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GUIDELINE FOR DESIGNING A
REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
Prepared by
Lecturer FLORUȚ Sorin‐Codruț, Civ. Eng., PhD
codrut.florut@upt.ro
Editura Mirton
‐ 2016 ‐ ISBN 978‐973‐52‐1657‐3
FOREWORD
Conception, design and execution of floors with reinforced concrete bearing structures
represent an extremely current issue in the construction industry. These elements surely
account for the most popular solution when it comes to floor systems of civil, industrial and
agricultural structures. Within this broad domain, the current work approaches the issue of
designing floor systems with reinforced concrete bearing structure, constructed in the
solution of one‐way slabs and secondary beams. The aim of the work is to condense and
summarise into a single source all the required information for designing (i.e. static
calculation, conception and drafting) one‐way slabs and corresponding secondary beams
within a reinforced concrete floor.
The work approaches the assumed theme from the perspective of valid European Norms, or
better yet from the perspective of Romanian Norms based extensively on the European
Norms.
In this context, the current work is mainly addressed to 3rd year students in Civil Engineering,
being an interesting tool for structural design engineers as well.
The authors have chosen for publishing the electronic format in order to provide the
readers with the graphic advantages generated by this solution (diagrams/drafting/3D
details).
THE AUTHORS
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T..
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION 4 5. SLAB DESIGN 49
1.1 Theme and purpose 4 5.1 Establishing the static scheme 49
1.2 Project data 5 5.2 Design of the slab 53
1.3 Phases for completing the project 6 5.3 Final sizing of the slab thickness 55
1.4 Demands. Results. Evaluation 8 5.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing 62
1.5 Symbols ‐ Latin uppercase letters 9 5.5 Particular rules for reinforcing 63
‐ Latin lowercase letters 12 5.6 Example for reinforcing a slab using bent‐up bars 67
‐ Greek lowercase letters 16 5.7 Example for reinforcing a slab with straight bars 69
5.8 Example for reinforcing a slab with welded wire meshes 70
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES 18 5.9 Shear verification of the slab 71
2.1 Generalities ‐ Beam 18
2.1 Generalities ‐ Slab 22 6. SECONDARY BEAM DESIGN 72
2.1 Generalities ‐ Column 23 6.1 Evaluation of loads 72
2.1 Generalities ‐ M‐N Interaction diagram 25 6.2 Establishing the static scheme 74
2.1 Generalities ‐ Reinforced concrete frame structures 26 6.3 Final sizing of the cross section height 76
2.1 Generalities ‐ Load path 28 6.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in sagging area 80
2.1 Generalities ‐ Components of the floor system 29 6.5 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in hogging area 90
2.1 Generalities ‐ Steps for completing the formwork plan 33 6.6 Shear design 94
2.1 Generalities ‐ Design stages 34
3. PRELIMINARY SIZING OF ELEMENTS 35 ANNEXES
3.1 Preliminary sizing of the slab 35 USEFUL TABLES ‐ A) REINFORCING STEEL 98
3.2 Preliminary sizing of the beams 37 ‐ B) CONCRETE 110
3.3 Preliminary sizing of the columns 38 ‐ L) LOADS/ACTIONS 127
4. LOAD EVALUATION 39 REFERENCES 137
4.1 Actions on structures 39
4.2 Evaluation of permanent loads 43 DRAWINGS
4.3 Evaluation of variable loads 46 D1. Steps for drafting execution drawing for slab
4.4 Combination of actions 47 D2. Steps for drafting execution drawing for secondary beam
D3. Structure 3d view / D4. Columns and beams /
D5. Frame reinforcing / D6. Column and secondary beam reinforcing /
D7. Slab reinforcing / D8. Secondary beam reinforcing
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Theme and purpose
Design and detailing of a Reinforced Concrete floor system
The structure to be designed has the following characteristics:
‐ Frame structure, with high regularity, the columns and the beams forming a continuous
structural system
‐ compact structure, prismatic in shape
‐ symmetric structure along one direction
‐ 1 story height
Dimensions of the building:
‐ spans of frame (inter‐axis distance between columns)
‐ bay (inter‐axis distance between two consecutive frames)
‐ number of bays
‐ height of the story (given as free required height)
Type of flooring
Imposed (live) loads considering the category of use
Self‐weight of movable partitions
Concrete strength class
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcing steel
a) Preliminary sizing of all structural elements:
‐ slab (s)
‐ secondary beam (sb)
‐ main beam ‐ girder (G)
‐ column (C)
b) Slab design
‐ evaluation of loads acting on the slab
‐ establishing the static scheme for the calculation of the slab
‐ static calculation of the slab
‐ final sizing of the slab thickness
‐ calculation of required steel reinforcing
‐ establishing the reinforcing configuration
‐ execution drawing for the slab
c) Secondary beam design
‐ evaluation of loads acting on the secondary beam
‐ establishing the static scheme for the calculation of the secondary beam
‐ static calculation of the secondary beam
‐ final sizing of the cross section dimensions
‐ calculation of required steel reinforcing for bending/flexure
‐ shear design of the beam
‐ establishing the reinforcing configuration
‐ execution drawing for the secondary beam
Demands
‐ Tidily calculations written in pencil and presented on paper
‐ Weekly technical discussions with the professor in charge
‐ Execution drawings performed in a specialised drafting software (preferably AutoCAD,
Tekla, Nemetchek, Revit, etc.)
Results
‐ Complete file containing all calculations
‐ Drawings with all drawings
‐ Bill of steel reinforcing provided on each drawing
Evaluation
Test of approximately 2 hours during which the following knowledge shall be evaluated:
‐ Correct evaluation of loads
‐ Establishing the static scheme, design internal forces (M, V) and of the required steel
reinforcing both for the slab and for the secondary beam
‐ Evaluation of the necessary concrete quantity
‐ Preparing a full concrete specification for a given situation
accidental action
seismic action
cross sectional area
cross sectional area of reinforcement
, minimum cross sectional area of reinforcement
, maximum cross sectional area of reinforcement
cross sectional area of shear reinforcement
bay
length of cantilever
…⁄… strength class for normal and high strength concrete
0 … 3 consistence classes expressed by degree of compactability
, coefficient
secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
1 … 6 consistence classes expressed by flow diameter
design value of an action
characteristic value of an action
design value of bending moment
design value of axial force
limit value of the axial force
characteristic value of a single variable action
1… 5 consistence classes expressed by slump
Serviceability Limit State
Ultimate Limit State
0 … 4 consistence classes expressed by Vebe time
design value of the applied shear force
, design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement
, design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement
, design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by the
member, limited by crushing of the compression struts
overall width of a cross‐section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam
effective width of a beam
width of the web on T, I or L beams
width of the secondary beams’ cross‐section
width of the main beams’ cross‐section
nominal concrete cover
minimum concrete cover
∆ allowance in design for deviation
, minimum cover due to bond requirement
, minimum cover due to environmental conditions, which is influenced by exposure
class and structural class of the member
effective depth of a cross‐section
mandrel diameter
required effective depth of a cross‐section
distance between the centroid of the reinforcement to the nearest concrete
surface
design value of the ultimate bond stress
compressive strength of concrete
design value of concrete compressive strength
characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
, characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete at 28 days
mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete
mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
yield strength of reinforcement
design yield strength of reinforcement
characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
design yield of shear reinforcement
characteristic value of the permanent loads
design value of the permanent loads
overall depth of a cross‐section
flange thickness
height of the secondary beams’ cross‐section
height of the main beams’ cross‐section
minimum height of the main beams’ cross‐section
required height of a cross‐section
optimum height of a cross‐section
thickness of the slab
coefficient, factor
length of the slab panel
width of the slab panel
inter‐axis distance between two consecutive secondary beams
design length
clear span between two consecutive secondary beams
total design load
optimum reinforcement percentage for longitudinal reinforcement
characteristic value of the imposed (variable) loads
design value of the imposed (variable) loads
spacing of bars for longitudinal reinforcement of the slab
maximum spacing of bars for longitudinal reinforcement of the slab
minimum spacing of bars for longitudinal reinforcement of the slab
angle ; ratio; coefficient
partial factor
partial factor for actions
partial factor for concrete
partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel
compressive strain in the concrete
compressive strain in the concrete at the peak stress
ultimate compressive strain in the concrete
strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at maximum load
Characteristic strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at maximum load
relative value of the design bending moment
concrete compression strut
axial force normalised to ·
specific weight
reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
specific weight for a given material
reinforcement ratio for shear reinforcement
∅ maximum diameter of reinforcing steel
∅ minimum diameter of reinforcing steel
factors defining representative values of variable actions
for combination values
for frequent values
for quasi‐permanent values
coefficient depending on the properties of the material (concrete, reinforcing
steel) and reinforcement percentage
Beam Structural element subjected mainly to bending (i.e. transverse loads) and to a
design axial force (mainly compression, rarely tension) not grater than
0,10
or for which the normalized axial force is not grater than 0,1
0,1
where /
Defining terms specific to the present project:
Beam Structural element subjected mainly to flexure and shear
Crack pattern for a beam subjected to the given loads
tensioned area
Reinforcement required theoretically
V
Practical reinforcement lay‐out
Defining terms specific to the present project:
Beam linear structural member
L
h
Defining terms specific to the present project:
Beams with torsion
Effect of torsion Situations of beams subjected to torsion
Defining terms specific to the present project:
Slab: surface element subjected mainly to flexure
Defining terms specific to the present project:
or which is subjected to a normalized design axial force grater than 0,1
Defining terms specific to the present project:
Column: can have various cross‐sectional shape (rectangular, square, circular, etc.)
Members subjected mainly to flexure: beams and slabs
N
N cRd
Balance failure
Nlim B
COLUMN
0.1Acfcd
BEAM+SLAB M
MRlim
N tRd
Typical interaction diagram for combined bending and axial load with highlighting the
domains for the design of slabs, beams and columns.
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 25
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
2.1 Generalities Reinforced concrete frame structures
A reinforced concrete frame structure consists mainly of the two components described
below:
‐ Structural members, such as the slab, beams and columns
‐ Non‐structural components, with protection and/or functional/esthetic purpose, such as
finishing, thermal insulation, soundproofing, hydro insulation, fire proofing, equipment,
etc.
. … .
The cast in place slab is a spatial structure, as through the concrete and the reinforcing
steel a complex connection between sub‐components is achieved.
The Static calculation of a spatial structure is at some extent rather cumbersome for 3rd
year students, thus a simplified individual calculation of each structural element is allowed
in the design, considering the load path of the vertical loads towards the supports.
Therefore, it may be admitted that the slab (s) is supported by the secondary beams (sb)
and transfers the loads to them, the secondary beams transfer the loads to the main
beams (G) and the columns (C), while the main beams and the columns (together as
frames) transfer the loads to the foundations (F) and the soil (T).
Clearly, the load path also indicates the order in which the structural elements have to be
designed, i.e. the design is started with the slab and is continued with the secondary
beams. The design of the frames (main beams and columns) is no longer so direct, obvious
and simple, as these elements are usually designed also under the effect of horizontal
actions (e.g. loads generated by the seismic action).
span C
Slab panel G
sb
span
cantilever
Bay
For one‐way slabs, the ration between length and width of the slab panel ( /
satisfies the condition:
/ / 2.0
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 29
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
2.1 Generalities Components of the floor system
Slab panel sb
B G
Slab panels represent subdivisions of a slab, being bounded by the supports. It can be
observed that the structure addressed in this work consists of 5 transversal frames (so it
has 4 bays). Each transversal frame consists of 3 columns and a three‐spans beam (at one
of the extremities, the beam is constructed as a cantilever). Considering that the slab is
supported by the secondary and main beams, 24 slab panels can be identified. In this
particular case, due to the structural regularity and the equidistant distribution of the
secondary beams, al 24 slab panels can be considered as identical, having dimensions of
.
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 30
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
2.1 Generalities Components of the floor system
Simplified drafting procedure for a slab
with n bays
Views and cross‐sections through the main and
secondary beams
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 31
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
2.1 Generalities Components of the floor system
Prior to the preliminary sizing of the structural elements, in order to completely understand
the configuration of the structure, a sketch of the main structural components has to be
drawn.
The way of creating the drawing for the formwork plan is presented step‐by‐step within the
specific Annex.
The main steps required in order to complete the formwork plan of the previously
mentioned structure are:
Step 1 – drawing the axes and numbering them. Longitudinal axes: A, B, C, D, etc.
Transversal axes (for frames): 1, 2, 3, 4, etc
Step 2 – positioning of the columns at the intersection of axes
Step 3 – lay‐out of the main beams between columns and the cantilevers
Step 4 – lay‐out of the secondary beams between frames
Step 5 – representing the contour of the slab
Step 6 – representing the cross‐section through the floor system (preliminary/qualitative)
Step 7 – marking the codes for the main structural components
Step 8 – dimensioning the plan using interior and exterior dimension lines
2) LOAD EVALUATION: evaluating the design loads, knowing the dimensions of the structural
elements and the configuration of the non‐structural ones, the destination, and the location
of the building.
3) ESTABLISHING THE STATIC SCHEME based on the design spans of the structural elements;
/ / 2.0
Slab panel sb
Type of floor system ,
One‐way slabs
The reinforced concrete
- Simply supported /30 slabs can (and should) also
provide in‐plane stiffness
- Fixed /35 for distribution of
horizontal forces by the
Two‐way slabs horizontal diaphragm
action, if their thickness is
- Simply supported /40
at least 80 mm and are
properly reinforced to
/45
undertake the stresses
- Fixed
from vertical and horizontal
⁄180 20
actions (P100‐1/#5.10)
Ribbed slab /30
For the design of the concrete cross‐section and reinforcement, the main requirement is that
the columns behave in a ductile manner. Given this desiderate, the dimensions of the cross‐
section have to be chosen in such a way that the limitation of the axial force normalised to
· is met:
0,45 ‐ structures designed with high ductility DCH
0,50 ‐ structures designed with medium ductility DCM
Where is the axial force resulted from gravitational loads, with values corresponding to
combinations that contain also the seismic action, and ·
The minimum dimensions of the cross‐section will not be smaller than 300 mm.
The width of the column shall be grater with at least 5 cm than the width of the cross‐section
of the main beam.
Generally speaking, the actions on structures can be divided into two main categories:
a) direct actions (set of loads applied to the structure)
b) Indirect action (set of imposed deformations or accelerations caused by earthquakes,
explosions, temperature changes, moisture variation, uneven settlement, etc.)
The effect of an action on structural members can be expressed in terms of internal force,
moment or stress, strain while on the whole structure can be expressed it can be expressed
in terms of deflection and/or rotation.
In regard to the value used in various stages of design and for various design combinations,
the actions can be represented through two essential values:
a) characteristic value of an action ( ) is the main representative value of that action. The
characteristic value corresponds to a small prescribed probability of not being exceeded on
the unfavourable side during a "reference period“ taking into account the design working life
of the structure and the duration of the design situation.
b) design value of an action ( ) is the product of the representative value, multiplied by
the partial factor, also accounting for model uncertainties and dimensional variations.
Frequent value of a variable action ( ) value determined so that either the total time,
within the reference period, during which it is exceeded is only a small given part of the
reference period, or the frequency of it being exceeded is limited to a given value. It may be
expressed as a determined part of the characteristic value by using a factor 1.
The selected design situations shall be sufficiently severe and varied so as to encompass
all conditions that can reasonably be foreseen to occur during the execution and use of the
structure.
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 41
4. CALCULUL ÎNCĂRCĂRILOR
4.1 Acțiuni în construcții (conform CR 0‐2012)
The design of the structural components of a floor system is usually performed at the ULS,
i.e. the state previous to structural failure, as this target to protect human lives and structural
safety, protection of historical heritage respectively.
ULS design has to rely on viable models for load evaluation and static calculation, while
considering the design actions, material properties and geometrical data.
The checks have to be performed for relevant design situations and for all critical
effects/combinations of loads.
The characteristic (k) and design (d) values of loads are determined in this particular order:
Design value Characteristic
of action Partial safety value of action
coefficient
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 42
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.2 Evaluation of permanent loads
Characteristic permanent loads are denoted
‐ Plaster , ·
‐ Floor finishing , ∑ , · ,
Note: Permanent loads generated by floor finishing can be evaluated in respect to the
materials that comprise the actual floor finishing.
Specific weight
Materials
⁄
Concrete
Reinforced concrete 25.0
Finishing ‐ plaster
Cement mortar 21.0
Cement‐lime mortar 19.0
Lime mortar 17.0
Note: for extended values please check the corresponding Annex.
Characteristic permanent loads from floor finishing
Type of floor finishing
, ⁄
Asphalt 0.9
Mosaic 1.0
Tiles 1.5
Concrete deck 1.2
Total variable loads arise (in this project) from occupancy (being dependent of the
Q category of use) and from self‐weight of movable partitions
∑ ,
Variable loads arising from occupancy (live loads): , provided in the Annex
Variable loads from self‐weight of movable partitions: , provided in the Annex
Note: for extended values please check the corresponding Annex and SR EN 1991‐1‐1:2004 .
For structural design, actions are combined in such a manned that would produce an
unfavourable situation on the structure (clearly, the combinations have to be plausible and
probabilistically viable).
For designing reinforced concrete members, the design has to consider mainly Ultimate Limit
State (ULS).
∑ , , , , ∑ , , ,
Note: for values of factors in the above formula, please check the Annex and/or CR0‐2012.
The simplified shape of the formula, applicable for the present project is presented:
1.35 1.5
Thus, the total loads that acts on the slab in the situation of uniformly distributed loads can
be evaluated as follows:
1.35 1.5
The real one‐way slab may be replaced for the static calculation (for the current purpose
evaluation of bending moment and shear force) with a strip of unit (1,0 m) width, clipped
along the short direction of the slab panel, i.e. the direction on which the slab panel
transfers stresses. From the perspective of static calculation, the strip can be assimilated
with a continuous beam.
The supports of the slab are represented by the secondary beams, and the dimensions of the
slab are:
‐ inter‐axis span:
‐ design span, used for the static calculation :
The real plate is replaced with a continuous beam with loaded with a linear distributed
load of 1 ⁄
Calculation of the bending moments and shear forces is performed using an envelope,
obtained from numerous load combinations.
Permanent Load
In function of the permanent and live loads, the shape of the bending moment envelope
diagram can have shapes like those presented below:
⁄ 0,5
⁄ 1,0
For the given example, the values of the bending moments and shear forces may be taken
with sufficient approximation as depicted in the below diagrams :
14 16 16
11 16 16
0,55 0,55
0,45 0,55
0,65
In order to assess the capacity of the slab, the design values of the strength of materials have
to be calculated.
The quality of the concrete is defined by the strength class, that is denoted:
/ ,
/
where
‐ characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
, ‐ characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete at 28 days
1,50‐ partial factor for concrete at ULS
(SR EN 1992‐1‐1:2004, table 2.1N)
‐ design value of concrete compressive strength
The concrete strength class is to be chosen based on exposure class acc. to NE 012/1‐2007.
/
where
‐ design yield strength of reinforcement
‐ characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
1,15‐ partial factor for reinforcing steel
(SR EN 1992‐1‐1:2004, table 2.1N)
The design cross section for the slab = rectangular singly reinforced section
1000
where
‐ cross sectional area of tensioned reinforcement
1000 ‐ overall width of the design cross‐section
‐ effective depth of the cross‐section
‐ thickness of the slab
‐ distance between the centroid of the reinforcement to the nearest
concrete surface
Checking of the thickness imposed in the preliminary sizing of the slab (necessary) is
performed in function of the optimum reinforcement percentage for longitudinal
reinforcement ( )
· ·
where
‐ maxim design value of bending moment statically calculated
1000 ‐ width of the design cross‐section (rectangular singly reinforced section)
‐ relative value of the design bending moment, where
Type of slab
, (%) for reinforcement with
în funcție de
400 … 500 / 300 … 400 /
‐ One‐way slab 0,25 … 0,50 0,30 … 0,60
‐ Two‐way slab 0,20 … 0,50 0,25 … 0,50
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 56
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.3 Final sizing of the slab thickness Checking the imposed thickness
, ,
where
∅/2
and
∆
‐ nominal concrete cover
‐ minimum concrete cover
∆ ‐ allowance in design for deviation
The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the
nearest concrete surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where
relevant) and the nearest concrete surface.
Concrete cover shall be provided in order to ensure:
‐ the safe transmission of bond forces
‐ the protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
‐ an adequate fire resistance (not discussed hereinafter)
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 57
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.3 Final sizing of the slab thickness Checking the imposed thickness
, ,
where
∅/2
and
∆
project
execution
Note: the thickness of the slab has to be multiple of 10 mm!
Minimum concrete cover
, ; , , , , ; 10
Or simplified
, ; , ; 10
bond durability
where
, ∅
∅ 0.1 2
, ‐ depending on the exposure and structural class (EN 1992‐1‐1:2004, # 4.4 )
∆ 5 ‐ for slabs (see National Annex)
For establishing the minimum concrete cover due to environmental conditions , the
first step is correctly assess the exposure class (table 4.1 of the EN 1992‐1‐1:2004) and the
structural class (table 4.3N of the EN 1992‐1‐1:2004, # 4.4).
For determining the structural class, one should always start with structural class S4 and
reduce it or increase it based on conditions given in table 4.3N of the EN 1992‐1‐1:2004, #
4.4.
Based on the correct exposure class and structural class, the minimum concrete cover due to
environmental conditions , is extracted from the corresponding column inside table
4.4N from EN 1992‐1‐1:2004, # 4.4.
If
, , OK
It means that the thickness of the slab assumed in the preliminary sizing phase is within
optimal boundaries!
If
, ,
It means that the thickness of the slab assumed in the preliminary sizing phase is
insufficient, thus its value will be increased up to , , afterwards the previously design
steps are resumed, which means
RE‐EVALUATING THE LOADS
RE‐CALCULATION OF THE BENDING MOMENTS
RE‐CHECKING THE NEWLY IMPOSED THICKNESS
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 61
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing
After finalizing the sizing of the slab thickness, the effective depth of the cross‐section will be
calculated
Afterwards, the relative value of the design bending moment is calculated for every distinct
value of the bending moment (both in sagging and hogging regions)
· ·
1 1 2
, 0.04
80
∅ 0.1 2
, 25% ,
/4 /4 , ∅6/
, , min 20% ,
, 50% ,
/4 /4 , ∅5/150
4.52cm2 3.50cm2
5.58cm2 3.50cm2
4.52cm2 3.50cm2
5.58cm2 3.50cm2
4.52cm2 3.50cm2
/4 /4 /4 /4 /4
5.58cm2 3.50cm2
∅10/14
∅8/14
Generally, for usual thin slabs, reinforcement is required only for bending, no specific shear
reinforcement being necessary.
In order to check this fact, the following condition has to be satisfied:
, ,
where
/ /
, , 100 but , 0.035 · · ·
and
, 0.18/ ‐ from N.A.
200
1 2
0.02
– tensile reinforcement in the area crossed by the crack
gs
gs
gs
GP
GP
· · ·
G , ,
, , ·
Q
The secondary beam will be analysed as a continuous beam, with the design spans of
G
sb
span
cantilever
The secondary beam will be analysed as a continuous beam, with the design spans of
16 16
11 16 16
0,55 0,55
0,45 0,55
0,65
· ·
where
‐ maximum design value of bending moment statically calculated
‐ established in the preliminary sizing
where
100
where
∅ /2
and
∆
, ; , ; 10
and
, ; , ∅
Recommendations: long
∅ , 20 … 25 stir
∅ 8 … 10 ds
, Cnom,long Cnom,stir
where
50 (multiple of 50 mm)
Check:
1,5 … 3,0
If the condition is not satisfier re‐assess the dimensions of the cross‐section
, , OK
If
, , RE‐CALCULATION :
‐ NEW LOADS from self‐weight of the beam
‐ NEW BENDING MOMENTS
UPDATING THE CROSS‐SECTION and
RE‐CHECKING THE NEWLY IMPOSED DIMENSIONS
‐ Step 1 ‐ Step 1
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 81
6. SECONDARY BEAM DESIGN
6.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in sagging area
Step 1: Evaluation of reinforcement area in sagging regions singly reinforced T‐section
The effective with of compressed slab area ‐ flange ( ) depends of the dimensions of the
web and those of the slab, on the type of considered loading, spans, support conditions, and
transversal reinforcing.
Active width of compressed slab area ( ) is evaluated by taking into account the distance
between points of zero bending moment ( ).
For a simplified approach, in this project, the following assumption will be made: ,
The effective with of compressed slab area is determined according to the below figure:
, ,
0,7
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 83
6. SECONDARY BEAM DESIGN
6.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in sagging area
Step 1: Evaluation of reinforcement area in sagging regions singly reinforced T‐section
A) Table method
/
· ·
If reassessing the dimensions of the cross‐section
B) Direct calculation
0,8
To be determined: 0.5
If 1 1 2
B) Direct calculation
To be determined 0.5
0.5
If 1 1 2
, 0.04
∅ 14 ‐ according to P100‐1/2013
∅ 25 ‐ according to general provisions
‐ at the edge of the beam
, 15% ,
‐ anchorage of reinforcement in edge supports
‐ anchorage of reinforcement in middle supports
10∅ 10∅
~10cm
≥10d
min 2ø
min 2ø
·
· ·
1.25 1 1 2
where
‐ minimum effective bottom reinforcement from adjacent spans
(reinforcement in sagging areas)
If 0 is too large
it will not yield
(reinforcement in sagging areas)
If 0
It is checked whether
where
/
1.25 1 1 2
bending moment equation is calculated in respect to
If 0
It is checked whether
Where
/
1.25 1 1 2
→ 1 1 2
/ / /
, , 100 0.035 · · ·
where
, 0.18/
200
1 2.00
0.02
, 0.08
· ·
, 0.75 1 300
tensile chord
· shear reinforcement
where 0,9
imposing ∅ · ∅,
0,5
where
0,6 1
250
mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 kg/m mm
6 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83 0.222 24
8 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03 0.395 32
10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85 0.617 40
12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 11.31 0.888 48
14 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.78 12.32 13.85 15.39 1.21 56
16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 20.11 1.58 64
18 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.18 12.72 15.27 17.81 20.36 22.90 25.45 2.00 126
20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 31.42 2.47 140
22 3.80 7.60 11.40 15.21 19.01 22.81 26.61 30.41 34.21 38.01 2.98 154
25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 3.85 175
28 6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 61.58 4.83 196
32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 80.42 6.31 224
36 10.18 20.36 30.54 40.72 50.89 61.07 71.25 81.43 91.61 101.79 7.99 252
40 12.57 25.13 37.70 50.27 62.83 75.40 87.96 100.53 113.10 125.66 9.86 280
2,5
For stirrups (acc. P100)
Design anchorage length , ,
·
Basic required anchorage length , ·
Design value of the ultimate bond stress 2.25 · · ·
‐ is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the bar
during concreting
= 1.0 ”good ” bond conditions are obtained
= 0.7 all other cases
‐ is related to the bar diameter
= 1.0 for φ ≤ 32 mm
Concreting
= (132‐φ)/100 for φ > 32 mm
Concreting
, /
Concreting
h > 60 cm
h > 25 cm 30 cm “poor” bond conditions
h ≤ 25 cm “poor” bond conditions
25cm
Simplification acc. Chapter 8.4 from SR EN 1992‐1‐1:2004 , ,
Reinforcement bar
Influencing factor Type of anchorage
In tension In compression
Straight 1.0 1.0
Shape of bars 0.7 if 3∅
Other than straight 1.0
otherwise 1.0
fyk (N/mm2) good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor
300 33 48 29 41 24 35 22 31 20 28 17 25 16 23 15 21
350 39 56 34 48 28 40 25 36 23 33 20 29 19 27 17 25
400 45 64 39 55 32 46 29 41 26 38 23 33 21 31 20 29
450 50 72 43 62 36 52 33 47 30 42 26 37 24 35 22 32
500 56 80 48 69 40 58 36 52 33 47 29 41 27 38 25 36
Good bond conditions
Poor bond conditions
Note:
The values in the above table were calculated using the simplified approach as in Chapter 8.4 from SR EN
1992‐1‐1:2004, considering , , , using 1.0 !!!
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 105
USEFUL TABLES
A6. Anchorage lengths depending on the concrete and steel strength ‐ informative values
Observations:
The given values were computed with a simplified approach as in Ch. 8.4 from SR EN 1992‐1‐1:2004,
considering , , , with 1.0 !!!
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 106
USEFUL TABLES
A7. Overlapping of reinforcement
Percentage of lapped bars relative to
< 25 % < 33 % < 50 % > 50 %
the total cross‐section area
1.0 1.15 1.4 1.5
The design lap length , ,
Diameter
Steel type
mm MPa MPa MPa
OB37 6…12 255 222 210000 0.768 0.426
3.5
3.5 1000 ⁄
0.8 1 0.4
Spread footing Top
max 0,26 ⁄ ; 0.10% 80…110 90…120
(block+pedestal) Bottom
Foundation beams Top
0,5 ⁄ 90…130 95…140
(strip foundation) Bottom
Top
Raft foundations max 0,26 ⁄ ; 0.20% 80…120 90…135
Bottom
Average consumption (kg/m3)
Type of structure
S500 S355 (PC52)
Framed structures 105…140 110…150
Structure with shear walls 95…130 100…140
Dual structure (shear walls + frames) 100…140 100…155
Note: data according to http://www.encipedia.org/
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 109
USEFUL TABLES
CONCRETE
B1. Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete 111
B2. Exposure classes related to environmental conditions 112
B3. Limit values for composition and properties of concrete for exposure classes 115
B4. Values of minimum cover requirements with regard to durability of reinforcement 117
B5. Recommended structural classification 118
B6. Choosing the cement strength class 119
B7. Cement use recommendations for concreting in cold and hot weather 120
B8. Properties of common types of cement 121
B9. Fields of application for cements according to NE 012‐1:2007 122
B10. Concrete minimum treatment duration for all the exposure classes 123
B11. Recommended values for limiting crack width 124
B12. Concrete consistency 125
B13. Example of a full concrete specification for a given situation 126
(MPa) ‐ 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90
,
(MPa) ‐ 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105
(MPa) ‐ 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
(MPa) ‐ 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
, .
(MPa) ‐ 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5
, .
(MPa) ‐ 2 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.5 5.7 6 6.3 6.6
(GPa) ‐ 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 43 44
(‰) ‐ 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8
(‰) ‐ 3.5 3.2 3 2.8 2.8 2.8
(‰) ‐ 2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
(‰) ‐ 3.5 3.11 2.91 2.71 2.6 2.61
n ‐ 2 1.75 1.6 1.45 1.4 1.4
(‰) ‐ 1.75 1.8 1.9 2 2.2 2.3
(‰) ‐ 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6
Note: for more detailed information please check SR EN 1992‐1‐1:2004
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 111
USEFUL TABLES
B2. Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance to NE 012‐1:2007 ‐ page 1
Class Description of the environment Informative examples where exposure classes may occur
designa
tion
1. No risk of corrosion or attack
For concrete without reinforcement or
embedded metal: all exposures except where
X0 there is freeze/thaw, abrasion or chemical
Secondary concrete (used for levelling, filling, etc.)
attack
2. Corrosion induced by carbonation
Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity (including kitchens, bathrooms and laundry
XC1 Dry or permanently wet
rooms in residential buildings). Concrete permanently submerged in water.
Concrete surfaces subject to long‐term water contact (e.g. components of water tanks)
XC2 Wet, rarely dry
Many foundations
Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity (kitchens, bathrooms,
XC3 Moderate humidity professional laundry rooms aside from those in residential buildings).
External concrete sheltered from rain (e.g. open buildings).
Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within exposure class XC2 (exterior elements
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry
subjected to climate factors).
5. Freeze/Thaw Attack
Moderate water saturation, without de‐icing
XF1 agent
Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing
High water saturation, without de‐icing
XF3 agents
Horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing
Road and bridge decks exposed to de‐icing agents
High water saturation with de‐icing agents or
XF4 sea water
Concrete surfaces exposed to direct spray containing de‐icing agents and freezing
Splash zone of marine structures exposed to freezing
7. Mechanical attack (abrasion)
XM1
XM2
XM3
No risk of Chloride‐induced corrosion
Carbonation‐induced
corrosion or
attack
corrosion Chloride other than
Sea water
from sea water
X0 XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2 XD3 XS1 XS2 XS3
Maximum
w/c
‐ 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.55 0.50 0.45
Minimum
strength class
C8/10 C16/20 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C35/45 C30/37 C35/45 C35/45
Minimum
cement content ‐ 260 260 280 300 300 320 320 300 320 320
(kg/m3)
Minimum air
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
content (%)
Other cement with low heat of cement with low heat of
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
requirements hydration recommended hydration recommended
Exposure classes related to environmental conditions
Structural class
X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55
Exposure classes related to environmental conditions
Criterion XD3/XS2/
X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2/XS1
XS3
Design Working Life of increase increase increase increase increase increase increase
100 years class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2
Cement use recommendations for concreting in hot weather (>25°C)
Note: When choosing types of cements, besides the concreting temperature the types of recommended applications and
exposure conditions will also be checked
X0 XC1 XC2 XC 3 XC4 XD1 XD2 XD3 XS1 XS2 XS3 XF1 XF2 XF3 XF4 XA1 XA2 XA3 XM1 XM2 XM3
A / B S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
H II A S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
A V X X X X X X X X X X X X O X O X X X X X X
B V X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O X X X X X X
A X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
CEM II LL
B X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
A X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O X X X X X X
L
B X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
A M vezi CEM II M A
B M vezi CEM II M B
CEM III A ‐ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
S‐D; S‐T S‐LL; D‐T
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
D‐LL; T‐LL
A S‐P: S‐V; D‐P; D‐V;
P‐V; P‐T; P‐LL; V‐ X X X X X X X X X X X X O X O X X X X X X
T; V‐LL
CEM II M
S‐D; S‐T; D‐T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
S‐P; D‐P; P‐T X X X X X X X X X X X X O X O X X X X X X
B S‐V; D‐V; P‐V; V‐T X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O X X X X X X
S‐LL; D‐LL; P‐LL;
X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
V‐LL; T‐LL
CEM I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
SR I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
CD 40 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
I A 52,5c X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 122
USEFUL TABLES
B10. Concrete minimum treatment duration for all the exposure classes, other than X0 and XC1
(informative, acc. to NE 012‐1:2007)
EXPOSURE CLASS XC2
cnom = 30 mm
The self‐weight of movable partitions may be taken into account by a uniformly distributed load qk which should be added to the imposed loads of floors
obtained from the above table. This defined uniformly distributed load is dependent on the self‐weight of the partitions as follows:
‐ movable partitions with a self‐weight ≤ 1,0 kN/m wall length: qk=0,5 kN/m2;
‐ movable partitions with a self‐weight ≤ 2,0 kN/m wall length: qk=0,8 kN/m2;
‐ movable partitions with a self‐weight ≤ 3,0 kN/m wall length: qk=1,2 kN/m2.
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 128
USEFUL TABLES
L2. Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings
Category of use qk [kN/m2] QK [kN]
Category A
Floors 1,5 2,0
Stairs 3,0 to 5,0 2,0
Balconies 2,5 to 4,0 2,0
Category B 2.5 4,5
Category C
C1
C1.1 2,0 4,0
C1.2 2,0 4,0
C1.3 3,0 4,0
C2 3,0 to 4,0 4,0
C3 4,0 4,0
C4 5,0 7,0
C5 4,0 to 5,0 4,5
Category D
D1 4,0 4,0
D2 5,0 7,0
Category E
E1 7,5 7,0
Category F
gross vehicle weight ≤ 30 kN 2,5 20,0
Category G
gross vehicle weight >30 kN, ≤160 kN 5,0 90,0
Category H
roofs not accessible except for normal maintenance and repair 0,5 or 0,75 0,5 or 1,0
Concrete 2 ‐ Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy‐György T. 129
USEFUL TABLES
L3. Specific weight of building materials – Concrete, reinforced concrete and mortars
Concrete Specific weight γ [kN/m3]
Light
Density class LC 1,0 9,0 to 10,0
Density class LC 1,2 10,0 to 12,0
Density class LC 1,4 12,0 to 14,0
Density class LC 1,6 14,0 to 16,0
Density class LC 1,8 16,0 to18,0
Density class LC 2,0 18,0 to 20.0
Normal weight 24,0
Heavyweight >25,0
Obs: values must increase with 1 kN/m3 for usual reinforcement percentage, for usual and prestressing
reinforcement and for fresh concrete
Specific weight γ [kN/m3]
Mortars
(hardened … fresh)
Cement mortar 19,0 to 23,0
Gypsum mortar 12,0 to 18,0
Cement‐gypsum mortar 18,0 to 20,0
Lime mortar 12,0 to 18,0
Timber (conf. SR EN 1991‐1‐1:2004)
Strength class C14 ‐ C18 3,5 ‐ 3,8
Strength class C22 ‐ C27 4,1 ‐ 4,6
Strength class C30 ‐ C40 4,6 ‐ 5,0
Strength class D30 ‐ D40 6,4 ‐ 7,0
Strength class D50 ‐ D70 7,8 ‐ 10,8
Glued laminated timber(conf. SR EN 1991‐1‐1:2004)
Glued laminated timber uniform GL24h ‐ GL36h 3,7 ‐ 4,4
Glued laminated timber combined GL24c ‐ GL36c 3,5 ‐ 4,2
Lumber (conf. SR EN 1991‐1‐1:2004)
wood fiber boards 10,0
medium density fibreboard 8,0
soft boards 4,0
Combination factors
Action
࣒ ࣒ ࣒
Imposed loads in buildings, category of use
Residential 0,7 0,5 0,3
Office areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Shopping areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Storage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8
Roofs 0,7 0 0
Snow loads 0,7 0,5 0,4
Wind loads 0,7 0,2 0
Temperature (non‐fire) in buildings 0,6 0,5 0