Mosquera Gisc9231 d3

GEOREFERENCING OF SCANNED AERIAL IMAGERY AND CHANGE DETECTION,
DECEMBER, 2018
Prepared by: Mireya Mosquera Patino

Prepared for: Mark Wilkinson
GISC9231 –Remote Sensing
Georeferencing of Scanned Aerial

Imagery and Change Detection,
December, 2018
Deliverable #3
i
mmosquerapatino@gmail.com
DECEMBER, 2018
December 13, 2018

Mr. Mark Wilkinson
Lecturer
Niagara College
135 Taylor Road
Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario
L0S 1J0
Dear Mr. Wilkinson:
GISC9231_REMOTE SENSING D3:
This document contains my Deliverable 3 submission regarding the georeferencing of scanned aerial
imagery and change detection Assignment #3.
This assignment was made based on the terms of reference sent by Mr. Wilkinson, and as described in
them, it serves to georeference a series of panchromatic aerial images of the Welland Canal.
The main purposes of this assignment, again, described in your terms of reference are:
- To gain a practical ability to georeference aerial images, using ArcMap, ArcGIS Pro or QGIS.
- To gain a basic practical familiarity with the undertaking and reporting of a change detection
analysis.
The procedures of the tasks are the following:

1) Use georeferenced IKONOS image as a base for georeferencing the other 7 images belonging to
1921 and 1934.
2) Answer a series of questions regarding to imagery from 1921, imagery from 1934, satellite image
2003, and 2013.
3) Perform change detection analysis.
the assignment has been completed successfully and I am looking forward for your comments and
feedback for this deliverable.
In the event that there are difficulties opening or viewing any or all the attachment please contact me at
289-969-6448 or at this email.
Best regards,
Mireya Mosquera Patino

BSc, Geography and Environmental Sciences
MMP/
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DECEMBER, 2018
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document is divided in such a way that the first thing you will find is the transmittal letter where it
will be explained briefly which the procedures were followed to carry out the work, then you will see the
executive summary where the contents of the document will be commented. In the same way, you will
see a table of contents with everything that is part of the work.
The first chapter is composed of the Introduction and Background, where the georeferencing is
explained and a brief review of the study area is given.
Then, you will find the methodology chapter where the method chosen for the elaboration of the
georeferencing of the 7 aerial photographs of the 1921 and 1934 years of the Welland Canal is explained
step by step.
Then, you will find a bank of questions related to the images 1921, 1934, 2003 and 2013 respectively. In
the same way there is a bank of questions about the change detection.
Then, you will find a chapter of conclusions and finally a bibliography with all those that have been cited
during the elaboration of this document.
It is worth mentioning that tables and figures have been used to transmit the ideas more clearly.
Also, maps with the final georeferencing of aerial images are attached to the document.
It is also important to highlight that in the terms of reference sent as part of this assignment, there is a
brief summary of the Welland Canal, with some data that were very useful to reach some conclusions.
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DECEMBER, 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................1
2. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................2
3. QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................................5
3.1 1934 AERIAL IMAGES (A4873_19, A4873_20 AND A4873_21) ...............................................................5
3.1.1 WHAT WAS THE OPERATIONAL STATUS OF EACH OF THE CANALS IN 1934? WHY AND HOW DO YOU
DRAW THESE CONCLUSIONS? .............................................................................................................................. 5
3.1.2 REFERRING TO A4873-20 WELLAND CANALS 1934 (JPEG), WHAT IS THE WEDGE SHAPED
FORMATION AT LOCATION A? WHAT ARE THE STRIATIONS? WHY AND HOW DO YOU DRAW THESE
CONCLUSIONS? (SEE FIGURE 5 1934 IMAGE WITH FEATURES ABOUT THE QUESTIONS) .................................... 5
3.1.3 AGAIN, REFERRING TO A4873-20 WELLAND CANALS 1934 (JPEG), WHAT IS THE LINEAR FEATURE AT
LOCATION B (SEE FIGURE 5 1934 IMAGE WITH FEATURES)? WHAT WAS ITS STATUS IN 1934 (WAS IT
ACTIVELY BEING USED)? WHAT IS YOUR EVIDENCE? ......................................................................................... 6
BY READING THE BACKGROUND OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THIS ASSIGNMENT, IN WHICH IT IS DESCRIBED
THAT “AN ABANDONED RAIL LINE THAT ONCE PROCEEDED THROUGH THE FULLER PLAN LANDS AND UNDER
THE 3RD WELLAND CANAL HAS BECOME THE CENTRE OF MUCH LOCAL ATTENTION. SADLY, TWO RAILWAY
FIREMEN WERE KILLED JUST WEST OF THE MERRITTON RAIL TUNNEL THAT PASSES UNDER THE 3RD CANAL IN
JANUARY OF 1903” AND ALSO, BY MAKING A SEARCH ON GOOGLE ABOUT THE ABANDONED AND HAUNTED
TRAIN TUNNEL (PLACES, 2016) IT WAS POSSIBLE TO REACH THE CONCLUSION THAT THE TUNNEL WAS
COMPLETELY CLOSED IN THE YEAR 1915, SO FOR THE YEAR IN WHICH THE AERIAL IMAGE WAS TAKEN (1934)
THE TUNNEL WAS OUT OF OPERATION..................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.4 AGAIN, REFERRING TO A4873-20 WELLAND CANALS 1934 (JPEG), WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE THE POND
AT C EXISTED (SEE FIGURE 5 1934 IMAGE WITH FEATURES)? SUPPORT YOUR HYPOTHESIS THOROUGHLY. .... 7
3.1.5 AGAIN, REFERRING TO A4873-20 WELLAND CANALS 1934 (JPEG), WHAT IS AREA E (SEE FIGURE 5
1934 IMAGE WITH FEATURES)? JUSTIFY YOUR HYPOTHESIS. .............................................................................7
3.2 1921 AERIAL IMAGES (H20-1, H20-2, H22-25, H22-91) .........................................................................8
3.2.1 WHAT WAS THE OPERATIONAL STATUS OF EACH OF THE CANALS IN 1921? WHY AND HOW DO YOU
DRAW THESE CONCLUSIONS? .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.3 SATELLITE IMAGERY (2003 IKONOS MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY AND 2013 ST. CATHARINES
MOSAICS) .................................................................................................................................................................8
3.3.1 WHAT WAS THE OPERATIONAL STATUS OF EACH OF THE CANALS IN 2003 AND 2013? WHY AND
HOW DO YOU DRAW THESE CONCLUSIONS? ....................................................................................................... 8
3.4 CHANGE DETECTION ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.4.1 FIGURE 12 BELOW AS WELL AS H22-25 WELLAND CANAL LOCKS 1921 (JPEG) AND H22-91 WELLAND
CANAL LOCKS 1921 (JPEG) SHOW THE LOCK NUMBERING SYSTEM IN 1921 FOR THE 3RD CANAL. CREATE A
TABLE THAT SHOWS HOW LOCKS 11 THROUGH 24 ARE/ARE-NOT VISIBLE TO OUR REMOTE SENSING
PLATFORMS IN 1934 AND 2003. FOR EACH YEAR, NOTE WHETHER THE LOCK IS VISIBLE, PARTLY VISIBLE, NOT
VISIBLE OR NOT SHOWN ON THE IMAGERY. FOR NON-VISIBLE LOCKS, ADD A COMMENT COLUMN TO YOUR
TABLE DETAILING WHY THE LOCK IS NO LONGER VISIBLE. ............................................................................... 10
3.4.2 DESCRIBE THE CHANGES WITHIN THE LANDS OF THE FULLER PLAN FROM 1921 THROUGH 1934 TO
2003 AND 2013. SPECULATE WHY THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE OCCURRED. .................................................. 12
3.4.3 WHAT HAPPENED TO THE WEDGE-SHAPED LANDFORM AT LOCATION A OF TO A4873-20 WELLAND
CANALS 1934 (JPEG) THAT WAS VISIBLE IN 1921 AND 1934? SUPPORT YOUR HYPOTHESIS. ......................... 14
3.4.4 CREATE TWO FIGURES FOR YOUR REPORT THAT SHOW (VIA SCREEN SAVE OR FORMAL ARCGIS
LAYOUT) THE GEOREFERENCED IMAGERY OVERLAID ATOP THE 2013 SATELLITE IMAGE. CREATE ONE FIGURE
FOR THE 1921 IMAGERY AND ONE FOR THE 1934 IMAGERY. ............................................................................. 16
4. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 17
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
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DECEMBER, 2018
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 DATA FRAME PROPERTIES PROJECTION .....................................................................................................................2
FIGURE 2 HOW TO ADD GEOREFERENCED IMAGE .....................................................................................................................3
FIGURE 3 HOW TO DISPLAY BOTH IMAGES AT THE TIME ..............................................................................................................3
FIGURE 4 ADDING CONTROL POINTS ......................................................................................................................................4
FIGURE 5 1934 IMAGE WITH FEATURES ABOUT THE QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................5
FIGURE 6 CURRENT LOCATION A GOOGLE EARTH 2018 ............................................................................................................6
FIGURE 7 CURRENT BLUE GHOST TUNNEL – GOOGLE EARTH 2018..............................................................................................7
FIGURE 8 CURRENT AREA E – BRUCE TRAIL END TO END 3 – WOODEND TO MOUNTAIN LOCKS PARK. GOOGLE EARTH 2018.................7
FIGURE 9 CANAL 3, 1921. VESSEL PASSING THROUGH ..............................................................................................................8
FIGURE 10 CANAL NUMBER 4, 1921 AERIAL IMAGE ..................................................................................................................8
FIGURE 11 CANAL 4, OPERATIONAL STATUS (IKONOS 2003) ...................................................................................................9
FIGURE 12 CANAL 3, OPERATIONAL STATUS (IKONOS 2003) ....................................................................................................9
FIGURE 13 CANAL 4, OPERATIONAL STATUS (ST. CATHARINES MOSAIC 2013) ............................................................................10
FIGURE 14 CANAL 3, OPERATIONAL STATUS (ST. CATHARINES MOSAIC 2013) ............................................................................10
FIGURE 15 1934 IMAGE LOCK NUMBERING SYSTEM FIGURE 16 2003 IMAGE LOCK NUMBERING SYSTEM ............................11
FIGURE 17 FULLER PLAN AREA, 1921 IMAGE ........................................................................................................................12
FIGURE 18 FULLER PLAN AREA, 1934 IMAGE ........................................................................................................................13
FIGURE 19 FULLER PLAN AREA, 2003 IKONOS IMAGE ...........................................................................................................13
FIGURE 20 FULLER PLAN AREA, 2013 ST. CATHARINES MOSAIC ...............................................................................................14
FIGURE 21 WEDGE-SHAPED AREA, 1921 IMAGE FIGURE 22WEDGE-SHAPED AREA, 1934 IMAGE .......................................14
FIGURE 23 WEDGE-SHAPED AREA, IKONOS 2003 IMAGE FIGURE 24 WEDGE-SHAPED AREA, 2013 ST. CATHARINES .............15
FIGURE 25 1921 GEOREFERENCED IMAGES OF THE WELLAND CANAL AREA ................................................................................16
FIGURE 26 1934 GEOREFERENCED IMAGE OF WELLAND CANAL AREA .......................................................................................17
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 LOCK VISUALIZATION 1934 .....................................................................................................................................11

TABLE 2 LOCK VISUALIZATION 2003 .....................................................................................................................................12
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DECEMBER, 2018
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
In general, the present assignment is about georeferencing several aerial images of the Welland Canal of
two different years, 1921 and 1934. These aerial images are found between the areas of St Catharines,
Thorold, Welland and Port Colborne.
The georeferencing will use a specific methodology to rectify the scanned images (1921 and 1934) in
respect of the IKONOS 2003 image.
The methodology used to carry out this rectification will be found specifically in the following chapter
(See METHODOLOGY), where the procedure followed will be explained step by step.
Is also about, carry out some analysis of the changes through the years of the Welland Canal, in four
specific years (1921, 1934, 2003 and 2013).
About the first part of the assignment, georeferencing is a fundamental aspect in the analysis of
geospatial data, since it is the basis for the correct location of map information and, therefore, of the
adequate fusion and comparison of data from different sensors in different spatial and temporal
locations. For example, two georeferenced entities in different coordinate systems can be combined
after an appropriate affine transformation, either to the coordinate system of the first object, or to that
of the second. (Wikipedia, 2014)
In the same way, it can also be defined as the use of map coordinates to assign a spatial location to
cartographic entities. All elements of a map layer have a specific geographic location and extension that
allow them to be placed on or near the surface of the Earth. The ability to precisely locate geographic
entities is fundamental both in the cartographic representation and in GIS. (ESRI,
http://resources.arcgis.com/es/help/getting-started/articles/, 2016)
Finally, we can say that georeferencing is a process that allows you to determine the position of an
element in a spatial coordinate system different from the one it is located. There are therefore two
coordinate systems, the source system and the target system.
In regards of the Welland Canal, it is in the Niagara region of Ontario, Canada between two of North
America's Great Lakes, Lake Ontario (74.98 meters above sea level) and Lake Erie (174.34 meters above
sea level). The Welland Canal is a vital link in the St. Lawrence Seaway passage from the Atlantic Ocean
to Midwestern Canada and the United States. The canal is about 43.4 kilometers in length and includes
seven lift locks and one guard lock that bring ocean and lake vessels up 99.36 meters from Lake Ontario
to Lake Erie. (Canal, n.d.)
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DECEMBER, 2018
2. METHODOLOGY
To make a good georeferencing it is necessary to identify the same points in the aerial images and in this
specific case in the satellite image (IKONOS 2003). When it comes to rectifying, the greater the number
of points we select, the better and more accurate the transformation that we obtain can be. These
points must be clearly identifiable. The points must correspond with fixed elements in time. All the
points must be separated from each other and be distributed throughout the map.
To make the georeferencing of this assignment, I used the ArcGIS platform (ArcMap).
First, we need to assign the projection to the layout (in this case UTM NAD83 Zone 17N). This is achieved
by clicking on the view window, then selecting Data Frame Properties, and finally in the Coordinate
Systems window, the projection in which you are going to work is chosen.
Figure 1 Data Frame Properties Projection
Once the projection is assigned, we proceed to bring the georeferenced image (IKONOS 2003) as it will
serve as a base to rectify the aerial images (1921 and 1934).
This is done, in the Add Data window, then we searched in the folder where it is stored and it is brought
to the layout.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 2 How to Add Georeferenced Image
Then, the aerial images that are going to be georeferenced are brought to the ArcMap environment
(following the same procedure with the Add Data window).
You have to be sure to activate the georeferencing tool to work on the rectification.
Because the aerial images are not georeferenced yet, at the time of bringing them to the work
environment, they can not be displayed, so you must click on georeferencing, then click on Auto adjust
and finally select Fit to Display.
Now you can view the satellite image and aerial photography together at the same time.
Figure 3 How to display both images at the time
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DECEMBER, 2018
Then, we begin with the georeferencing of aerial images. We must consider that the aerial image that
we want to georeference in the window is chosen. Choose the Add control point tool and proceed to
find and choose points that are in both documents. First click on the photo you want to rectify and then
in the one it is already georeferenced. It is necessary to choose at least 4 points for each image.
Figure 4 Adding Control Points
Finally, go to the Georeferencing window, click on Update georeferencing and then Rectify. When the
Save as window appears, the directory where you will save the georeferenced image will be located
through the option Output location, in the same way in the Name box a name will be assigned and in
Format the format in which you want to save will be designated the new image. (Save).
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DECEMBER, 2018
3. QUESTIONS
3.1 1934 AERIAL IMAGES (A4873_19, A4873_20 and A4873_21)
Figure 5 1934 Image with Features about the questions
3.1.1 What was the operational status of each of the canals in 1934? Why and how do you draw
these conclusions?
3.1.2 Referring to A4873-20 Welland Canals 1934 (JPEG), what is the wedge shaped formation at
location A? What are the striations? Why and how do you draw these conclusions? (See
Figure 5 1934 Image with Features about the questions)
The wedge-shaped formation at location A, seems to be a construction site, like a deposit place of
construction materials. All those striations or lines that can bee seen in the aerial image of 1934 (See
Figure 5 1934 Image with Features) would appear to be traces of heavy vehicles that entered that area
to leave the materials that would serve for the construction of the canal. My conclusions were made by
seeing at the aerial image the tonality and shape of those lines, which indicates that the ground has
been used before, also the texture of this site appears to be rougher than the surrounded are. Finally, I
searched in google earth for this location and it can be observed that there are still traces of that site,
although at present it is already surrounded by vegetation.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 6 Current Location A Google Earth 2018
3.1.3 Again, referring to A4873-20 Welland Canals 1934 (JPEG), what is the linear feature at location B
(See Figure 5 1934 Image with Features)? What was its status in 1934 (was it actively being used)? What
is your evidence?
In the 1934 aerial image, at location B, you can visualize an element with a linear shape and with a clear
tonality that determines that it is a type of construction. Once again, I searched this location on google
earth and I could find that it refers to the famous Blue Ghost Tunnel.
By reading the background of the terms of reference of this assignment, in which it is described that “An
abandoned rail line that once proceeded through the Fuller Plan lands and under the 3rd Welland
Canal has become the centre of much local attention. Sadly, two railway firemen were killed just west
of the Merritton Rail Tunnel that passes under the 3rd canal in January of 1903” and also, by making a
search on google about the abandoned and haunted train tunnel (places, 2016) It was possible to reach
the conclusion that the tunnel was completely closed in the year 1915, so for the year in which the aerial
image was taken (1934) the tunnel was out of operation.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 7 Current Blue Ghost Tunnel – Google Earth 2018
3.1.4 Again, referring to A4873-20 Welland Canals 1934 (JPEG), why do you suppose the pond at C
existed (See Figure 5 1934 Image with Features)? Support your hypothesis thoroughly.
Due to all the constructions around that area, I supposed that pond at location C existed as a water
support (reservoir). Most probably, it was used in case of water deficit or any emergency related to it.
3.1.5 Again, referring to A4873-20 Welland Canals 1934 (JPEG), what is area E (See Figure 5 1934 Image
with Features)? Justify your hypothesis.
Due to it shape and tonality, it seems location E to be a crop area. in the northwestern part of this
location you can see drainage branches, probably coming from the same canal that is on one side of this
area. Maybe served as irrigation for the crops that existed then in that area. Currently, this is occupied
by the Bruce Trail End to End 3 – Woodend to Mountain Locks Park.
Figure 8 Current area E – Bruce Trail End to End 3 – Woodend to Mountain Locks Park. Google Earth 2018
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DECEMBER, 2018
3.2 1921 AERIAL IMAGES (H20-1, H20-2, H22-25, H22-91)

3.2.1 What was the operational status of each of the canals in 1921? Why and how do you draw
these conclusions?
In 1921, canal number 3 had an operational status. The passage of a vessel through this canal can be
seen in aerial photography of this mentioned year.
Figure 9 Canal 3, 1921. Vessel Passing through
Unlike canal number 3, in the year 1921 canal number 4 is surrounded by several elements that leads to
conclude that there is a construction in progress. Arid areas, linear shapes and very clear coloring are
displayed. By looking closely at the image, you can see that the gates for locks are beginning to build.
Also, by reading the terms of reference we know that canal number 4 was in construction in 1921.
Figure 10 Canal number 4, 1921 aerial image
3.3 SATELLITE IMAGERY (2003 IKONOS Multispectral Imagery and 2013 St. Catharines
Mosaics)
3.3.1 What was the operational status of each of the canals in 2003 and 2013? Why and how do you
draw these conclusions?
Based on the observation of the IKONOS images of 2003, it can be concluded that in this year canal
number 4 it has an operational status.
You can clearly see how a boat passes through the northern end of the image.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 11 Canal 4, Operational Status (IKONOS 2003)
On the other hand, canal number 3 would seem to be abandoned due to the growth of vegetation
around the area. The locks in this canal, can not be easily viewed.
Figure 12 Canal 3, Operational status (IKONOS 2003)
In 2013 St. Catharines Mosaic, it can be clearly seen that canal number 4, still with operational
status, the canal area is very clean, and like the 2003 IKONOS image, boats passing through the canal
can be seen.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 13 Canal 4, Operational Status (St. Catharines Mosaic 2013)
In the other hand, looking at the same mosaic but at canal number 3, we can see features occupying
the natural space of it, this features seem to be embankments, created over time because the canal is
no longer in operation. We can see also vegetation around it.
Figure 14 Canal 3, Operational Status (St. Catharines Mosaic 2013)
3.4 CHANGE DETECTION
3.4.1 Figure 12 below as well as H22-25 Welland Canal Locks 1921 (JPEG) and H22-91 Welland Canal
Locks 1921 (JPEG) show the lock numbering system in 1921 for the 3rd canal. Create a table that shows
how locks 11 through 24 are/are-not visible to our remote sensing platforms in 1934 and 2003. For each
year, note whether the lock is visible, partly visible, not visible or not shown on the imagery. For non-
visible locks, add a comment column to your table detailing why the lock is no longer visible.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 15 1934 Image Lock Numbering System Figure 16 2003 Image Lock Numbering System
Year Lock Number Visibility Comments

11 Partially Visible
13 Visible
14 Visible
15 Visible
16 Visible
17 Visible
1934
18 Visible
20 Not Visible Submerged by pond
22 Visible
23 Not Visible Not in image, can’t be seen.
24 Not Visible Not in image, can’t be seen.
Table 1 Lock visualization 1934
Year Lock Number Visibility Comments

2003 15 Partially Visible
19 Not Visible Covered by the vegetation
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DECEMBER, 2018
Covered by construction of
20 Not Visible another canal
23 Not Visible Doesn’t exist anymore
24 Not Visible Doesn’t exist anymore
Table 2 Lock visualization 2003
3.4.2 Describe the changes within the lands of the Fuller Plan from 1921 through 1934 to 2003
and 2013. Speculate why these changes may have occurred.
In 1921, the fuller plan area, several crops can be observed and the delimitation between them is clearly
seen. We can also see, small constructions, apparently farms due to the proximity to the crops. This
parcel belonged to Reverend Thomas Fuller who originally had plans to subdivide the land for housing
(Wilkinson, 2018). In this year, beginnings of a process of development appear, due to the appearance
and visualization of internal roads.
Figure 17 Fuller Plan Area, 1921 Image
In 1934, the area is without the crops and farms that could be seen in the 1921 image. The land looks
totally clean and flattened, the texture of the terrain seems mainly very smooth. It would be assumed
that it is being prepared for the occupation of materials due to the construction of the new canal
number 4. Small remnants of vegetation can be observed in the south east part of the area.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 18 Fuller Plan Area, 1934 image
In the year of 2003, at looking to the IKONOS image, it can be seen that the area is totally abandoned.
Vegetation and internal roads are observed.
Figure 19 Fuller Plan Area, 2003 IKONOS image
Mainly, the difference between 2003 and the 2013 images it is the time of the year that they were
taken, in the IKONOS the vegetation looks green, assuming that the satellite captured the image in
summer and in the 2013 the image was taken in fall.
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 20 Fuller Plan Area, 2013 St. Catharines Mosaic
3.4.3 What Happened to the wedge-shaped landform at location A of to A4873-20 Welland

Canals 1934 (JPEG) that was visible in 1921 and 1934? Support your hypothesis.
As described in question 3.1.2 (See Referring to A4873-20 Welland Canals 1934 (JPEG), what is the
wedge shaped formation at location A? What are the striations? Why and how do you draw these
conclusions? (See Figure 5 1934 Image with Features about the questions) The wedge-shaped formation
at location A, seems to be a construction site, like a deposit place of construction materials. All those
striations or lines that can bee seen in the aerial images of 1921 and 1934 would appear to be traces of
heavy vehicles that entered that area to leave the materials that would serve for the construction of the
canal. My conclusions were made by seeing at the aerial image the tonality and shape of those lines,
which indicates that the ground has been used before, also the texture of this site appears to be rougher
than the surrounded area. Due to the 13 years that passed between the two images, you can see that
the ground begins to be rehabilitated but still prevails discovered ground in that area. Also due to the
lack of brightness of the soil it appear that in 1934 the canal construction is already finished.
Figure 21 Wedge-Shaped area, 1921 image Figure 22Wedge-Shaped area, 1934 image
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DECEMBER, 2018
In 2003 and 2013 these wedge – shaped area can no longer be seen, this change occurs because there
has not been any type of construction or soil movement for a long time, which has allowed the earth to
reform and grow again vegetation. You can also visualize a body of water in the southern part of this
area, which would serve to supply this vegetation and allow its growth.
Figure 23 Wedge-shaped area, IKONOS 2003 image Figure 24 Wedge-Shaped area, 2013 St. Catharines
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DECEMBER, 2018
3.4.4 Create two figures for your report that show (via screen save or formal ArcGIS layout) the
georeferenced imagery overlaid atop the 2013 satellite image. Create one figure for the 1921
imagery and one for the 1934 imagery.
Figure 25 1921 Georeferenced Images of The Welland Canal Area
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DECEMBER, 2018
Figure 26 1934 Georeferenced Image of Welland Canal Area
4. CONCLUSIONS
All the information that was given to us for the elaboration of this assignment was essential for the
deliverable. We could observe the change of AOI since 1921, going through 1934, 2003 and 2013.
Observation techniques were used to perform the change detection analysis.
We also apply what we learned during the lectures about the techniques for georeferencing images
on the ARCGIS platform.
The preparation of this assignment was important not only to put into practice what was learned
during the term, but also to learn about the history and the importance that the Welland Canal
represents.
It also served as a practice in performing multitemporal analysis of images and discovering the
different uses that the area of interest had and still has.
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DECEMBER, 2018
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
Canal, W. (n.d.). http://www.wellandcanal.com/.
ESRI. (2016). http://resources.arcgis.com/es/help/getting-started/articles/. Retrieved from

resources.arcgis.com.
places, V. h. (2016). https://articles.ghostwalks.com/blue-ghost-tunnel/.
Wikipedia. (2014). (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georreferenciación). Retrieved from Wikipedia.
Wilkinson, M. (2018). Terms of reference, Georeferencing of Scanned Aerial Imagery and Change
Detection.
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GEOREFERENCING OF SCANNED AERIAL IMAGERY AND CHANGE DETECTION,

Prepared by: Mireya Mosquera Patino

Georeferencing of Scanned Aerial

December 13, 2018

Dear Mr. Wilkinson:

GISC9231_REMOTE SENSING D3:

The procedures of the tasks are the following:

Mireya Mosquera Patino

TABLE 1 LOCK VISUALIZATION 1934 .....................................................................................................................................11

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Figure 1 Data Frame Properties Projection

Figure 2 How to Add Georeferenced Image

Figure 3 How to display both images at the time

Figure 4 Adding Control Points

3.1 1934 AERIAL IMAGES (A4873_19, A4873_20 and A4873_21)

Figure 5 1934 Image with Features about the questions

Figure 6 Current Location A Google Earth 2018

Figure 7 Current Blue Ghost Tunnel – Google Earth 2018

3.2 1921 AERIAL IMAGES (H20-1, H20-2, H22-25, H22-91)

Figure 9 Canal 3, 1921. Vessel Passing through

Figure 10 Canal number 4, 1921 aerial image

Figure 11 Canal 4, Operational Status (IKONOS 2003)

Figure 12 Canal 3, Operational status (IKONOS 2003)

Figure 13 Canal 4, Operational Status (St. Catharines Mosaic 2013)

Figure 14 Canal 3, Operational Status (St. Catharines Mosaic 2013)

3.4 CHANGE DETECTION

Year Lock Number Visibility Comments

Year Lock Number Visibility Comments

Figure 17 Fuller Plan Area, 1921 Image

Figure 18 Fuller Plan Area, 1934 image

Figure 19 Fuller Plan Area, 2003 IKONOS image

Figure 20 Fuller Plan Area, 2013 St. Catharines Mosaic

3.4.3 What Happened to the wedge-shaped landform at location A of to A4873-20 Welland

Figure 25 1921 Georeferenced Images of The Welland Canal Area

Figure 26 1934 Georeferenced Image of Welland Canal Area

ESRI. (2016). http://resources.arcgis.com/es/help/getting-started/articles/. Retrieved from

places, V. h. (2016). https://articles.ghostwalks.com/blue-ghost-tunnel/.

Wikipedia. (2014). (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georreferenciación). Retrieved from Wikipedia.

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