murió su hermano y él adoptó a su sobrino.

1812-1818 Tuvo graves problemas de salud.

1820-1824 Trabajó en la Novena Sinfonía.

Período Beethoven
 Works
Ludwig von 1797-1802 Various Trios, Sonatas, seven concerts
Beethoven Sonatas, one Serenade, two Concertos for piano,
six String quartets, a Quintet, a Septet, the
(1770-1827) Symphony n ° 1. 1803-1808 Sonatas, Tributes,
Concerts n ° 3 and n ° 4. Variations Prometeus,
Grandes Sonatas (for piano), Sinfonías n ° 2 and
n ° 3, a Triple Concert, Cuartetos, Coriolan
overture.

1809-1818 Symphonies n ° 4, n ° 5, n ° 6, n ° 7
and n ° 8, Opera Fidelio, Concerts for piano n ° 4
and n ° 5, Concerto for violin, Sonatas, Trios,
Quartets, a Sextet, Egmont , The Mount of Olives,
Mass in C major, The Battle of Vittoria, Six Songs.

1819-1827 Sonatas and concerts for piano. The

Ruins of Athens, Variations Dia-belli, Missa
Solemnis. Die Weihe des Hauses, Symphony n °
9.
 Períodos
Ludwig von
Beethoven Early: Influence of Haydn and Mozart with new directions
(1770-1827) I and II symphony, 2 concertos for piano, 12 sonatas for piano, 6 string

quartets.

Medium: Heroic and deaf.

6 symphonies, 3 concertos for piano, triple concert and concert for violin, 5

string quartets, sonatas for piano and violin, opera Fidelio.

Late: Works of intellectual charge, formal innovations, intensity.

String quartet No. 2/4 Op. 31, 9th symphony, solemn mass, 5 sonatas for

piano.
 INSTRUMENTOS

Viola da Gamba
Piano

Clavichord

Dulzaina
Arpeggion

Sweet flute

Bajón

Clarinet
Laud