2015 IEEE Power, Communication and Information Technology Conference (PCITC)
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.
Fault Location Determination of UPFC Based
Transmission Lines Using Sparse S-Transform
L. N. Tripathy, Member, IEEE, S.R. Samantaray, Senior Member, IEEE, P.K. Dash, Life Senior
Member, IEEE
 technique and the presence of noise and distortions. Other
Abstract--This paper presents a new fault location algorithm
for a transmission line operating with a Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC). The proposed algorithm is based on a new
matrix version of the conventional S-Transform, Sparse S-
Transform (SST), using selected frequency components to
increase the speed of the computation significantly. A variety of
faults are initiated before and after the location of UPFC on the
transmission line using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The
location of fault is estimated using SST with significant
accuracies. The computational speed of the SST is almost 30
times faster than the conventional discrete S-Transform which
makes it a suitable candidate for real-time application in digital
relaying.
Index Terms—Fault location, Matrix version sparse S-
Transform (SST), UPFC and Transmission lines.
I. INTRODUCTION
T he basic principle of fault location on a transmission line
is based on the computation of apparent impedance at the
relay location using fundamental components of voltage or
current signals. The presence of UPFC in a transmission
system significantly control the power flow and improves the
dynamic stability of the system by controlling three major
parameters like voltage magnitude, its phase angle and
impedance of the line. However, its presence in the fault loop
can influence the magnitude and phase angle of the
fundamental voltage and current signals at the relaying point
and thereby affecting the performance of the existing
protection schemes [1-4].
The conventional fault location algorithms include
techniques like Fourier Transform, Walsh transform, digital
filters and Kalman filters etc., where the amplitude and phase
angle of the voltage and current signals at the relaying point
are extracted. Among these, the full cycle or half cycle
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) shows erroneous result due
to the presence of harmonics, inter-harmonics and decaying
dc components in the signal. DFT is also prone to inaccuracy
due to instrument transformer errors and small changes in
power system frequency etc. To alleviate the afore mentioned
problems, a variable window weighted least square algorithm
has been presented [5]. However, the approach is prone to
inaccuracy due to the nature of the least square estimation
978-1-4799-7455-9/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
algorithms mentioned above also suffer from similar
problems giving incorrect fault locations. Although, there has
been numerous studies for fault location of single circuit
transmission lines in the presence of UPFC using DFT [1,2,
6], a few papers deal with the problem using time-frequency
approach like the discrete wavelet transform(DWT) [7-9] or
S-transform (ST) [10-13] for the detection and classification
of faults only without computing the fault location.
Although the DWT is found to be suitable for distance
protection of transmission lines with regard to detection and
classification of fault types, it provides a very complex
approach for evaluating fundamental phasors required for
apparent impedance calculation. On the contrary, the discrete
S-Transform (ST) has been widely used for the detection and
classification of faults on the transmission lines [10,11] due
to its superiority in localizing the instant of the fault
occurrence and simultaneously yielding both the amplitude
and phase information of the voltage and current signals.
However, ST has high computational requirement of the
order of O(N2 log N) and involves long calculation time
unsuitable for real-time protection. Recently, a new version of
the ST has been presented [12-13] by the authors providing a
very fast alternative of this transform for cross differential
protection of UPFC compensated transmission lines.
However, the paper does not deal with the fault location
estimation, which in itself is a very challenging task for the
transmission line operating with UPFC.
The paper is organized in six sections. Apart from
introduction, Section-II highlights a matrix formulation of
sparse S-Transform, while Section-III outlines the
computational approach for location of faults before or after
the UPFC. In Section-V, the computations for fault location
are tabulated and concluding remarks are given in Section-
VI.
II. A MATRIX VERSION SPARSE S-TRANSFORM (SST)
It is well known that the time-frequency transform localizes
a time varying signal in time and frequency domain. The
discrete wavelet transform and S-transform belong to that
category and are useful in the detection and localization of
disturbances in power circuits including transmission line
fault analysis. A matrix formulation of such a time-frequency
transform [11] is presented below with the use of Fast Fourier
transform technique.
 2015 IEEE Power, Communication and Information Technology Conference (PCITC)
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.
Consider an array of voltage or current signal the inverse discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) is computed at
samples xi (i  1, 2,...........N ) for computing the DFT as: the selected harmonic frequencies.
X  D F T ( xi , i  1 : N ) (iii) Automatic Scaling:
The cut-off frequency amplitude can be set depending on
and N
X n   xi e
 2 j (n1)(i 1)  , j  1 (1) the statistical parameters such as mean of the amplitudes in
i 1
the frequency spectrum. Lower the cut-off amplitude more is
and its inverse is xn   1   ai e
N 2 i ( n 1)(i 1) 
(2) the probability of increase of frequencies in the frequency
 N  i 1 stack. After frequency scaling and using the selected
Here, N is preferably a power of 2 suitable for frequency frequencies from the frequency stack, the computation of C,
scaling. A simple manipulation using rotation and Y,G, and SST matrices become very fast which provides a
concatenation of the N frequency components of the DFT degree of novelty to the newly formed time-frequency
results in a matrix YM×N whose elements are obtained as transform in comparison to the slow-speed conventional S-
transform. Further, by creating sparcity in the rows of the
 yn if  (m  n)  N   SST matrix with zeroes, the elements of the G matrix take the
Y(m,n)    (3)
y mod N otherwise form
 (m n) 
Y m,n   C m,n  if  m   f   (8)
Where, m=1,2, …, M and M=(N/2) chosen to satisfy the G m,n     
 0 otherwise 
Nyquist sampling theorem.
For time-frequency localization, the widow comprising of  N  2 j  n 1 i 1  
 
 2 G
SST m, n    N i 1  m,i 
exp 
N  if  m   f  (9)
several frequency components in the time and frequency 
 

domain, a Gaussian window matrix CM×N is formulated with  0 otherwise 
its elements given by From the above expressions, the instantaneous phasors of
the fundamental frequency component can be computed from
 2 2 2 
 -2 p K ( n -1) f 
 2 2 ( N - n  1) 2 f 
 -2 p K 
the matrices independent of the other high frequency
 c
(a bm ) 2 
 
 c
(a  bm ) 2 

 (4)
components. The Mth row of the various matrices Y, C, G and
C ( m ,n )  e    e
fast SST (FSST) can be used for computing the instantaneous
phasor belonging to the Mth harmonic frequency component
Where, m=1,2, …, M and n=1,2,…, N. and f is the signal and the expressions can be reduced to
frequency. In the next step the elements of the Gaussian
window matrix is multiplied with the Y matrix to obtain the YM  N   y M 1 y M  3  y M 1 yM 
G matrix as
CM  N  c  f M , t1  ... c  f M , tn  ... c  f M , t N  
G ( m ,n )  Y( m , n )  C ( m , n ) (5)
GM N   g  f M , t1  ... g  f M , tn  ... g  fM , t N   (10)

Here G matrix provides the time and frequency information of SSTM N  tf  fM , t1  ... tf  fM , tn  ... tf  fM , tN 
the original signal. Finally, taking the IDFT of each time
localized row that represents a definite frequency sinusoid, the In dyadic scaling FSST require N(N+log2(N/2)(N+2))
sparse S-Transform (SST) is obtained as multiplications and N(N-1) (1+log 2(N/2)) additions
SST M  N  IDFT (G M  N ) (6) comparison to the conventional S-Transform which require
and each element in the matrix is 2
N (N+4)/2 multiplications and N(N-1)(N+2)/2 additions .
N
SST m ,n    N2  G m ,i  exp( 2  j n N1 i 1   (7) FSST with harmonic scaling, require N(N+KH(N+2)),
i 1 multiplications and N(N-1)(1+KH) additions . In a similar
The SST-matrix comprises vectors of instantaneous phasor way the total number of additions and multiplications for the
values for each considered frequency and its computation is Automatic scaling will be N×(N-1)×(1+KA) and N× (N+KA×
outlined as follows. Appropriate choice of the frequency (N+2)), respectively. Here KH denotes the odd harmonic
scaling is a deciding factor for the fast computation of the frequencies and KH<<(N/2). The new SST is nearly 30 times
above SST algorithm. The choice in frequency scaling is faster with both dyadic scaling and harmonic scaling, while
explained below: the automatic scaling is slightly slower. In this paper the
(i) Dyadic Scaling: The scaling is performed by choosing harmonic scaling is adopted.
frequency vector indices at the power of 2, and hence k = {20,
21, 22………2l}, 2 l < N; and N is the total length of the The discretized voltage or current signal x(k) is
frequency samples. represented as
(ii) Harmonic Scaling: The selective frequencies to be X 1 K   x1 x2  xk  x( k 1) xk  (11)
included in the frequency stack are [f, 2f, 3f… k.f], where f
represents the fundamental frequency and k could be any
positive integer. Also,(k.f) ≤ (N/2). With a sparse G matrix,
 2015 IEEE Power, Communication and Information Technology Conference (PCITC)
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.

Where, K is the total number of samples and K= 1 ×Ns , Here, d L1 is the fault distance to be calculated on section A1-
1 >0. U (measured from bus A1 to the fault point FP1), RF 1 is the
The SST of the above samples of the voltage or current fault resistance (unknown), VA1 and I1 are the fault loop
signal is expressed as voltage and current, Z L1 represents the impedance of Line

  
SSTi M  N  SST  x i 1 , x i  2 , x i  3  xi  N S 1 , x i  N S  
segment-1 (line section A1-U).
Eliminating RF 1 , from equation (15 &16) the unknown fault
Where, i=0, NS, 2NS, 3NS…(λ-2)NS, (λ-1)NS. distance is written as
 Re(VA1 )  Im( I F )    Im(VA1 )  Re( I F )  (18)
The time-frequency localized SST matrix yields the d L1 
 Re(Z L1  I1 )  Im( I F )    Im( Z L1  I1 )  Re( I F ) 
instantaneous amplitude and phase of the signal as
2 2 By substituting the value of dL1 in equation (14) the unknown

 Ai M  N  real SSTi M  N  
 imag SSTi M  N  resistance is found as
 imag SST 
 i M  N 

RF1 
 R e (V A 1 )   d L 1  R e ( Z L 1  I 1 )   (19)
i M  N  tan 1   (12) R e( I F )
 
 real SST 
 
i M  N 

B. Fault including UPFC (after UPFC)
The true phase of the signal in radians with frequency f Hz
and sampling frequency fs Hz is obtained by using a phase The previous algorithm (i.e., the algorithm for estimating
correction as the fault location before UPFC) is formulated by utilizing the
 f  lumped transmission line model for section A1-U, leaving out
true   FFST  2   (13) the shunt capacitance effect. However, in this algorithm shunt
 fs 
capacitance effect is accounted in the lumped parameter
In equation (12) the Mth rows and Nth columns correspond to model, only to transfer VA1(i) and I1(i) from terminal A1 to U.
the M frequency points and the N time points, respectively. This transfer is executed for each sequence component of the
This provides an instantaneous phasor of the voltage or the measured voltage and current signals. The transfer voltage
current signal at each combination of time point and (VA1(i)) from terminal A1 to U gives the following equation:
frequency point of the signal at that particular frequency. VU (i)  cosh   L1(i)LL1  VA1 (i)  ZsL1 (i)sinh   L1(i)LL1   I1 (i) (20)

III. FAULT LOCATION ESTIMATION Where,

Z S L1 (i ) 
Z Lp1 ( i ) represents ith sequence surge impedance of
A. Fault not including UPFC (before UPFC) Y Lp1 (i)

The schematic line diagram of the system under study is line section A1-U .
represented in Fig. 1. A UPFC is placed in the section UM of
the line. The UPFC is represented by a series voltage source
 L1 (i)  Z p p
L1 (i )YL1 (i )  represents ith sequence propagation

Vse and shunt current injection Ish as shown in Fig.1.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the system under study
For a fault in the transmission line section A1-U( before
UPFC),the fault loop equation can be written as:
V A1   d L1  ( Z L1  I1 )    RF 1  I F   0 (14)
The unknown fault distance d L1 can be found by resolving
equation (14) into real and imaginary parts as,
Re(V A1 )  d L1  Re( Z L1  I1 )  RF 1 Re( I F )  0 (15)
Im(VA1 )  d L1  Im(Z L1  I1 )  RF1 Im( I F )  0
I F  I1  I3  I sh
The equation (17) is the sum of the currents measured at
the bus A1(I1), bus B1 (I3) and from the STATCOM (Ish).
constant of the line section A1- U.
Z Lp1 (i ) is the series impedance of the line section A1- U for
the ith sequence (Ω/km)
YLp1 (i ) is the shunt admittance of the line section A1- U for
the ith sequence (Ω/km)
LL1 is the total length of the line section A1-U in km
Similarly, the transferred of current (I1) from the section A1
to U gives rise to the following equation:
 sinh( L1 (i) LL1 ) (21)
I 4 (i )   VA1 (i)  cosh( L1 (i ) LL1 )  I1 (i)
Z SL1 (i )
In the faulted line section U-B1, the transferred current
flowing from U to the fault point (FP2) is calculated as :
IU  I 4  I sh (22)
After including the UPFC for the fault distance location
algorithm, the fault loop voltage and current are computed
and the fault loop equation can be written as:
VU  a1VU (1)  a2VU (2)  a0VU (0) (23)
(16)
(17) Z L 2 (0)
IU  a1 IU (1)  a2 IU (2)  a0 IU (0) (24)
Z L2 (1)
The fault loop equation can be expressed as:
 2015 IEEE Power, Communication and Information Technology Conference (PCITC)
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.
Vse  a1Vse (1)  a2Vse (2)  a0Vse (0)
After including the UPFC for the fault distance location
algorithm, the fault loop voltage and current are computed
and the fault loop equation can be written as:
VU - Vse -  (1- d L 2 )  Z L 2 (1)   IU - ( RF 2  I F )  0 (26)
Where, d L 2 is the fault distance to be calculated on section
U-B1, when fault occurs at fault point FP2 RF 2 is the fault
;
resistance (unknown),VU and IU are the fault loop voltage and
current, Z L 2 (1) represents positive sequence impedance of
Line segemnt-2 (line section U-B1).
The unknown fault distance d L 2 can be found by resolving
equation (26) into real and imaginary parts as,
ReVU Vse   ZL2 (1)  IU    dL2  Re(ZL2 (1) IU )   RF2  Re(IF )  0 (27)
ImVU Vse  ZL2(1)IU   dL2 Im(ZL2(1)IU )  RF2 Im(IF )  0
The unknown fault location is found out by eliminating RF2
and solving the equation (27) and (28)
dL2  
 U  F   
 ReV   Z (1)  I   Im(I )   ImV  Z (1) I   Re(I )
U L2 U L2
Im(ZL2 (1)  IU ) Re(IF )  Re(ZL2 (1)  IU ) Im(IF )
After estimating the fault location (dL2), the unknown
resistance (RF2) is found by using equation (27).
Re(VU )  1  d L 2   Re  Z L 2 (1)  IU 
RF 2 
Re( I F )
The fundamental 3-phase sending end voltage and current
signals are measured at the relay point. The symmetrical
components of voltage and current signals are computed
using the proposed SST algorithm. The total fault current is
then calculated in the following manner for the various fault
types:
1. A-G Fault: I F  3 I F 2
 
2. B-G Fault: I F  1.5  j 0.5 3 I F 2
3. C-G Fault: I   1.5  j 0.5 3  I
F F2
4. AB Fault: I  1.5  j 0.5 3  I
F F2
5. BC Fault: I   j 3  I
F F2
6. CA Fault: I  1.5  j 0.5 3  I  1.5  j 0.5 3  I
F F1
7. AB-G Fault: I    j 3  I   j 3  I
F F1
8. BC-G Fault: I    j 3  I   j 3  I
F F1
9. CA-G Fault:
  
I F  1.5  j 0.5 3 I F1  1.5  j 0.5 3 I F 2
10. ABC and ABC-G Fault: I F  1.5  j 0.5 3 I F1  
(25) In the above equations I F 1 and I F 2 are the positive and
negative sequence components of the fault current. Further,
the sequence currents are mentioned as follows:
I F1  I11  I31  I sh1 , I F 2  I12  I32  I sh2
I F 0  I10  I30  I sh0 (31)
I11, I31, Ish1 are the positive sequence components of IF1 and
similar expression hold good for IF2 and IF0
IV. S IMULATION RESULTS
The studied system as shown in Fig. 1 comprises two line
segments; Segment 1 from bus A1 to bus U, where FP1
indicates the fault bus in segment 1; Segment 2 from bus U to
(28) bus B1 where FP2 denotes the fault bus in segment 2. A 100
MVA UPFC is placed on bus U in the middle of the path (A1-
B1), thereby providing the compensation for the system. The
225 km, 500 kV transmission system is fed from both the
ends by two 500 kV, 1500 MVA equivalent sources (VA and
U  F 
V B) and the angle difference between them is δ (=40°). The
(29)
distributed parameter line model is used for modeling the
transmission line sections. The positive and negative
sequence line impedance is 0.204+j3.527 Ω/km, while the
zero sequence line impedance is 2.542+ j12.25 Ω/km.
The UPFC consists of two 48-pulse IGBT-based voltage
(30) source converters connected through two 2500 μF common
DC capacitors. The two converters are STATCOM and SSSC.
The STATCOM is connected to the transmission system
through Δ/Y shunt transformer (500/15 kV), which regulates
the voltage at the connecting point either by injecting or
absorbing the reactive power to the transmission system. The
SSSC connects to the power system through Y/Y series
transformer (15/22 kV) to inject a sinusoidal voltage of
varying magnitude and angle, to regulate the power flow
through the transmission line. The converter 1 corresponds to
STATCOM which is represented by Zsh and Vsh. The
converter 2 is SSSC, which is presented by Zse and Vse.
A. Conditions for the system studied
To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm,
extensive simulations were carried out for the system shown
in Fig. 1 under various fault conditions and different
operating conditions of the UPFC. Various fault conditions
such as different fault types (L-G, LL-G, LL, LLL-G faults)
F2
with variations in fault resistances (5 Ω-200 Ω) and fault
F2
locations (between 5%-90% of the transmission line) are
simulated. The different operating conditions can be created
F2 by varying the series injected voltage (Vse) between 0 % and
10 % of the line voltage and series injected voltage phase
angle (θ se) between 0° and 360°. The relays are installed on
 the right side of the bus A1. Three-phase currents (I1) and
voltages (VA1) are measured and sampled at 3.84 kHz (64
samples per cycle on 60-Hz base frequency). The complete
study has been carried out on MATLAB (Simulink) platform.
 2015 IEEE Power, Communication and Information Technology Conference (PCITC)
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.
V. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR FAULT LOCATION 200 33.44 4.86
When fault occurs at FP1 (before UPFC), the location of
Table III provides the fault location computational results for
the fault is found by the following expression an A-G fault, with the operating conditions given as: fault
L1   d L1  Z L1 (1)  (32) distance = 84%(189km from relaying point), α = 30°, δ =
40°, RF2 = 3 Ω to 150 Ω, Pref = 7.9 p.u., Qref = -0.4 p.u.
The error in fault location before UPFC is computed as From the table, it is seen that the error in fault location is very
% Error  (L1  L FP1 ) / L Total  100 (33) low i.e 0.30%, when the fault resistance is 3 Ω. This
percentage error however, increases to 3.63% when fault
Where, LFP1 is the actual fault distance to the fault point FP1
and LTotal is the total length of the transmission line between resistance, RF2 is very high (150 Ω). Table IV shows the fault
bus A1 and B1. Similarly, the estimated fault location in km location results for an AB-G fault when the desired active
power (Pref) is 7.9 p.u. and the desired reactive power (Qref)
with fault occurring at bus or fault point FP2 is computed by
the following equation is -0.4p.u. The operating conditions given as: fault distance =
66%, α = 90°, δ = 40°, RF2 = 3 Ω to 200 Ω. When the fault
L 2   1  d L 2   Z L 2 (1)   Z L1 (1) (34) occurs at 148.5 km from the sending end with fault resistance
The error in fault location after UPFC is computed as 3 Ω, the error in fault location is remained low at 0.71%. This
% Error  (L2  L FP2 ) / LTotal  100 (35) error of the fault location increases to 4.29% when fault
Where, L FP2 is the actual fault distance to the fault point FP2 resistance, RF2 is very high i.e 200 Ω.
Table V shows the results for an A-C fault occurring at the
and L Total is the total length of the transmission line between fault point FP2 (after the UPFC) , where the operating
bus A1 and B1. conditions given as: fault distance = 55%, α = 30°, δ = 40°,
Table I shows the results of the fault locations for single RF2 = 20 Ω and 200 Ω, UPFC Series injected voltage (in %) =
line-to-ground fault (C-G fault) occurring before the UPFC , 0 to 10, UPFC series injected voltage phase angle = 180°. As
with the operating conditions given as: fault distance = 30%, observed in the table, the fault location error varies from
α = 50°, δ = 40°, RF1 = 3 Ω to 150 Ω, Pref = 7.9 p.u., Qref = - 0.32% to 2.45%, when the fault resistance is 20 Ω; this
0.4 p.u. As seen in Table I, the error in fault location varies percentage error increases from 0.45% to 2.97%, with the
from lower value (0.87%), when the fault resistance is 3 Ω to fault resistance being 200 Ω and other operating conditions
a higher value (4.20%) by increasing the fault resistance to remaining unchanged. Table VI shows the results for a B-G
150 Ω. Table II depicts the fault location results for a fault occurring at the same fault point (after the UPFC) in
balanced three-phase fault before the UPFC, with the transmission line , where the operating conditions given as:
operating conditions given as: fault distance = 10%, α = 30°, fault distance = 69%, α = 60°, δ = 40°, RF2 = 10 Ω and 100
δ = 40°,RF2 = 3 Ω to 200 Ω, Pref = 7.9 p.u., Qref = -0.4 p.u. Ω, UPFC Series injected voltage (in %) = 10, UPFC series
It shows that the fault location error is low at 0.61%, when injected voltage phase angle = 0° to 360°. As seen in the
the fault resistance is 3 Ω. However, the maximum error is table, the fault location error changes from 0.11% to 5.73%,
4.86% when fault resistance, RF2 is very high at 200 Ω. when the fault resistance is 10 Ω; the same percentage error
increases from 0.44% to 5.78%, when the fault resistance
TABLE I changes to 100 Ω with the other operating conditions
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS FOR CG FAULT AT 30% OF TRANSMISSION LINE
Fault Resistance RF1 in LFP2 = 67.5 km remaining unchanged. It is clearly seen that, there is some
ohms L2 (km) % Error
variation in the fault location errors (but remains within
3 69.46 0.87
acceptable limits) with changes in the critical parameters like
10 70.49 1.33
fault impedance, UPFC series injected voltage and UPFC
series injected voltage phase angle.
30 72.27 2.12
70 74.41 3.07 TABLE III
100 75.89 3.73 FAULT LOCATION RESULTS FOR AG FAULT AT 84% OF TRANSMISSION LINE
150 76.95 4.20 Fault Resistance, RF2 in LFP2 = 189 km
TABLE II ohms L2 (km) % Error
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS FOR ABCG FAULT AT 10% OF TRANSMISSION LINE
3 189.67 0.30
Fault Resistance RF2 in LFP2 = 22.5 km
Ohms L2 (km) % error 10 190.66 0.74

3 23.87 0.61 30 192.67 1.63

10 26.10 1.61 70 194.06 2.25
30 28.35 2.60 100 195.34 2.82
70 30.17 3.41 150 197.17 3.63
100 31.95 4.20 TABLE IV
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS FOR ABG FAULT AT 66% OF TRANSMISSION LINE
 2015 IEEE Power, Communication and Information Technology Conference (PCITC)
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.
LFP2 = 148.5 km 30 138.22 1.43 139.01 1.78
Fault Resistance RF2 in ohms
L2 (km) % Error 70 139.88 2.17 139.66 2.07
3 150.09 0.71 100 141.93 3.08 142.34 3.26
10 151.69 1.42 200 144.72 4.32 145.55 4.69
30 152.79 1.91
70 155.67 3.91
VI. CONCLUSION
100 157.35 3.49
150 158.66 4.07 A new sparse S-transform technique is presented in this
200 159.15 4.29 paper to determine the location of faults on a transmission
TABLE V line in the presence of UPFC. The new transform exploits the
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS FOR AC FAULT AT 55% OF TRANSMISSION LINE sparsity of the formulated S-matrix by an intelligent
WITH DIFFERENT SERIES INJECTED VOLTAGE VALUES frequency scaling technique that reduces the computational
UPFC LFP2 = 123.75 km burden significantly. Further, the SST is used to obtain
series RF2 = 20 Ω RF2 = 200 Ω fundamental voltage and current phasors by introducing a
injected %
L2 (km) L2 (km) % error new phase correction principle to accurately estimate the
voltage (%) error phase angles, which are the prerequisite for the estimation of
0 133.47 0.32 133.76 0.45 fault location. To obtain the fault location accuracy, the UPFC
2 133.94 0.53 134.75 0.89 is considered to be either inside the fault loop or outside it.
5 135.16 1.07 136.33 1.59 The fault resistance, source parameters, and UPFC voltage
7 136.33 1.59 137.63 2.17 and phase angle are varied to study the impact of these
10 138.26 2.45 139.43 2.97 parameters on the fault location on the transmission line and
TABLE VI it is found that the error in estimation fault location is within
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS FOR BG FAULT AT 69% OF TRANSMISSION LINE, acceptable limit . Due to lower computational burden, the
WITH DIFFERENT SERIES INJECTED VOLTAGE PHASE ANGLES SST can be used for real-time implementation of transmission
UPFC LFP2 = 155 km line protection operating with UPFC compensation.
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