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Adkins
A Method for the Design of
Optimum Annular Diffusers of
M. H. Wardle
School of Mechanical Engineering,
Canted Configuration
Cranfield Institute of Technology,
Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom A simple method is presented for the design of annular diffusers that can take into
account the effects of compressibility and of canted configurations by use of the
area bisector line. No complex boundary layer calculations are required.
<
~~~~~~jsi&^
——-M*
.
S
cated just upstream of the diffuser and would thus have avoided S 0-1
any misleading effect arising from depressions in the inlet AR=1-0lil_—^*^
region. 0 • 1 1 1 — • — i i i i
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power JANUARY 1992, Vol. 1 1 4 / 9
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to counteract the effects of compressibility in increasing the Following this a rearrangement of Eq. (10) gives an expression
adverse pressure gradient. This is of particular importance at for the pressure ratio at diffuser exit, viz.:
diffuser inlet if the Mach number in this region is likely to
(p/p2)-y = cP.[\~ {P/Plyx]+ (p/Plyx (14)
exceed 0.60. Diffusers taking account of this effect would
therefore adopt a trumpet shape. The design procedure relating The theoretical Mach number at exit of the diffuser element
to these two modifications is given in the following paragraphs. can then be calculated from a rearranged version of Eq. (7)
where:
M2=([(P/jp2)(7-1)/7-l].2/(7-)}0-5 (15)
The Overall Effect of Compressibility
An expression for area ratio of this element of diffuser can
For the purpose of simplicity it is necessary to assume that now be derived by applying Eq. (9) to both the inlet and exit
the flow is both isentropic and adiabatic; this enables direct of the elemental diffuser and taking their ratio, viz.:
use of the two equations for ideal compressible flow, viz.: (7+0/2/(7-1)
Mj l+M,2»(7-l)/2
l)/2] 7 / < 7 ~ 1 ) ARe] (16)
P/p=[l +M 2 .(Y (7) =
M, l+M22.(7-l)/2
(7+0/2/(7-1)
[l + ( 7 - l ) / 2 ] By knowing the dimensions at inlet to the element, it is thus
A/A* = M' (8)
[l+Mz-(7-l)/2] possible to calculate those at its exit, and hence proceed to the
where M = Mach number; y = ratio of specific heats. next element.
Equation (8) can be used to derive an expression for the exit
Mach number, say at plane 2, where: Use of the Area Bisector for Canted Diffusers
2
1+M2 .(Y-1)/2 (7+0/2/(7-1) In the original design method the G parameter was used in
Ml
M, = - (9) conjunction with a known diffuser wall in order to generate
AR' l+Mr.(7-l)/2
the profile of the second wall. In canted diffusers, however,
(n.b.: Equation (9) is solved by iteration.) divergence angles and wall curvatures can become significantly
The definition for Cp in compressible flow can be written larger so that the assumption of one-dimensional flow is in-
as: validated. The situation can be much improved, however, by
using the area bisector of the annular passage instead of one
Cp compressible " Pi-P\ of the walls. If the flow velocity is uniform across the duct,
'Pi-Pi then there would be no flow crossing this area bisector line,
Ideally the flow would be isentropic so that P remains con- and so the flow would be quasi-one-dimensional in this region.
stant down the diffuser (i.e., P\ = P2); then dividing both Furthermore, since the angle made between the area bisecting
numerator and denominator by P gives: line and each wall is around one-half that made between the
walls themselves then any deviation from one dimensionality
r . (P/P2)-l-(P/Pi)-[ „„ will be significantly reduced.
^/"compressible - 1 / r> / \ - 1 \^)
1 - (P/pi) Although specification of the area mean streamline may be
This can be determined when the inlet Mach number, Mi, thought of as an unusual requirement, knowledge of its po-
and area ratio, AR, are given. The two pressure ratios, namely sition is advantageous to the combustor designer to control
P/pi and P/p2, can then be obtained from Eqs. (7) and (9) as air distribution between inner and outer liner feed passages.
appropriate, enabling use of Eq. (10) to calculate Cpi. For At diffuser inlet it is usual to know the radii of both the
incompressible flow the ideal value of Cp is a simple function outer and inner casings, Ro{ and Riu respectively, as these will
of area ratio where: coincide with the exit dimensions of the engine component
(compressor) located immediately upstream. The radius of the
^//'incompressible
area bisecting line, Rm, at this section 1, with reference to the
l-(AR)~z (11)
engine axis, is then given by:
Equating Eqs. (10) and (11) for Cp in order to evaluate the
equivalent area ratio, ARe, for incompressible flow gives: Rm1 = l(Ro21+Rii1)/2]i0.5
u
(17)
AKe= (1 — Cp 'compressible) (12)
The local streamwise radius of curvature of this area bisec-
This equivalent, incompressible area ratio is used in con- tor, Rc\, together with its center of curvature, will either be
junction with Eq. (6) to obtain the value of G*, which is to given or can be calculated from the form of the profile. It is
be used for the compressible flow design. It can also be used unlikely that this radius will be subtended from the engine axis.
to obtain a first estimate of diffuser length from standard Figure 2 illustrates such an arrangement where the center of
diffuser charts, which are based upon incompressible flow. curvature is at a distance, eit below the engine axis, here:
ei=Roi—Rml
Effect of Compressibility Upon Wall Design
and
As previously discussed, the design of diffuser walls is
achieved by using a step-by-step or "marching" method where Dhl = 2-(Roi-Ril)
small elements of diffuser are considered in sequence. It was Use can then be made of Eqs. (18)-(21), which were derived
recommended that the length of each element, s, should be on from the generalized elements n shown in Fig. 3, which are
the order of 2 percent of the hydraulic diameter when assessed described as follows:
at diffuser inlet. Flow area, A„, through annular section subtending angle d„
The area ratio of each element, in turn, is obtained from to the perpendicular through the engine axis:
the use of Eq. (3) after replacing the term, dx, by the finite
2"7T
length, s. After rearrangement this equation then gives an r'dr- •[Rol- Rit, (18)
expression for ideal pressure recovery generalized by consid- cos 0„ COS i
ering the «th element along the diffuser, where:
For half of the annular cross-sectional area:
(Cpi)„ = G*'s/Dh„ (13)
2"7T
Here all the terms on the right-hand side are known so that A„/2 = - r'dr = - -[Rol-Rml] (19)
the ideal pressure recovery of the element can be determined. cos 0„ cos 6,
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CENTRE OF
CURVATURE
Fig. 4 Area bisector of constant curvature Re
(23)
Fig. 2 Geometry at diffuser inlet Re
The new local radius of curvature, together with the position
for the center of curvature, must be obtained from knowledge
of the profile of the area dividing line.
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power JANUARY 1992, Vol. 114/11
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Report from School of Mechanical Engineering, Cranfield Institute of Tech- Sherras, B. R., 1980, "An Investigation of the G Parameter for Design of
nology/Ecole Nationale Superieure de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace, Toulouse, Annular Diffusers," M.Sc. Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Cranfield
France. Institute of Technology, United Kingdom.
Livesey, J., and Odukwe, A., 1973, "Some Effect of Pipe Flow Generated Wardle, M., 1989, " A Simple Design Method for Annular and Radial Dif-
Entry Conditions on the Performance of Straight Walled Conical Diffusers With fusers," M.Sc. Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineerihg, Cranfield Institute
High Subsonic Entry Mach Number," Israel Journal of Tech., Vol. 11, No. 4. of Technology, United Kingdom.
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