QUARTER 1

Produce Vegetable Crops

Module 1. Basic Concepts in Vegetable Production

1. Concepts and opportunities in producing major lowland and semi-

temperate vegetable crops
2. Types of vegetable gardening

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates The learner independently applies

understanding on the basic the concepts, competencies and
concepts, competencies, and opportunities in vegetable
opportunities in vegetable production based on standards set
production. by the Vegetable Production
Manual.

Courtesy to
Lesson 1
Basic concepts and opportunities
in producing major lowland and
semi-temperate vegetables
Introduction

This module deals with the basic concepts in vegetable production. It

includes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes in producing lowland and semi-
temperate vegetables, opportunities in vegetable crop production, and types
of vegetable gardening.

Learning Competencies/Objectives

This module has the following learning competencies/objectives:

1. Basic concepts and opportunities in producing major lowland and semi-

temperate vegetable crops

2. Types of vegetable gardening

 Diagnostic/Pre-assessment

A. Direction: Answer the following questions correctly.

1. What is a vegetable?
2. What are five reasons why vegetables are important?
3. Cite situations that there is a good future waiting in the production of
vegetables.
4. Enumerate some problems in the production of vegetables in the
Philippines.

KNOW

Activity 1. Brainstorming

1. Look at the pictures of different vegetables grown in the lowland

and highland areas. What can you say about the pictures?
2. Why grow vegetables?

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

Basic concepts in producing major lowland and semi-temperate

vegetables

Food is a necessity. Vegetables, in particular, are considerably cheap

and rich sources of healthy foods containing nutrients which can have a great
impact on the nutritional condition of Filipinos.

It has been observed that vegetable products mostly come from

commercial vegetable growers in the country. However, the manner in which
these vegetables are grown is not known by the consumers. Safety of the
products is one concern because of the wide use of pesticides to be able to
meet the desired quality and quantity of vegetable products. Also, when these
vegetables reach the local market, these become somewhat expensive. As
such, the production of vegetables in the schools and the backyards can help
augment the supply of vegetables for the family and even the neighborhood.
These vegetables are preferred by the people in the school and in the
community because of they are fresher than commercial vegetables, safe
from chemicals, sold at lower than the prevailing market prices, and delivered
free at the right place and at the right time.

What is a vegetable?

A vegetable is a plant or a part of a plant that is used as food, typically as an

accompaniment to meat or fish. Examples include cabbages, potatoes, carrots, or
beans. In culinary terms, a vegetable is an edible plant or plant part, intended
for cooking or eating raw. In biological terms, "vegetable" designates
members of the plant kingdom.

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=definition+of+vegetables&rlz=1C1SAVS_enPH583PH583&oq=d

efinition+of+vegetables&aqs=chrome..69i57.20553j0j8&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8:
Retrieved May 9, 2014

What is vegetable gardening?

Asuncion (1983) defines vegetable gardening as the art or science of

growing and culturing of various vegetable crops for human consumption.

Why grow vegetables?

Specifically, vegetable growing is important for the following reasons

as reported by Asuncion (1983):

1. It is one of the most important sources of food.

2. It provides much of the family’s food needs.
3. It provides an additional source of income for the family.
4. It serves as a good source of food nutrients needed by the human body.
5. It provides healthful outdoor exercises for the gardener.
6. It provides an opportunity to learn a profitable hobby or an avocation as
gardening, farming, food processing, farm management, or any other
activity as an outcome of areas related to school gardening.
7. It helps in the prevention of air pollution.
8. It beautifies the premises of the school and the home.
Aside from these, vegetable gardening is an answer to the call of the
government about the National Greening Program.

Opportunities in vegetable crop production

Basically, the Philippines is endowed with a favorable climate and

hectares of fertile soils for the production of vegetables year round.
Pabuayon (2001) reported that vegetables as part of Filipino
subsistence, be it as food or as source of livelihood cannot be undermined.
All 43 kinds and 250 lesser-known species of Philippine vegetables are
important sources of minerals, vitamins, fiber, and proteins. In the crop
category, vegetable ranks second to ornamentals in terms of income
generated per unit area and time. Moreover, it is widely used as an intercrop
for coconut and fruit trees, and as a component of the other cropping
systems. Ironically, per capita consumption is quite low at 39 kilograms
considering that the recommended intake is 69 kilograms.

Pabuayon (2001)further reported that beyond rice and corn production,

the Philippine agricultural industry is focused on meeting export
commitments. This policy is supported by the government and is also the
reason for the increased production of vegetable crops such as eggplant,
onion, tomato, garlic, squash, and cabbage. Among these crops, eggplant
leads in value of production with P1.8 M in 1999 from just P0.6M in 1990. The
remaining four ranks in this order: onion (P1.1M), tomato (P1.03M), garlic
(P0.9M), cabbage (P0.6M), and squash (P0.5M). In terms of volume,
eggplant still ranks first (28%), followed by tomato (22%), squash (18%),
onion (15%), cabbage (14%)/ and garlic (3%). Compared to Asian and world
production, local vegetable production is relatively low. Eggplant averaged a
yield of 9.95 t/ha in 1997 which is only half of Asia's average yield of 15.91
t/ha and the world's 16.17 t/ha. However, our local eggplant yield is far better
than Thailand (6.19t/ha), Indonesia (3.48 t/ha), and North Korea (1.67
t/ha).The same trend goes for tomato which registered an average yield of
9.73 t/ha, onion (7.18 t/ha), and garlic (2.6 t/ha).

Vegetables grown in the Philippines have also export opportunities.

Fresh, chilled, dried, and processed forms of vegetables are exported. Also, it
was reported that onion was the number one export in terms of value at $10.5
M followed by shallot at $7M. Another major export was asparagus at
5,660MT. Other exports included garlic, beans, peas, tomato, and vegetable
seeds. Aside from these large amounts of pepper, eggplant, melons, and
water melons are also exported. The country can capitalize on the export of
squash, sword bean, white gourd, sitao, and radish which are also gaining
ground internationally.

Although vegetables have a high potential of contributing to our

farmers' income, the government has given little priority to this industry. This,
coupled with existing problems such as the unstable supply and low quality of
produce, poor farm-to-market roads, inadequate storage facilities, limited
access to reliable market information, and lack of entrepreneurial skills among
growers and cooperatives obstruct the industry's potential in the world market.

According to Pabuayon (2001) through the Bureau of Agricultural

Research, a network solely dedicated to improving the vegetable industry was
created. The vegetable network, which is composed of experts from
University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB), Benguet State University
(BSU), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), and Central Luzon State
University (CLSU), coordinates all researches, development, and extension
efforts pertaining to vegetables. Likewise, a National Integrated Research
Development Extension Agenda and Program (NIRDEAP) was drafted to
state specific projects for the network. www.bar.gov.ph/.../3364-apr-june01-the-
growing...

PROCESS

Activity 2
Perform the following formative assessment/activities.

1. To develop the knowledge and skills you learned in your Basic

Computer subjects, research on the vegetables commonly
grown in your locality or the vegetables commonly sold in the
market and then find out their nutrient value. Cite/acknowledge
your sources and date of retrieval.
2. Compare your work to your classmates to learn more from
each other.
3. Submit your output to your teacher.

REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND

Activity 3
1. Do you eat vegetables? Why should these be included in our
diet?
 TRANSFER

Activity 4
Conduct an interview with an experienced vegetable grower or farmer
in your locality regarding the opportunities in vegetable production.
Construct questions based on the following:

1. What are specific vegetables that he/she grows?

2. Why did he/she choose the crop?
3. What is the capital needed?
4. What are the market demands?
5. What other details do you think are important for horticulture
students to know?
Submit your output to your teacher.
QUARTER 1

Produce Vegetable Crops

Module 1. Basic Concepts in Vegetable Production

1. Concepts and opportunities in producing major lowland and semi-

temperate vegetables
2. Types of vegetable gardening

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates The learner independently

understanding on the different discusses the different types of
types of vegetable gardening vegetable gardening as prescribed
in the Vegetable Production Manual

Lesson 2 Courtesy to
Types of vegetable gardening

Introduction

This lesson deals with the different types of vegetable gardening.

Learning Competencies/Objectives

This lesson has the following learning competencies/objectives:

1. Importance of vegetable gardening

3. Types of vegetable gardening

Diagnostic/Pre-assessment

A. Selection Type. Direction: Select the best answer by writing the

letter in your test notebook.
1. Vegetable home gardens help the families in many ways. Which of
the following is not true about vegetable home gardens? Vegetable
home gardens …
 a. Provide additional income for the family.
b. Are a source of a variety of vegetables throughout the year.
c. Prevent bonding with family members through gardening.
d. Develop the value of manual labor, industry, and cooperation.
2. Market gardening is located near centers of population to have a
ready market of vegetable produce. In order to meet the consumers
demand, some requirements are needed except the . . .
a. Frequent use of toxic pesticides.
b. Intensive and continuous cropping.
c. Wise use of fertilizer and irrigation.
d. Efficient protection against crop pest.
3. This type of vegetable growing is practiced in wide tracts of land
with the purpose of producing vegetables for distant markets.
a. Home gardening
b. Market gardening
c. Truck gardening
d. Vegetable forcing
4. Vegetables grown out from their normal or regular growing seasons
are called off-season vegetables. Which of the following statements
is not true about vegetable forcing?
a. Off-season vegetables are best grown in greenhouses.
b. Off-season vegetables need intensive and expensive care.
c. Off-season vegetables are marketed at a lower price than
vegetables grown during the regular growing period.
d. Off-season vegetables require scientific procedures and the
use of special environmental facilities.
5. Which of the following hinders a farmer from engaging in vegetable
production?
a. Negative attitude of the farmer and lack of technical know-
how
 b. Erratic supply and low quality produce
c. Poor farm-to-market roads and inadequate storage facilities
d. Limited entrepreneurial skills and reliable market information

KNOW

Activity 1
Group 1 - Why are there less farmers engaged in vegetable production
as compared to the production of other crops?

Group 2 – What are the types of vegetable gardening?

Note: Present your output to class in any manner you feel is best. You are
given 3 minutes for presentation.

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

Vegetable gardening in the Philippines is classified according to the

purpose for which the vegetables are grown and the methods used in
producing, marketing, and utilizing the crops.

According to Soriano and Villareal (1977), the different types of

vegetable gardening are home gardening, market gardening, truck gardening,
growing for processing, vegetable forcing, and vegetable seed production.

Home/Backyard Gardening

Home gardening is an intensive way of growing various kinds of

vegetables which are adaptable in the locality. The number and kinds of
vegetable that the family can grow depends upon their choice or needs.
 The ultimate objective for raising vegetables in the backyard is to have
a ready supply of fresh, safe, and un-expensive variety of vegetables for the
kitchen all year round. Labor is shared among members of the family.
Children are also taught to value manual labor, industry, and cooperation
through this endeavor. The rest of the produce from the garden can also be
for the market to provide additional income for the family.

According to Asuncion (1983), there are three kinds of home

gardening: city/urban home gardening, town gardening, and farm home
gardening. The farm home gardening and the town gardening are home
gardening where the gardener can choose the best place and soil for his
garden. Both types are done in a bigger scale. On the other hand, the
city/urban gardening give the gardener a little choice on the garden site and
soil types. Generally, this type of gardening is done on vacant lots, near a
building’s porch or window, on wall plant boxes, or along the fences. Only a
few kinds of vegetables can be grown in these types of gardens to meet the
requirements of the family’s needs.

Market Gardening

Market gardening as the name implies is a type of gardening located

near centers of population which are ready market of their produce. Soriano
and Villareal (1977) emphasized that land and labor are expensive.
Therefore, this type of gardening calls for intensive and continuous cropping,
wise use of fertilizer and irrigation, and efficient protection against crop pests.
These are required in order to produce quality products that will command
high price to meet the high production costs. Rapid growing of vegetables is
important so vegetables are planted continuously so that the turn-over from
the land is fast.
Truck Gardening

Truck gardening is the opposite of market gardening since a large tract

of land is used to produce vegetables for distant markets. According to
Soriano and Villareal (1977), the unit cost of production is lower than in
market gardening. They further stated that this type of gardening is a highly
developed industry in places where there are good roads and excellent
transportation facilities. Places engaged in truck gardening in the Philippines
are the growing of onions, tomatoes, and eggplants in Nueva Ecija and
Pangasinan, and cabbages, beans, and white potatoes in Benguet.

Vegetable Growing for Processing

According to Soriano and Villareal (1977),growing vegetables for

processing is a type of vegetable production wherein vegetables produced
are canned, pickled, frozen, or dehydrated. The advantage of processed
vegetables is that the vegetable produce may be held in storage until needed
by the consumer. High quality as judged by acceptability of the product, large
yields, and low cost of production are the important features of growing
vegetables for processing. The cost of production is lower than that of the
market and truck gardening because of mechanization and the generally
lower land value. Labor is remarkably reduced through mechanization of
most of the farm operations.
 Vegetables for processing are either grown by the processing
company or by farmers on a contract basis with the processing company. The
contract specifies the price and other marketing arrangements even before
production has begun. It also states specific requirements to be fulfilled by the
grower such as the variety to be grown and the size and schedules of
delivery. Examples of vegetable processors in the Philippines are Del Monte
in Mindanao, RAM in Laguna, and Purefoods in Metro Manila.

Vegetable Forcing
Vegetable forcing is the growing of vegetables out of season which
means the vegetables are planted at any time other than their normal period
of growing. This type of vegetable production requires scientific procedures
and the use of special environmental
facilities.
In the Philippines, off-season
tomatoes and high value leafy vegetables
are grown in plastic or glass greenhouses.
Recently during the cold months, specifically
in Benguet and its neighboring towns,
vegetables, cut flowers, and strawberries
were grown in greenhouses to protect the
Vegetables grown inside the greenhouse of the Jones
plants from frosting. Another example of Rural School, Jones, Isabela

vegetable forcing commonly used in the

Philippines is the use of rice straw beds to
grow mushrooms (Soriano and
Villareal,1977).
Vegetable forcing is a very intensive
and expensive enterprise. This type of
vegetable growing should, therefore, only be
resorted to when the supply is limited and
 the vegetables produced can be guaranteed to be of the highest quality so as
to command high price.

Vegetable Seed Production

Vegetable seed production is the growing of vegetable to produce

seeds for planting. This is the most specialized type of vegetable growing
because it requires knowledgeable and skilled workers with a good
background of plant breeding to ensure genetic purity and good quality of the
seed crop. The seedman should also possess technical know-how on seed
preservation and methods of seed packaging and storing to maintain good
germination (Soriano and Villareal, 1977).
Successful production of good quality vegetable seeds calls for specific
climatic and location requirements.

PROCESS

Activity 2

You did a great job in Activity 1. Congratulations for a job well done!
This time you will undergo an exciting and challenging task in Activity 2.

Visit your local market. Make a list of vegetables being sold there.
Interview the vegetable vendor as to where the vegetables they sell come
from. Compare prices of vegetables locally grown versus those coming from
the highlands.

Prepare questions based on the tasks stated above.

Be respectful and friendly in dealing with the people you are going to
interview.

Write your output in short bond paper and submit it to your teacher.
Later on, you will present it to the class for further discussion.

REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND

Activity 3

With the same grouping as in Activity 1 and 2, make a poster of an ideal

vegetable garden. The poster should be done on one whole white cartolina.
Use a maximum of five colors to shade your poster. Imaginative posters will
be given additional points.

TRANSFER

Activity 4

1. Individual project. Make a project entitled “Gulayan sa Bahay para

sa Kusina ni Nanay” In case you do not have available land area to
grow your vegetables you can grow them by using recycled
materials which you can hang on walls, in the porch, or along the
fence.
2. Group project entitled Adopt a purok garden. This is a community
based project. Visit your barangay and select a purok where you
can develop a purok vegetable garden. Inform and seek permission
from the barangay chairman of your community based-project.
This activity will showcase your knowledge and skills in vegetable
growing.
 Summative assessment

A. Selection Type. Direction: Select the best answer by writing the

letter only in your test notebook.
1. Vegetable home gardens help the families in many ways. Which
of the following is not true about vegetable home gardens?
Vegetable home gardens …
a. Provide additional income for the family.
b. Are a source of a variety of vegetables throughout the
year.
c. Prevent bonding with family members through gardening.
d. Develop the value of manual labor, industry, and
cooperation.
2. Market gardening is located near centers of population to have
a ready market of vegetable produce. In order to meet the
consumers demand, some requirements are needed except :
a. Frequent use of toxic pesticides.
b. Intensive and continuous cropping.
c. Wise use of fertilizer and irrigation.
d. Efficient protection against crop pest.
3. This type of vegetable growing is practiced in wide tracts of land
with the purpose of producing vegetables for distant markets.
a. Home gardening
b. Market gardening
c. Truck gardening
d. Vegetable forcing
4. Vegetables grown out from their normal or regular growing
seasons are called off-season vegetables. Which of the
following statements is not true about vegetable forcing?
 a. Off-season vegetables are best grown in greenhouses.
b. Off-season vegetables need intensive and expensive care.
c. Off-season vegetables are marketed at a lower price than
vegetables grown during the regular growing period.
d. Off-season vegetables require scientific procedures and
the use of special environmental facilities.
5. Which of the following hinders a farmer from engaging in
vegetable production?
a. Negative attitude of the farmer and lack of technical
know-how
b. Erratic supply and low quality produce
c. Poor farm-to-market roads and inadequate storage
facilities
d. Limited entrepreneurial skills and reliable market
information

Summary/Feedback

The ultimate aim of vegetable production is to have a sufficient supply

of varieties of vegetable year round that are safe to eat. Vegetables serve as
good sources of different nutrients needed by the body. These vegetables
could be grown according to purpose. Through vegetable growing, the value
of manual labor, industry, unity and cooperation are developed among family
members. Raising of vegetables can also add to the family’s income.
 References

Asuncion, R. G., Jr. 1983. Elementary Agriculture. Saint Mary’s Publishing

Inc., Manila Philippines.

Bautista, O.K. and R.C. Mabesa. 1977. Vegetable Production. University of

the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna, Philippines.

INGO. 2005. Resource Manual on Integrated Production and Pest

Management(IPPM) in Vegetables: World Education (INGO)
Philippines, Inc.; Laguna, Philippines.

Reyes, P. L. Undated “Lecture Notes on Field Crop Production”

GregorioAraneta University Foundation. Victoneta Park, Malabon,
Metro Manila, Philippines.

Soriano, J.M. and R.L.Villareal. 1977. Types of Vegetable Production.

In:Vegetable Production. University of the Philippines Los Banos,
College, Laguna, Philippines.

www.bar.gov.ph/.../3364-apr-june01-the-growing... BAR Digest Home Archives April-

June 2001 Issue (Vol. 3 No.2). Retrieved March 3, 2014.