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If this thesis benefits the reader's reseured fa aay way, he must acknowledge such benefits in his own work, ad restrictions on, this thesis should be om addressed to: nquivies regarding the use of, HARVARD UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE 38, MASSACHUSETTSYarinacocha? tretigraphic Excavations 4n the Peruvian MontaNa A thesis presented by Donald Ward Lathrap to The Departuent of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirenents for the degree ‘of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Anthropology. Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May, 1962} ut ‘This paper is dedicated to the late Harry Tschopik, Ire with highest admiration and in profoundest gratitude, oom es see re enonnneneemanreree| [RT INPreface ‘The expedition to San Franciaco de Yarinacocha was sade possible by a grant frou the American Museums of Vaturel History as part of their continuing program of anthropological research in the Feruriaa Montafa, I wish to thank Dr. Horvy Shapiro, Chairman of the Department of Anthropology for the privilege of doing this research, and for his continuous, generous support during all phases of the expedition and during the subsequent period of study of the excavated materials, . Other people to whom I ove a profowsd debt of gratitute are meserous, Above all it was the late Dr, Harry Tachopiky Jr. who ofled the wheels of progress at all points, Me recogniced the archaeological potential of the Yarinacocha area and formulated the basic outline of the expedition, During his stay at the Shinde village of San Francisco de Yarinacocha, he discussed the feasibility of archaeological field work with the Indians, and so accustomed then to the prospect of an archeologist among then, that when I arrived and stated my intentions to the Indians their first reaction was to ask, "what has taken you a0 Long in getting here?" Beyond this Harry opened nuterous contacts for me in both Pucsllpa and Lina which were of the greatest importance to the success of the expedition, Dr, Junius Bird of the American Museum of Natural Historyoffered many helpful suggestions during the planing stages of the expedition, as did Dr, Clifford Evans, Jr. and Dr. Setty J. Meggers of the National Museum, Dr. David De Herport instructed me at Jength on the problems of photography water tropical conditions, i Miss Bella Wedtener of the Anerican Museum of Natural History was nost helpful in arranging various of the small but time consuming details which arise during the early stagee of expedition planning, In Lima T vas aided nost notably by Dr. Jorge Huelle, Director of the Huseo Nacional at Magdslena Vieja, He did every thing in his power to assist and expedite my workignd it vas through his intercession that I was able to bring sherd collections to the United States to complete their study. All of the other xenbers of the staff of the Museo Nacional et Magdalena Vieja vere most hospitable, friendly, and helpful. Dr. Albert Giesecke of the Anerican Bubassy in Lima vas a Source of assistence at several points. Mr, Lionel Tweedy undertook the task of the shipvent of my collections from Lina to New York, I am deeply gravoful for the hospitality which I received from Sr, Jose M, Sarmiento and Sra, Elaina Gaffaron, In Pucallpa I was assisted at every turn by Sr. Roger Worl, He took much time from his very busy schedule to make sure what all went well with ay work. Roger and his very gracious wife entertained mt on numerous occasions,and it vas their most valued friendship which nade my rest and recreation days in Pucallpa delightful,Ga Maximo Gone, my cataloger and cook, vas reliable and steady under adverse conditions, As well a keeping me fed, he 44d an admirably accurate job of keeping the collections nusbered and in proper onder, The late Meyer Coen vas my source of supplies in Pucallpa, but his kindnesses and services went far beyond a pure business relationship. ‘The Reverend Joseph locking vas the source of many favors and mach Help, and he gave ne mucb excellent advice about living in the jmgle. The Shipito Indians of San Francisco de Yarinacocha deserve uch of the credit fer any success which this expedition may lave attained, In a vild confusion of statuses and roles they Were my hosts, my teacters, my friends, and my workuen. As voriuen they vere devoted and patient and more vill be said of this later, As friends and hosts they were a most delightful group of people, What has been said about the Shipibo in general, is even more true of my conpadre, Catalino Cumvpas During the analysis of the ceramic materials f was aided by Miss Elizabeth Baldwin who widertock the extreaely tedious and exacting microscopic examination of over 10,000 sherds frost UOA-6, Gut 2, Mies Baldvin's dedication to objectivity int ceramic analysie was conplete. Xan deeply grateful to ny wife Joan W, Lathrap vho did a nmmber of the wore tedious chores of measuring and tabulating the ceramic materials, and who has been of greatest assistancein the preparation of thé manuscript, Miss Ruth Ballantyne typed the numerous tables with admirable accuracy, Dr. Wetty Starr and Mrs. Anna Gissing also helped in the preparation of the final typescript. Mr, John S, Phillips was most efficient and helpful in attadcng my probleas of Lithtc analysis and clay identification and his chapter on these matters forms a valuble addition to this paper. Dr, Villian Root of Bowlin and Dr, Clifferd Frondél of Harvard examined the one ecrap of metal from the excavations, and Dr, Fronfel ran an X-Ray Diffraction analysis of the specinen, ich inadeated that {t vas of recent, comercial origin. Lan deeply indebted to my artists; Hrs, Setauko Tim, of Lexinsten, Massachusetts, Hr. Philip D, Young of the University of IiLincis, Mr. Nicholas Anorosd of the American Muses of Katural History, Mr. S. Chatterjee of the University of Illinois, Miss Ana Rouinger of the University of Ilincis, and Mr, Gerald foung of the University ef Southern Tlinois, Tan grateful to Hr. Curtis Tunnel of the University of Illinois for assistance in preparing several of the Figures. Miss Gloria Fenner of the University of Tlinols also assisted me in finishing sone of the profiles and graphs. This canuseript has benefited froa the training and Baidance which I have received from Dr. Gordon R, Willey, the late Dr, Clyde Kluckhohn, Dr. Philip Phillips, and Dr. Douglas Ly Oliversvit all of Harvard University. T have also profited frou discussions on archaeological methodology with Dr. John Us Rowe of the University of California at Berkeley, Dr. Justus Bird of the American Museun of Natural History, Drs James Deets of the University of California at Santa Barbara, Dr, Albert Spaulding of the National Science Foundation, and Dr, Bavard P, Lanning of the University of San Marcos, Dr, Irving Rouse, Dr, Robert Carueiro and Dr, Gertrude Dole, and Dr, Clifford Evans and Dr, Betty J. Neggers have ell been most generous in providing me with information on ther own materials fron Lowland South Anorica and in aViowing:me to examine their collections, May 19, 1962 Urbana, Tilineis¥ Introduction ‘The Peruvian Montaita Geography, Ethnography, and Kistory ‘The Research Problems Which Hotivated the Expedition Conditions ‘The Archacological Sites General Discussion vad vez cond vas vs vca-6 Descriptions of the Excavations: berived from the Excavations General biseussion Excavations at UCA-6 Stratigraphic Cut 2 Contents Description of Excavation Physical Stratigraphy: Analysis of Chronology: » The a Brief Statement Concerning its story and Nature of the Expedition: ae m4 wu 25 26 31 32 3B u 30 30 53. 53. 53 58 6