PCE MINI PROJECT REPORT

“RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER”

Submitted By :
Vikram Apte Roll.No : 173002

Swapnil Gite Roll.No : 173013

Isha Gupta Roll.No : 173015

Vanita Israni Roll.No : 173018

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Prof. K.K. Mathew

Department of

Electronics And Telecommunication (EXTC)

May, 2018

THADOMAL SHAHANI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

1
 PCE MINI PROJECT REPORT

“RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER”

SR.NO. CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Components Required
3 Literature review
4 Operation
5 RF Modules
6 Encoder IC
7 Decoder IC
8 Limitations, Applications, Advantages, RF receiver
9 Implementation, Conclusion & References

2
ABSTRACT
At home, we generally operate (switch on/off) all the electrical and electronics appliances such as fan,
light, cooler, air conditioner, and so on through switches of the regular switch board. This manual
switching of any home appliance is an inconvenient method for physically disabled or elders or even for
normal young guys when frequent switching operation is required.

Thus, this conventional manual switching method has to be overcome by an easier method of switching.
This can be done using an advanced switching method like a remote control for electronic home
appliances.

Here we have used RF434 MHz modules to make wireless remote. Using this remote, we can control the
appliances within the range of 100 meters. This project has two sections, one is transmitter section and
the other is receiver section. At transmitter section, we use HT12E encoder and at receiver section, we
use HT12D decoder.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

 HT12E encoder IC
 HT12D decoder IC
 RF 434 MHz transmitter and receiver
 Resistors – 33k,750k
 220 ohm Resistors – 4
 Push buttons – 4
 SPST switch – 1
 LEDs – 5

PRINCIPLE / WORKING

When we press any key in the remote, the transmitter section generates the corresponding RF signal and
this signal is received by the receiver section, hence it switches the corresponding appliance.

3
A four channel encoder/decoder pair is used in this system. The input signals at the transmitter section
are taken from the four switches and the output signals at the receiver are indicated by the four LED’s
corresponding to each switch.

RF MODULES (434MHz)

This module operates at radio frequency. The Radio frequency range is 30 KHz to 300 GHz. In this system,
RF modules use ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) modulation. Transmission through RF is better than IR
because, the RF signal can travel for longer distances as compare to infrared. And IR mostly supports line-
of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even there is an obstruction. RF transmission is more reliable and
stronger as compare to IR.

The chosen pair of RF Transmitter and receiver should have same frequency. The transmission speed of
these modules is 1Kbps to 10Kbps.

434 RF TRANSMITTER

This 434MHz Transmitter is an ASK Hybrid transmitter module. It uses saw resonator for frequency
stability. The receiver is an ASK super heterodyne receiver with PLL synthesizer and crystal oscillator.

4
This transmitter and receiver in conjunction with HT12E and HT12D ICs can be used to build remote
control

Frequency 434 MHz.

Transmitter: Saw filter based ASK hybrid transmitter

Transmitter supply voltage: 3~12V.

Receiver: ASK super heterodyne receiver with PLL synthesizer and crystal oscillator.

Receiver Supply voltage: 5V

Receiver IF frequency: 500 KHz

Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Serial data input pin Data

3 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc

4 Antenna output pin ANT

ENCODER IC HT12E

5
HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212 series of
decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared
circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format.

Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data into
serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data
bits.

HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received on TE pin, the
programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable.
This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output
completes its final cycle and then stops.

Here, the encoder HT12E is used to convert parallel data to serial. This data is transmitted serially to
receiver point through RF

6
DECODER IC HT 12D

HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of decoders are
mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security
system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series of
encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format.

In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial addresses and
data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The serial
input data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously. The input data code is decoded
when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin.

HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4 bit
latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received.

RF receiver receives the data serially and then gives to the HT12D decoder to convert it to the parallel.
Four LEDs indicate the received data.

HOW TO OPERATE THIS RF REMOTE CONTROL CIRCUIT?

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Apply 5V supply to the transmitter and receiver sections. Now you can observe that all the LEDs
at receiver will glow.
3. Press the first button at transmitter section; you can observe that first LED will off at receiver
section. In the same way when you press any button at transmitter section the corresponding
LED at receiver will OFF.
4. Now disconnect the power supply from transmitter and receiver sections.

7
ADVANTAGES

1. Works for longer distances as compared to IR.

2. RF signals can travel even there is an obstruction between transmitter and receiver.

APPLICATIONS

Used for remote control applications like burglar alarm, car door alarm, calling bell, security
systems, etc.

LIMITATIONS

1. The mode of communication is complex.

2. As we are using ICs, they consume more power.

RF RECEIVER

Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Serial data output pin Data
3 Linear output pin; not connected NC
4 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc

8
CONCLUSION
The gift of technology to mankind is to make life simpler. In this work, a remote control for multiple home
appliances is designed, presented and implemented .The design is durable, robust and sturdy which is
built with an available compact IC’s and RF module. From any place around the house any four appliances
can be control at will without the requirement of line of sight. The relay action which is connected to the
load to be controlled is operated with radio frequency which transmits only when a switch is pressed.
Multiple devices can be control using different receiver with different addressing mode using single
remote. The transmitter circuit is power with 9V with circuit current of 9.6mA and power consumption of
86.4mW.

REFERENCES

PCE Techmax (J.S.Katre)

Google

Electronics Hub

Engineers’ Garage